AJOWAN

In vitro acaricidal activity of essential oil and alcoholic extract of Trachyspermum ammi against Dermanyssus gallinae.

Autores: Abbas Imani Baran, Farzad Jahanghiri, Nasser Hajipour, Olivier Andre Ettore Sparagano, Roghayeh Norouzi, Sajjad Moharramnejad | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study aimed to assess in vitro acaricidal activity of essential oil (EO) and alcoholic extracts (AE) of Ajowan against D. gallinae. Using contact and spraying bioassays, different doses of EO and AE were tested. Cypermethrin and thymol (positive controls), and ethanol and distilled water (negative controls) were also tested. The results indicated that effects were method and dose dependent. Statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference for contact and spraying bioassays and various doses of EO and AE (p < 0.0001) as, the spraying method was more effective than the contact method for acaricidal activity at 24 h post treatment (PT). In this method, Cypermethrin, EO and thymol caused over 90 % mite mortality at 50 μgcm-2, while AE caused this rate at 150 μgcm-2. In the contact bioassay, all tests produced low mortality rates except for Cypermethrin. Thymol was the main constituent of EO (Area = 42.26 %) and AE (Area = 45.8 %). Results of the present study indicated that Ajowan had a satisfactory acaricidal effect against D. gallinae in vitro. It was also found that the spraying method could be used to control the D. gallinae as the most appropriate method.

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Antimicrobial core-shell electrospun nanofibers containing Ajwain essential oil for accelerating infected wound healing.

Autores: Mohammad Reza Zare, Mohammad Khorram, Sajjad Barzegar, Fatemeh Asadian, Zahra Zareshahrabadi, Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz, Samad Ahadian, Kamiar Zomorodian | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Treatment of skin injuries is still facing major challenges, such as chronicity and infections, particularly those caused by multi-drug resistance pathogens. An effective treatment of such wounds should accelerate the wound healing process while preventing bacterial contamination. Here, a novel core-shell nanofiber mat was fabricated comprising gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol (as a core) and aloe vera/arabinose/polyvinylpyrrolidone (as a shell) for accelerating the healing process of bacteria-infected wounds. Trachyspermum Ammi (Ajwain) essential oil (EO), as a potent and natural antimicrobial agent against microorganisms, was incorporated into the core of nanofiber mats using coaxial electrospinning. The microscopy images demonstrated the successful fabrication of the core-shell structure with a uniform fiber size of 564 ± 106.35 nm. Moreover, Ajwain EO-loaded nanofiber mat (core-shell/EO) provided excellent antimicrobial activity and antioxidant ability. The in vitro and ex vivo release of Ajwain EO from the fabricated nanofiber mat corroborated a prolonged release profile. Furthermore, in vivo antibacterial activity, wound closure, and histomorphological examinations showed the high efficacy of the core-shell/EO mat in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-infected full-thickness rat wounds compared to standard control treatment with a gauze. Overall, these results represent the core-shell/EO mat's potential as a newly developed wound dressing for bacteria-infected full-thickness skin injuries.

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Antifungal effect of Trachyspermum ammi against susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida albicans.

Autores: A Sharifzadeh, A R Khosravi, H Shokri, G Sharafi | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) has been known as having many therapeutic properties and its antimicrobial activity has currently received a renewed interest. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of T. ammi essential oil to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains isolated from HIV(+) patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC).

Resultados: Thymol (63.4%), p-cymene (19%) and γ-terpinen (16.9%) were found as the most abundant constituents. The disk diffusion results revealed that 67% of oral C. albicans isolates were susceptible, 9% susceptible-dose dependent and 24% resistant to fluconazole. In the broth microdilution method, 68% of isolates were susceptible, 5% susceptible-dose dependent and 27% resistant to fluconazole. The increase in concentration led to a significant reduction in yeasts that were growing in exponential phase. In addition, with increasing in T. ammi oil concentration, the time of remaining cells in lag phase was significantly increased.

Conclusão: This study showed that all clinical C. albicans isolates were susceptible to T. ammi essential oil, indicating a significant reduction in the yeast growth in exponential phase.

Effect of essential oils on Aspergillus spore germination, growth and mycotoxin production: a potential source of botanical food preservative.

Autores: Negero Gemeda, Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel, Daniel Asrat, Asfaw Debella | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: To investigate effect of essential oils on Aspergillus spore germination, growth and mycotoxin production.

Resultados: Cymbopogon martinii, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) essential oils were tested against toxicogenic isolates of Aspergillus species. T. ammi oil showed highest antifungal activity. Absolute mycelial inhibition was recorded at 1 µl/mL by essential oils of T. ammi. The oil also showed, complete inhibition of spore germination at a concentration of 2 µl/mL. In addition, T. ammi oil showed significant antiaflatoxigenic potency by totally inhibiting aflatoxin production from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus at 0.5 and 0.75 µl/mL, respectively. Cymbopogon martinii, Foeniculum vulgare and T. ammi oils as antifungal were found superior over synthetic preservative. Moreover, a concentration of 5 336.297 µl/kg body weight was recorded for LC50 on mice indicating the low mammalian toxicity and strengthening its traditional reputations.

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In-vitro and in-vivo anticandidal activity of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) sprague seeds ethanolic extract and thymol-containing hexanes fraction.

Autores: Atia-Tul- Wahab, Qibtiya Ilyas, Saba Farooq, Sumaira Javaid, Shakil Ahmed, Atta-Ur- Rahman, M Iqbal Choudhary | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Candida albicans is the causative agent of candidiasis in immunocompromised and diseased individuals. The current study was designed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague seeds ethanolic extract and hexanes fraction against Candida albicans, both in-vitro and in-vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration of hexanes fraction was found to be 225 μg/mL, as compared to the standard drug amphotericin B (200 μg/mL). For the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis in BALB/c mice model, the extract and fraction containing ointment was topically applied on flank of mice at various concentrations, and 90-100% recovery in mice was observed which was better than the standard drug, clotrimazole. The GC/MS analysis of hexanes extract indicated the presence of three major components, including (43.91%), O-cymene (25.53%), and γ-terpinene (22.64%). The results showed that T. ammi possess potential antifungal effect, and can be used for the development of novel antifungal agents after further pre-clinical and clinical trials.

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Antifungal effect of Trachyspermum ammi against susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida albicans.

Autores: A Sharifzadeh, A R Khosravi, H Shokri, G Sharafi | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) has been known as having many therapeutic properties and its antimicrobial activity has currently received a renewed interest. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of T. ammi essential oil to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains isolated from HIV(+) patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC).

Resultados: Thymol (63.4%), p-cymene (19%) and γ-terpinen (16.9%) were found as the most abundant constituents. The disk diffusion results revealed that 67% of oral C. albicans isolates were susceptible, 9% susceptible-dose dependent and 24% resistant to fluconazole. In the broth microdilution method, 68% of isolates were susceptible, 5% susceptible-dose dependent and 27% resistant to fluconazole. The increase in concentration led to a significant reduction in yeasts that were growing in exponential phase. In addition, with increasing in T. ammi oil concentration, the time of remaining cells in lag phase was significantly increased.

Conclusão: This study showed that all clinical C. albicans isolates were susceptible to T. ammi essential oil, indicating a significant reduction in the yeast growth in exponential phase.

Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil Extracted by SC-CO₂ from Seeds of Trachyspermum ammi.

Autores: Aarti Singh, Anees Ahmad | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Bcakground: Extracts obtained from natural sources such as plants are of immense importance for humans. Methods: Therefore this study was conducted to obtain essential oil from the seeds of T. ammi by conventional and non-conventional methods. Hydrodistillation (HD), Solvent Extraction (SE), Ultrasonication (US), and Supercritical Carbon-dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction techniques were used to extract essential oil from the powdered seeds of T. ammi. A quality control method for each extracted oil was developed using HPTLC, FTIR, and GC-MS. The optimization process was carried out using fractional factorial design (FFD) under which three parameters were considered: pressure (150, 175, and 300 bar), temperature (25, 30, and 40 °C), and CO₂ flow rate (5, 10, 15 g/min). Results: The yield of essential oil obtained from the HD, SE, US, and SC-CO₂ methods were 1.20%, 1.82%, 2.30%, and 2.64% v/w, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH and superoxide scavenging methods and the IC50 (Inhibition Concentration) values of the T. ammi oil sample were found to be 36.41 and 20.55 µg mL-1, respectively. Conclusion: The present paper reported that different extraction methods lead to different yields of essential oils and the choice of a suitable method is extremely important to obtain more preferred compounds. The yield was higher in the SC-CO₂ method and it is a sustainable and green extraction technique. Many important constituents were detected in analytical techniques. Antioxidant activities carried out showed that essential oil extracted from T. ammi seeds possess significant antioxidant activity.

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Macroporous resin-assisted enrichment, characterizations, antioxidant and anticandidal potential of phytochemicals from Trachyspermum ammi.

Autores: Shuvajit Dutta, Aditi Kundu | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Extract of de-oiled seeds of Trachyspermum ammi was purified using macroporous resins and the performance of three resins were evaluated to enrich major phytochemical component. A HPLC method has been developed to separate major phytochemical constituents in the crude (CTAE) and partially purified extracts (PTAE). Macroporous resin assisted enrichment and purification suggested XAD-16 as the most efficient (yield 29.8%) followed by XAD-7HP and Diaion HP-20. Concentrated PTAE was subjected to multiple preparative-TLC to afford three compounds, namely, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucopyranoside (TA-1), kaempferol-(coumaroyl-glucosyl)-rhamnoside (TA-2) and quercetin-3-O-galactoside (TA-3). The structure of these compounds was elucidated from their corresponding spectroscopic characterizations in FT-IR, HR-MS, and partially by 1 H NMR. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined. Antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, CUPRAC assays indicated the highest antioxidant potential of CTAE. Among the compounds, TA-1 exhibited the highest scavenging activity in ABTS (IC50 33.41 µg/ml) and DPPH (IC50 69.23 µg/ml), however, relatively lower than CTAE. In vitro anti-candidal activity against virulent strains of Candida spp. revealed C. albicans 4718 as the most susceptible (23.9 µg/ml) to PTAE. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Seeds of Trachyspermum ammi has been extensively investigated for volatile aromatic components of the essential oil. However, the de-oiled seeds have rarely been exploited for potential bioactive phenolics. The present investigation envisaged possible utilization of the de-oiled Trachyspermum seeds for its phenolic constituents, which could be used as natural antioxidant with additional benefits of anticandidal properties. Indeed, macroporous resin assisted enrichment and purification of extracts of T. ammi seeds generate valuable reference compounds, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-(coumaroyl glucosyl)-rhamnoside, and quercetin-3-O-galactoside.

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Thymol screening, phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Iranian populations of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae).

Autores: Mahdieh Modareskia, Mohammad Fattahi, Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The seeds of Trachyspermum ammi were gathered at the ripening stage from different regions of Iran and grouped into 14 populations (P1-P14) accordingly. The essential oil (EO) extraction yielded in the 3.16-5% range. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 11 constituents were identified. Thymol (59.92-96.4%), p-cymene (0.55-21.15%), γ-terpinene (0.23-17.78%), and carvacrol (0.41-2.77%) were the major constituents. The highest contents of thymol and carvacrol were found in the Ghayen population (P2). Also, P2 and P8 (Estahban) had the highest value of total phenol (TPC) 43.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, and total flavonoids (TFC) 8.03 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g DW, respectively. P1 (Kalat) had the highest total coumarin (TCC) value (0.26 mg coumarin equivalent CE/g DW). Based on EO constituents, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis classified populations into two chemotypes of thymol/p-cymene/γ-terpinene and thymol/carvacrol. The highest positive correlation coefficient was between α-terpinene and limonene (0.96), while the highest negative correlation was between thymol and p-cymene (-0.984). The antioxidant activities of extracts and EOs were evaluated by phosphomolybdenum (total antioxidant capacity; TAC), diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH IC50), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Also, the antimicrobial activity of EOs was studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. P8 with high thymol, EO content (%v/w), TFC, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities is recommended but further studies are needed to confirm the chemotype introduction.

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Macroporous resin-assisted enrichment, characterizations, antioxidant and anticandidal potential of phytochemicals from Trachyspermum ammi.

Autores: Shuvajit Dutta, Aditi Kundu | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Extract of de-oiled seeds of Trachyspermum ammi was purified using macroporous resins and the performance of three resins were evaluated to enrich major phytochemical component. A HPLC method has been developed to separate major phytochemical constituents in the crude (CTAE) and partially purified extracts (PTAE). Macroporous resin assisted enrichment and purification suggested XAD-16 as the most efficient (yield 29.8%) followed by XAD-7HP and Diaion HP-20. Concentrated PTAE was subjected to multiple preparative-TLC to afford three compounds, namely, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucopyranoside (TA-1), kaempferol-(coumaroyl-glucosyl)-rhamnoside (TA-2) and quercetin-3-O-galactoside (TA-3). The structure of these compounds was elucidated from their corresponding spectroscopic characterizations in FT-IR, HR-MS, and partially by 1 H NMR. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined. Antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, CUPRAC assays indicated the highest antioxidant potential of CTAE. Among the compounds, TA-1 exhibited the highest scavenging activity in ABTS (IC50 33.41 µg/ml) and DPPH (IC50 69.23 µg/ml), however, relatively lower than CTAE. In vitro anti-candidal activity against virulent strains of Candida spp. revealed C. albicans 4718 as the most susceptible (23.9 µg/ml) to PTAE. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Seeds of Trachyspermum ammi has been extensively investigated for volatile aromatic components of the essential oil. However, the de-oiled seeds have rarely been exploited for potential bioactive phenolics. The present investigation envisaged possible utilization of the de-oiled Trachyspermum seeds for its phenolic constituents, which could be used as natural antioxidant with additional benefits of anticandidal properties. Indeed, macroporous resin assisted enrichment and purification of extracts of T. ammi seeds generate valuable reference compounds, rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-(coumaroyl glucosyl)-rhamnoside, and quercetin-3-O-galactoside.

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Identification of highly effective antitrypanosomal compounds in essential oils from the Apiaceae family.

Autores: Stephane L Ngahang Kamte, Farahnaz Ranjbarian, Kevin Cianfaglione, Stefania Sut, Stefano Dall'Acqua, Maurizio Bruno, Fariba Heshmati Afshar, Romilde Iannarelli, Giovanni Benelli, Loredana Cappellacci, Anders Hofer, Filippo Maggi, Riccardo Petrelli | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The Apiaceae family encompasses aromatic plants of economic importance employed in foodstuffs, beverages, perfumery, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Apiaceae are rich sources of essential oils because of the wealth of secretory structures (ducts and vittae) they are endowed with. The Apiaceae essential oils are available on an industrial level because of the wide cultivation and disposability of the bulky material from which they are extracted as well as their relatively cheap price. In the fight against protozoal infections, essential oils may represent new therapeutic options. In the present work, we focused on a panel of nine Apiaceae species (Siler montanum, Sison amomum, Echinophora spinosa, Kundmannia sicula, Crithmum maritimum, Helosciadium nodiflorum, Pimpinella anisum, Heracleum sphondylium and Trachyspermum ammi) and their essential oils as a model for the identification of trypanocidal compounds to be used as alternative/integrative therapies in the treatment of Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and as starting material for drug design. The evaluation of inhibitory effects of the Apiaceae essential oils against Trypanosoma brucei showed that some of them (E. spinosa, S. amomum, C. maritimum and H. nodiflorum) were active, with EC50 in the range 2.7-10.7 μg/mL. Most of these oils were selective against T. brucei, except the one from C. maritimum that was highly selective against the BALB/3T3 mammalian cells. Testing nine characteristic individual components (α-pinene, sabinene, α-phellandrene, p-cymene, limonene, β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, and myristicin) of these oils, we showed that some of them had much higher selectivity than the oils themselves. Terpinolene was particularly active with an EC50 value of 0.035 μg/mL (0.26 µM) and a selectivity index (SI) of 180. Four other compounds with EC50 in the range 1.0-6.0 μg/mL (7.4-44 µM) had also good SI: α-pinene (>100), β-ocimene (>91), limonene (>18) and sabinene (>17). In conclusion, these results highlight that the essential oils from the Apiaceae family are a reservoir of substances to be used as leading compounds for the development of natural drugs for the treatment of HAT.

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Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight tandem mass spectrometry based Metabolite profiling, Quality evaluation and marker analysis of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague by High performance thin layer chromatography.

Autores: Barun Das Gupta, Amit Kar, Shyam Narayan, C P Thakur, Pulok Kumar Mukherjee, Pallab Kanti Haldar | Ano: 2023 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae), commonly known as 'Ajwain' is distributed throughout India. Ajwain fruits contain fibre, carbohydrates, phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins. The fruits also yield a small amount of essential oil, with Thymol as the principal constituent. Ajwain has various pharmacological activities like anti-leishmanial, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, nematocidal and anthelmintic. The fruits are of high therapeutic value; thus, it becomes quite essential to evaluate the quality of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague to authenticate and ensure its therapeutic and nutritional properties. The ethyl acetate fraction of T. ammi fruits exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content values of 149.55±1.19 mg rutin equivalent and 682.85±3.68 mg gallic acid equivalent, respectively. Metabolite profiling of the ethyl acetate fraction using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis resulted in identifying 19 phytomolecules. A validated high performance thin-layer chromatography method was developed to quantify standard phytomolecules in the ethyl acetate fraction. The highest and lowest percentages of phytomarker were found to be Caffeic acid (5.51 ± 0.16 %w/w) and Gallic acid (1.29 ± 0.09 %w/w), respectively. This validated rapid, accurate, precise method for standardisation of T. ammi will be beneficial for its quality evaluation as well as the derived products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Essential Oil Yield Pattern and Antibacterial and Insecticidal Activities of Trachyspermum ammi and Myristica fragrans.

Autores: Rajgovind Soni, Gaurav Sharma, Nakuleshwar Dut Jasuja | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Two Indian spices, Trachyspermum ammi and Myristica fragrans, were studied for their essential oil (EO) yielding pattern, insecticidal activity, antibacterial activity, and composition. The essential oils (EOs) of T. ammi (1.94 ± 30 mL/100 gm) and M. fragrans (5.93 ± 90 mL/100 gm) were extracted using hydrodistillation method. In Gas Chromatography analysis, the beta-pinene, alpha-pinene, alpha-p-menth-1-en-4-ol, Limonene, and elemicin were found as major constituents of T. ammi essential oil whereas M. fragrans essential oil mostly contains Gamma-Terpinolene, p-Cymene, Thymol, and beta-pinene. The insecticidal activities of EO were demonstrated using LC50 values against Plodia interpunctella and EO of T. ammi was found comparatively more effective than EO of M. fragrans. Further, individual EO and combination of essential oil were examined for antibacterial activity against three Gram (-) bacterial strains (E. coli-MTCC 443, P. vulgaris-MTCC 1771, and K. pneumoniae-MTCC number 7028) and three Gram (+) bacterial strains (S. aureus-MTCC 3381, B. subtilis-MTCC 10619, and B. megaterium-MTCC 2412) by well agar diffusion method. The essential oil in combination (CEO) exhibited higher antibacterial activity as compared with individual essential oils.

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Antibacterial activity of traditional spices against lower respiratory tract pathogens: combinatorial effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil with conventional antibiotics.

Autores: A C Grădinaru, A Trifan, A Şpac, M Brebu, A Miron, A C Aprotosoaie | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ajowan essential oil (AjEO)/thymol and antibiotics combinations against three standard strains and six resistant clinical isolates of major respiratory bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae). The broth microdilution method was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of essential oil/thymol and antibiotics. The checkerboard method was used to investigate the interactions between the essential oil/thymol and antibiotics by means of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). The chemical composition of essential oil was also analysed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Thymol (50·75%), γ-terpinene (25·94%) and p-cymene (18·31%) were identified as major constituents of the oil. The most sensitive organisms to ajowan volatile oil were Strep. pneumoniae bacteria (MIC = 0·125-0·5 mg ml-1 ). Synergistic effects were observed with AjEO/thymol and amoxicillin combinations on methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus clinical isolates (FICI = 0·37-0·50) and with essential oil and ciprofloxacin combinations against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staph. aureus ATCC 25923 and penicillin (P)-resistant Strep. pneumoniae bacteria (FICI = 0·37-0·50). Combination of thymol and ciprofloxacin produces synergistic effects only against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and P-resistant Strep. pneumoniae clinical isolate (FICI = 0·46-0·49).

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Antibacterial Activities of Homemade Matrices Miming Essential Oils Compared to Commercial Ones.

Autores: Sofia Oliveira Ribeiro, Véronique Fontaine, Véronique Mathieu, Zhiri Abdesselam, Baudoux Dominique, Stévigny Caroline, Souard Florence | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a worldwide concern. Essential oils are known to possess remarkable antibacterial properties, but their high chemical variability complicates their development into new antibacterial agents. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to standardize their chemical composition. Several commercial essential oils of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) and thyme (chemotype thymol) (Thymus vulgaris L.) were bought on the market. GC-MS analysis revealed that thyme essential oils have a chemical composition far more consistent than ajowan essential oils. Sometimes thymol was not even the major compound. The most abundant compounds and the homemade mixtures were tested against two Staphylococcus aureus strains. The antibacterial property of β-caryophyllene presented no direct activity against S. aureus LMG 15975, but in association with thymol or carvacrol at equal percentages an MIC of 125 μg/mL was observed. The mixture of those three compounds at equivalent percentages also decreased by 16-fold the MIC of the penicillin V. Against S. aureus LMG 21674, β-caryophyllene presented an MIC of 31.3 μg/mL and decreased by 267-fold the MIC of the penicillin V. These observations led us to question the benefits of using a complex chemical mixture instead of one active compound to fight bacterial resistance.

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Antibacterial activity of traditional spices against lower respiratory tract pathogens: combinatorial effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil with conventional antibiotics.

Autores: A C Grădinaru, A Trifan, A Şpac, M Brebu, A Miron, A C Aprotosoaie | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ajowan essential oil (AjEO)/thymol and antibiotics combinations against three standard strains and six resistant clinical isolates of major respiratory bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae). The broth microdilution method was conducted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of essential oil/thymol and antibiotics. The checkerboard method was used to investigate the interactions between the essential oil/thymol and antibiotics by means of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). The chemical composition of essential oil was also analysed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Thymol (50·75%), γ-terpinene (25·94%) and p-cymene (18·31%) were identified as major constituents of the oil. The most sensitive organisms to ajowan volatile oil were Strep. pneumoniae bacteria (MIC = 0·125-0·5 mg ml-1 ). Synergistic effects were observed with AjEO/thymol and amoxicillin combinations on methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus clinical isolates (FICI = 0·37-0·50) and with essential oil and ciprofloxacin combinations against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staph. aureus ATCC 25923 and penicillin (P)-resistant Strep. pneumoniae bacteria (FICI = 0·37-0·50). Combination of thymol and ciprofloxacin produces synergistic effects only against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and P-resistant Strep. pneumoniae clinical isolate (FICI = 0·46-0·49).

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PLGA-Based Nano-Encapsulation of Trachyspermum Ammi Seed Essential Oil (TSEO-PNP) as a Safe, Natural, Efficient, Anticancer Compound in Human HT-29 Colon Cancer Cell Line.

Autores: Mokhalad Almnhawy, Mohammed Jebur, Maitham Alhajamee, Khadeeja Marai, Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Colorectal cancer is a lethal and commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. To halt its burden more efficient targeted strategies are needed. Trachyspermum ammi seed essential oil (TSEO) contains several anticancer phytochemicals that maybe more effective via PLGA-based nano-encapsulation. TSEO-PNP nanoparticles were synthesized utilizing evaporation and ultra-sonication-based emulsification methods. Their size, morphology, and stability were defined by DLS, SEM, and surface zeta-potential data, respectively. The TSEO-PNP antioxidant apoptotic, cytotoxic, and antiangiogenic impacts on both cell lines (HT-29 and HUVEC) were studied by FRAP/ABTS, Q-PCR, MTT, and CAM assays, respectively. Moreover, further confirmatory measurements such as AO/EB fluorescent staining and flow cytometry analysis were performed to verify apoptosis. Stable (-32.42 mV) 206.21-nm TSEO-PNP induced apoptosis in the HT-29 cells. Apoptosis was confirmed by significant overexpression of apoptotic genes (Cas-9 and BAX), down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) gene, fluorescent AO/EB staining, and flow cytometry data following increased TSEO-PNP treatment doses. TSEO-PNP exhibited a meaningful dose- and time-dependent cancer-specific cytotoxic impact on HT-29 cells. The TSEO-PNP has three main anticancer activities on HT-29 colon cancer cells including oxidant reduction, apoptosis induction, and angiogenesis suppression.

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In-vitro and in-vivo anticandidal activity of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) sprague seeds ethanolic extract and thymol-containing hexanes fraction.

Autores: Atia-Tul- Wahab, Qibtiya Ilyas, Saba Farooq, Sumaira Javaid, Shakil Ahmed, Atta-Ur- Rahman, M Iqbal Choudhary | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Candida albicans is the causative agent of candidiasis in immunocompromised and diseased individuals. The current study was designed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague seeds ethanolic extract and hexanes fraction against Candida albicans, both in-vitro and in-vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration of hexanes fraction was found to be 225 μg/mL, as compared to the standard drug amphotericin B (200 μg/mL). For the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis in BALB/c mice model, the extract and fraction containing ointment was topically applied on flank of mice at various concentrations, and 90-100% recovery in mice was observed which was better than the standard drug, clotrimazole. The GC/MS analysis of hexanes extract indicated the presence of three major components, including (43.91%), O-cymene (25.53%), and γ-terpinene (22.64%). The results showed that T. ammi possess potential antifungal effect, and can be used for the development of novel antifungal agents after further pre-clinical and clinical trials.

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Isolation of Thymol from Trachyspermum ammi Fruits for Treatment of Diabetes and Diabetic Neuropathy in STZ-Induced Rats.

Autores: Neetu Sachan, Nikita Saraswat, Phool Chandra, Mohammad Khalid, Atul Kabra | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Terpenoids and phenols from Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) have reported some pharmacological actions. The objective of the work was to isolate the active constituent, its identification by spectroscopic techniques, and evaluation of the antidiabetic and neuroprotective activity from T. ammi on STZ Wistar rats. The dried fruits of T ammi were kept in a hydrodistillation apparatus to collect essential oil. The isolated fraction went through TLC, UV, FTIR, HPLC, HRMS, C13, and 1H NMR for characterization. Two dosage concentrations from the isolated compound were prepared as 10 and 20 mg/kg for treatment groups. The groups were tested for thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, writhing, grip strength, spontaneous locomotor test, neuromuscular coordination tests, and histopathological and lipid profile analysis. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (45 mg/kg i.p.) and 12 weeks of treatment-induced diabetic neuropathy in Wistar rats. Biomarkers were evaluated to understand the neuropathic protection of thymol on STZ-treated Wistar rats. The biomarker studies (SOD, NO, LPO, Na+K+ATPase, and TNF-α) further confirmed thymol's diabetic neuropathy protective action. This study suggests that isolated compound thymol was antidiabetic and neuroprotective as it has shown controlled glucose levels defensive nerve damage in STZ Wistar rats. P < 0.05 level of significance was observed in the levels of endogenous biomarkers, fasting blood glucose levels, actophotometer response, and response latency in treated groups compared to the diabetic group, whereas P < 0.001 level of significance during lipid profile levels, thermal algesia, and neuromuscular comparison tests was noted in treated groups compared to the diabetic group.

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Trachyspermum ammi (L.) sprague: chemical composition of essential oil and antimicrobial activities of respective fractions.

Autores: Mahmoodreza R Moein, Kamiar Zomorodian, Keyvan Pakshir, Farnoosh Yavari, Marjan Motamedi, Mohammad M Zarshenas | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Resistance to antibacterial agents has become a serious problem for global health. The current study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of essential oil and respective fractions of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague. Seeds of the essential oil were extracted and fractionated using column chromatography. All fractions were then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of the oil and its fractions were assessed using microdilution method. Compounds γ-terpinene (48.07%), ρ-cymene (33.73%), and thymol (17.41%) were determined as major constituents. The effect of fraction II was better than total essential oil, fraction I, and standard thymol. The greater effect of fraction II compared to standard thymol showed the synergistic effects of the ingredients in this fraction. As this fraction and also total oil were effective on the studied microorganism, the combination of these products with current antimicrobial agents could be considered as new antimicrobial compounds in further investigations.

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The optimization of gelatin-CMC based active films containing chitin nanofiber and Trachyspermum ammi essential oil by response surface methodology.

Autores: Maryam Azarifar, Babak Ghanbarzadeh, Mahmoud Sowti Khiabani, Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti, Ali Abdulkhani, Nooshin Noshirvani, Mohammadyar Hosseini | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effects of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC: 4-16 wt%), chitin nanofiber concentrations (CHNF: 2-5 wt%) and Trachyspermum ammi (Ajowan) essential oil (AJEO: 0.26-1 v/v%) on the physical and antimicrobial characteristics of the gelatin-based nanocomposite films were studied by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimization was based on maximizing contact angle, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), strain at break (SAB), lightness (L), antibacterial activity, while minimizing water vapour permeability)WVP(, solubility, swelling, yellowness index (YI), and total color difference (ΔE) values. An increase in the CMC/gelatin ratio in the film formulations caused a decrease in WVP, SAB, ΔE, and YI. In addition, the incorporation of CHNF improved their mechanical strength and barrier properties. Furthermore, the addition of AJEO clearly improved the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while reducing the mechanical and light barrier properties. The optimal values of CMC, CHNF and AJEO for composition of the gelatin film were 15.83 (wt%), 3 (wt%) and 0.74 (v/v%), respectively.

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Characterization of Primary Action Mode of Eight Essential Oils and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Effect against Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli Inoculated in Turkey Meat.

Autores: Chedia Aouadhi, Ahlem Jouini, Dhekra Mechichi, Mouna Boulares, Safa Hamrouni, Abderrazak Maaroufi | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The current study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of eight essential oils (EOs) against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains, producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes and isolated from foods. Disc-diffusion assay showed that the inhibition diameters generated by EOs varied significantly among the tested EOs and strains. In fact, EOs extracted from Thymus capitaus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Trachyspermum ammi and Mentha pulegium exerted an important antimicrobial effect against tested strains, with the diameters of inhibition zones varied between 20 and 27 mm. Moreover, minimal inhibition and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC) values demonstrated that T. capitatus EOs generate the most important inhibitory effect against E. coli strains, with MIC values ranging from 0.02 to 0.78%. Concerning the mode of action of T. capitatus EO, the obtained data showed that treatment with this EO at its MIC reduced the viability of E. coli strains, their tolerance to NaCl and promoted the loss of 260-nm-absorbing material. In addition, in the presence of T. capitatus EO, cells became disproportionately sensitive to subsequent autolysis. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of T. capitatus was evaluated against two E. coli strains, experimentally inoculated (105 CFU/g) in minced turkey meat, in the presence of two different concentrations of EO (MIC and 2 MIC), and stored for 15 days. In both samples, EO exerted a bacteriostatic effect in the presence of concentrations equal to MIC. Interestingly, at 2 CMI concentration, the bactericidal activity was pronounced after 15 days of storage. Our results highlighted that the use of essential oils, specially of T. capitatus, to inhibit or prevent the growth of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli in food, may be a promising alternative to chemicals.

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Characterization of Primary Action Mode of Eight Essential Oils and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Effect against Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli Inoculated in Turkey Meat.

Autores: Chedia Aouadhi, Ahlem Jouini, Dhekra Mechichi, Mouna Boulares, Safa Hamrouni, Abderrazak Maaroufi | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The current study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of eight essential oils (EOs) against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains, producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes and isolated from foods. Disc-diffusion assay showed that the inhibition diameters generated by EOs varied significantly among the tested EOs and strains. In fact, EOs extracted from Thymus capitaus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Trachyspermum ammi and Mentha pulegium exerted an important antimicrobial effect against tested strains, with the diameters of inhibition zones varied between 20 and 27 mm. Moreover, minimal inhibition and bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC) values demonstrated that T. capitatus EOs generate the most important inhibitory effect against E. coli strains, with MIC values ranging from 0.02 to 0.78%. Concerning the mode of action of T. capitatus EO, the obtained data showed that treatment with this EO at its MIC reduced the viability of E. coli strains, their tolerance to NaCl and promoted the loss of 260-nm-absorbing material. In addition, in the presence of T. capitatus EO, cells became disproportionately sensitive to subsequent autolysis. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of T. capitatus was evaluated against two E. coli strains, experimentally inoculated (105 CFU/g) in minced turkey meat, in the presence of two different concentrations of EO (MIC and 2 MIC), and stored for 15 days. In both samples, EO exerted a bacteriostatic effect in the presence of concentrations equal to MIC. Interestingly, at 2 CMI concentration, the bactericidal activity was pronounced after 15 days of storage. Our results highlighted that the use of essential oils, specially of T. capitatus, to inhibit or prevent the growth of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli in food, may be a promising alternative to chemicals.

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Thymol screening, phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Iranian populations of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae).

Autores: Mahdieh Modareskia, Mohammad Fattahi, Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The seeds of Trachyspermum ammi were gathered at the ripening stage from different regions of Iran and grouped into 14 populations (P1-P14) accordingly. The essential oil (EO) extraction yielded in the 3.16-5% range. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 11 constituents were identified. Thymol (59.92-96.4%), p-cymene (0.55-21.15%), γ-terpinene (0.23-17.78%), and carvacrol (0.41-2.77%) were the major constituents. The highest contents of thymol and carvacrol were found in the Ghayen population (P2). Also, P2 and P8 (Estahban) had the highest value of total phenol (TPC) 43.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, and total flavonoids (TFC) 8.03 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g DW, respectively. P1 (Kalat) had the highest total coumarin (TCC) value (0.26 mg coumarin equivalent CE/g DW). Based on EO constituents, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis classified populations into two chemotypes of thymol/p-cymene/γ-terpinene and thymol/carvacrol. The highest positive correlation coefficient was between α-terpinene and limonene (0.96), while the highest negative correlation was between thymol and p-cymene (-0.984). The antioxidant activities of extracts and EOs were evaluated by phosphomolybdenum (total antioxidant capacity; TAC), diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH IC50), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Also, the antimicrobial activity of EOs was studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. P8 with high thymol, EO content (%v/w), TFC, and antibacterial and antioxidant activities is recommended but further studies are needed to confirm the chemotype introduction.

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Essential Oil Yield Pattern and Antibacterial and Insecticidal Activities of Trachyspermum ammi and Myristica fragrans.

Autores: Rajgovind Soni, Gaurav Sharma, Nakuleshwar Dut Jasuja | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Two Indian spices, Trachyspermum ammi and Myristica fragrans, were studied for their essential oil (EO) yielding pattern, insecticidal activity, antibacterial activity, and composition. The essential oils (EOs) of T. ammi (1.94 ± 30 mL/100 gm) and M. fragrans (5.93 ± 90 mL/100 gm) were extracted using hydrodistillation method. In Gas Chromatography analysis, the beta-pinene, alpha-pinene, alpha-p-menth-1-en-4-ol, Limonene, and elemicin were found as major constituents of T. ammi essential oil whereas M. fragrans essential oil mostly contains Gamma-Terpinolene, p-Cymene, Thymol, and beta-pinene. The insecticidal activities of EO were demonstrated using LC50 values against Plodia interpunctella and EO of T. ammi was found comparatively more effective than EO of M. fragrans. Further, individual EO and combination of essential oil were examined for antibacterial activity against three Gram (-) bacterial strains (E. coli-MTCC 443, P. vulgaris-MTCC 1771, and K. pneumoniae-MTCC number 7028) and three Gram (+) bacterial strains (S. aureus-MTCC 3381, B. subtilis-MTCC 10619, and B. megaterium-MTCC 2412) by well agar diffusion method. The essential oil in combination (CEO) exhibited higher antibacterial activity as compared with individual essential oils.

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Insecticidal activity, Chemical Constituents of Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans and Murraya koenigii ethanloic extracts against Bemisia tabaci.

Autores: M Hyder, Y Li, M Wang, J Mao, J M Mari, A Bukero, H U Soomro, A A Bukero, L Zhang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Whitefly is one of the most widespread agricultural pests in the world. Essential oils might be used to control this insect in an environmentally responsible way. The fumigant, repellent, and anti-oviposition activity of ethanol-extracted essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans, and Murraya koenigii against Bemisia tabaci was investigated in this study. In the experiment, three essential oil concentrations (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) were used. Trachyspermum ammi had the highest percentage of whitefly death in laboratory experiments due to its fumigant toxicity; the same tendency was found in contact toxicity and repellent effect. Mortality percent rises as the concentration of essential oil increases with bioassay time. As the concentration of essential oil grows with bioassay time, so does the mortality rate. The most adult whiteflies escaped from the treated plants' greenhouse due to the highest essential oil concentration. The greatest repellency was found with Trachyspermum ammi essential oil at 10 mg/mL. The essential oil had the greatest anti-oviposition efficacy against whiteflies. Trachyspermum ammi possessed the most potent anti-oviposition deterrent, followed by Withania coagulans in second place. Murraya koenigii finished third with moderate anti-oviposition, which affects the number of eggs produced in comparison to the control. As a consequence, these three oils might be used as an effective and environmentally acceptable bio-insecticide to control B. tabaci.

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Essential Oil Yield Pattern and Antibacterial and Insecticidal Activities of Trachyspermum ammi and Myristica fragrans.

Autores: Rajgovind Soni, Gaurav Sharma, Nakuleshwar Dut Jasuja | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Two Indian spices, Trachyspermum ammi and Myristica fragrans, were studied for their essential oil (EO) yielding pattern, insecticidal activity, antibacterial activity, and composition. The essential oils (EOs) of T. ammi (1.94 ± 30 mL/100 gm) and M. fragrans (5.93 ± 90 mL/100 gm) were extracted using hydrodistillation method. In Gas Chromatography analysis, the beta-pinene, alpha-pinene, alpha-p-menth-1-en-4-ol, Limonene, and elemicin were found as major constituents of T. ammi essential oil whereas M. fragrans essential oil mostly contains Gamma-Terpinolene, p-Cymene, Thymol, and beta-pinene. The insecticidal activities of EO were demonstrated using LC50 values against Plodia interpunctella and EO of T. ammi was found comparatively more effective than EO of M. fragrans. Further, individual EO and combination of essential oil were examined for antibacterial activity against three Gram (-) bacterial strains (E. coli-MTCC 443, P. vulgaris-MTCC 1771, and K. pneumoniae-MTCC number 7028) and three Gram (+) bacterial strains (S. aureus-MTCC 3381, B. subtilis-MTCC 10619, and B. megaterium-MTCC 2412) by well agar diffusion method. The essential oil in combination (CEO) exhibited higher antibacterial activity as compared with individual essential oils.

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Endothelium-independent vasorelaxant activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on rat aorta.

Autores: G Sargazi Zadeh, N Panahi | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Several pharmacological activities of the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi seeds (TAEO) have been previously studied. These include antitussive, antihypertensive, and antispasmodic effects. However, its action on isolated aorta has not yet been studied. This study was aimed to investigate the vasorelaxant activity of TAEO and characterize its mechanism of action. Extraction of TAEO was performed using Clevenger-type apparatus with the final content of 4.5% (v/w). To evaluate some probable mechanisms of action of TAEO, the action isometric tension was then measured in the aortic rings from Wistar rats which were precontracted with phenylephrine (PHE) (1 µM) or KCl (60 mM). The major constituents of TAEO included Thymol (38.1%), gamma-terpinene (33.3%), and p-cymene (23.1%), as was analyzed by GC-MS. The cumulative concentrations of TAEO reduced precontraction caused by PHE and KCl (p < 0.05) significantly, which was dose dependent. The vasorelaxation caused by TAEO was not influenced in the presence of methylene blue and L-NAME in the endothelium-intact and denuded aorta ring. The inhibitory effect of TAEO on the aortic rings precontracted with KCl and PHE was considerably reduced by nifedipine. These findings hypothesized that the vasorelaxation caused by TAEO is completely endothelium independent and the extracellular Ca2+ influx was also inhibited by TAEO.

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Plant regeneration and transformation of Trachyspermum ammi using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and zygotic embryos.

Autores: Masoumeh Nomani, Masoud Tohidfar | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi is one of the key medicinal plant species with many beneficial properties. Thymol is the most important substance in the essential oil of this plant. Thymol is a natural monoterpene phenol with high anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant properties. Thymol in the latest research has a significant impact on slowing the progression of cancer cells in human. In this research, embryos were employed as convenient explants for the fast and effectual regeneration and transformation of T. ammi. To regenerate this plant, Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg's B5 (B5) media were supplemented with diverse concentrations of plant growth regulators, such as 6-benzyladenine (BA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and kinetin (kin). Transgenic Trachyspermum ammi plants were also obtained using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and zygotic embryos explants. Moreover, two Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA101 and LBA4404) harboring pBI121-TPS2 were utilized for genetic transformation to Trachyspermum ammi.

Resultados: According to the obtained results, the highest plant-regeneration frequency was obtained with B5 medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l NAA. The integrated gene was also approved using the PCR reaction and the Southern blot method. Results also showed that the EHA101 strain outperformed another strain in inoculation time (30 s) and co-cultivation period (1 day) (transformation efficiency 19.29%). Furthermore, HPLC method demonstrated that the transformed plants contained a higher thymol level than non-transformed plants.

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The effects of gelatin-CMC films incorporated with chitin nanofiber and Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on the shelf life characteristics of refrigerated raw beef.

Autores: Maryam Azarifar, Babak Ghanbarzadeh, Mahmoud Sowti Khiabani, Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti, Ali Abdulkhani | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effects of gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose (Gel-CMC) based films containing chitin nano fiber (CHNF) and Trachyspermum ammi essential oil (Ajowan), on the shelf life extension of the raw beef at refrigerated temperature (4 °C) over a 12-day period were evaluated. Ajowan essential oil (AJEO) and CHNF were added to the films at 0.24, 0.64 and 1% v/v; and 2 and 4 wt%, respectively. The microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic count, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, lactic acid bacteria, molds and yeasts), the chemical (pH, thiobarbituric acid and total volatile basic nitrogen), color and sensory properties of the packaged samples were evaluated periodically. Bacteria grew the most quickly in the control samples, followed by those wrapped with the Gel-CMC films; The lowest microbial counts, the least change in the chemical properties and the highest sensory scores after 12 days of storage were obtained for the samples wrapped in the films incorporated with 1% AJEO and 4 wt% CHNF.

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Endothelium-independent vasorelaxant activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on rat aorta.

Autores: G Sargazi Zadeh, N Panahi | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Several pharmacological activities of the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi seeds (TAEO) have been previously studied. These include antitussive, antihypertensive, and antispasmodic effects. However, its action on isolated aorta has not yet been studied. This study was aimed to investigate the vasorelaxant activity of TAEO and characterize its mechanism of action. Extraction of TAEO was performed using Clevenger-type apparatus with the final content of 4.5% (v/w). To evaluate some probable mechanisms of action of TAEO, the action isometric tension was then measured in the aortic rings from Wistar rats which were precontracted with phenylephrine (PHE) (1 µM) or KCl (60 mM). The major constituents of TAEO included Thymol (38.1%), gamma-terpinene (33.3%), and p-cymene (23.1%), as was analyzed by GC-MS. The cumulative concentrations of TAEO reduced precontraction caused by PHE and KCl (p < 0.05) significantly, which was dose dependent. The vasorelaxation caused by TAEO was not influenced in the presence of methylene blue and L-NAME in the endothelium-intact and denuded aorta ring. The inhibitory effect of TAEO on the aortic rings precontracted with KCl and PHE was considerably reduced by nifedipine. These findings hypothesized that the vasorelaxation caused by TAEO is completely endothelium independent and the extracellular Ca2+ influx was also inhibited by TAEO.

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Monoterpene isolated from the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi is cytotoxic to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus strains

Autores: Hosseinkhani, Faride; Jabalameli, Fereshteh; Banar, Maryam; Abdellahi, Nafiseh; Taherikalani, Morovat; Leeuwen, Willem B. van; Emaneini, Mohammad | Ano: 2016 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Abstract INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine whether an herbal extract containing monoterpene exhibited activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical infection samples. METHODS: The essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill (Apiaceae) fruit was extracted by hydrodistillation. Fruit residues were treated with hydrochloric acid and re-hydrodistilled to obtain volatile compounds. Compounds in the distilled oil were identified using gas-chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). The antibiotic susceptibility of all bacterial isolates was analyzed using both the disc diffusion method and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The sensitivity of antibiotic-resistant isolates to essential oil was also determined by using the disc diffusion method and MIC determination. RESULTS: Of 26 clinical isolates, 92% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Aromatic monoterpenes (thymol, paracymene, and gamma-terpinene) were the major (90%) components of the oil. Growth of S. aureus strains was successfully inhibited by the oil, with an inhibitory zone diameter (IZD) between 30-60mm and MIC <0.02μL/mL. The oil had no antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa; rather, it prevented pigment production in these isolates. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi, which contains monoterpene, has good antibacterial potency. Monoterpenes could thus be incorporated into antimicrobial ointment formulas in order to treat highly drug-resistant S. aureus infections. Our findings also underscore the utility of research on natural products in order to combat bacterial multidrug resistance.

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Changes in Essential Oil Composition, Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Populations in Response to Water Deficit.

Autores: Gita Mirniyam, Mehdi Rahimmalek, Ahmad Arzani, Adam Matkowski, Shima Gharibi, Antoni Szumny | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) is considered a valuable spice plant with a high thymol content. Seed yield, essential oil constituents, polyphenolic composition, and antioxidant capacity of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) populations were evaluated in three (normal, moderate, and severe) water irrigation regimes. The highest essential oil content (5.55%) was obtained under normal condition in the Yazd population. However, both essential oil and seed yield showed significant reductions as a result of water stress. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, thymol (61.44%), γ-terpinene (26.96%), and p-cymene (20.32%) were identified as the major components of the oil. The highest (89.01%) and the lowest (37.54%) thymol contents were in Farsmar and Hamadan populations in severe stress condition, respectively. Based on HPLC analysis, chlorogenic (3.75-47.35 mg/100 g), caffeic (13.2-40.10 mg/100 g), and ferulic acid (11.25-40.10 mg/100 g) were identified as the major phenolic acids, while rutin was determined as the major flavonoid (11.741-20.123 mg/100 g). Moreover, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were elevated under drought stress treatment, while antioxidants responded inconsistently to stress based on two model systems. Overall, the Yazd population exhibited a superior response to water stress, as evidenced by its less reduced thymol and oil yield content, while Arak and Khormo had the highest accumulation of polyphenolic compounds.

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Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight tandem mass spectrometry based Metabolite profiling, Quality evaluation and marker analysis of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague by High performance thin layer chromatography.

Autores: Barun Das Gupta, Amit Kar, Shyam Narayan, C P Thakur, Pulok Kumar Mukherjee, Pallab Kanti Haldar | Ano: 2023 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae), commonly known as 'Ajwain' is distributed throughout India. Ajwain fruits contain fibre, carbohydrates, phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins. The fruits also yield a small amount of essential oil, with Thymol as the principal constituent. Ajwain has various pharmacological activities like anti-leishmanial, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, nematocidal and anthelmintic. The fruits are of high therapeutic value; thus, it becomes quite essential to evaluate the quality of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague to authenticate and ensure its therapeutic and nutritional properties. The ethyl acetate fraction of T. ammi fruits exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content values of 149.55±1.19 mg rutin equivalent and 682.85±3.68 mg gallic acid equivalent, respectively. Metabolite profiling of the ethyl acetate fraction using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis resulted in identifying 19 phytomolecules. A validated high performance thin-layer chromatography method was developed to quantify standard phytomolecules in the ethyl acetate fraction. The highest and lowest percentages of phytomarker were found to be Caffeic acid (5.51 ± 0.16 %w/w) and Gallic acid (1.29 ± 0.09 %w/w), respectively. This validated rapid, accurate, precise method for standardisation of T. ammi will be beneficial for its quality evaluation as well as the derived products. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Trachyspermum ammi 10 % topical cream versus placebo on neuropathic pain, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Autores: Peyman Petramfar, Mahmoodreza Moein, Soliman Mohammadi Samani, Sayed Hamidreza Tabatabaei, Mohammad M Zarshenas | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: A four-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to assay the effectiveness of Ajwain 10 % (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague) topical cream on neuropathic pain. Intervention encompassed Ajwain 10 % and placebo creams. Ninety-two patients who specifically mentioned daily and nocturnal burning feet were randomly assigned to receive one of those interventions. Presence and decline in patients' numbness, tingling and allodynia were also evaluated. Major outcome measure was alteration in feet burning intensity (final week versus baseline week) regarding to a visual analog scale on a 0-10 cm scale (0 being "no pain", 10 being "worst pain"). Significant reduction in feet burning scores as well as numbness, tingling and allodynia were found in Ajwain group compared to placebo. This trial examining a cream of Ajwain essential oil versus placebo revealed the significance difference between two groups. This medicament can be a good candidate for the alleviation of feet burning, a neuropathic complication.

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Combination effect of red light irradiation and Traychspermum ammi essential oil on colorectal cancer cells (SW480).

Autores: Khatereh Khorsandi, Zahra Kianmehr, Elmira Ghelichkhani | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Colon cancer is the third significant reason for death related to cancers in the world. There are various treatments for colon cancer, which have several side effects. Polyphenol agents are a type of antioxidant in plants that have diverse biological properties, such as anti-cancer effects. Here, we investigate the effect of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil (TEO) and red light irradiation on the colorectal cancer cell line (SW 480). The colorectal cancer cell lines were irradiated at 660 nm for 90 s and then the cells were incubated with different TEO concentrations. In another study, cells initially were treated with various TEO concentrations and then irradiation for 90 s. Effect of TEO and the red light irradiation on viability of the cell, ROS generation, and cell cycle was assessed by MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. The findings demonstrated that early incubation with TEO and then irradiation decreased the SW 480 cells survival more than the early irradiation at 660 nm and then essential oil. In addition, TEO treatment at IC50 concentration in combination with low-level laser irradiation induces ROS generation in SW 480 cells as compared to the dark group. In addition, TEO treatment at IC50 in combination with low-level laser irradiation induces G0/G1 arrest of the cell cycle in SW 480 cells in comparison to the dark group. This study revealed that the Trachyspermum ammi essential oil in combination with low-level laser results in more reduction in survival which leads to ROS generation and cell cycle arrest in SW 480 colorectal cancer cells.

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In vitro lethal effect of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) essential oil on hydatid cyst protoscoleces.

Autores: Mohammad Moazeni, Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz, Ali Akbar Hosseini | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Various chemical scolicidal agents have been used for inactivation of hydatid cyst protoscolices, but most of them are associated with adverse side effects. Since ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) has been shown to have a number of medicinal properties, in this study the scolicidal effect of the essential oil (EO) from the fruits of this herbal plant was investigated. Ajowan EO was obtained by hydrodistillation method. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to determine the chemical composition of the EO. Protoscoleces were exposed to various concentrations of EO (3, 5 and 10mg/mL) for 10, 20, 30, and 60 min. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. A total of 18 compounds representing 99.54% of the total oil, were identified. Thymol (50.07%), γ-terpinene (23.92%), and p-cymene (22.9%) were found to be the major EO constituents. While the mortality rate of protoscolices in the control group was 6.67%, scolicidal power of ajowan EO at concentration of 3mg/mL was 31.34, 35.98, 45.17, and 51.58% after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively. The EO at concentration of 5mg/mL killed 51.89, 72.20, 88.64, and 100% of protoscolices after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively. One hundred percent scolicidal activity was observed with ajowan EO at concentration of 10mg/mL after 10 min of exposure. The results of this study revealed that the EO of ajowan is rich in thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene, has high scolicidal power and it may be used as a natural scolicidal agent.

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In vitro lethal effect of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) essential oil on hydatid cyst protoscoleces.

Autores: Mohammad Moazeni, Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz, Ali Akbar Hosseini | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Various chemical scolicidal agents have been used for inactivation of hydatid cyst protoscolices, but most of them are associated with adverse side effects. Since ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) has been shown to have a number of medicinal properties, in this study the scolicidal effect of the essential oil (EO) from the fruits of this herbal plant was investigated. Ajowan EO was obtained by hydrodistillation method. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to determine the chemical composition of the EO. Protoscoleces were exposed to various concentrations of EO (3, 5 and 10mg/mL) for 10, 20, 30, and 60 min. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. A total of 18 compounds representing 99.54% of the total oil, were identified. Thymol (50.07%), γ-terpinene (23.92%), and p-cymene (22.9%) were found to be the major EO constituents. While the mortality rate of protoscolices in the control group was 6.67%, scolicidal power of ajowan EO at concentration of 3mg/mL was 31.34, 35.98, 45.17, and 51.58% after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively. The EO at concentration of 5mg/mL killed 51.89, 72.20, 88.64, and 100% of protoscolices after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively. One hundred percent scolicidal activity was observed with ajowan EO at concentration of 10mg/mL after 10 min of exposure. The results of this study revealed that the EO of ajowan is rich in thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene, has high scolicidal power and it may be used as a natural scolicidal agent.

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Studies on the viability and membrane integrity of human spermatozoa treated with essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill fruit.

Autores: S Paul, S C Kang | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study aimed at investigating the effects of essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi fruits, an oil-bearing plant of Apiaceae family, on human sperm viability and membrane integrity. Chemical compositions of the oil were analysed by GC-MS. Thirty compounds representing 91.39% of the total oil were identified. The viability and membrane integrity of human spermatozoa were assessed using minimum effective dose (MED) concentration (125 μg ml(-1)) of the oil. Sperm treated with essential oil showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in viability assessed by eosin-nigrosin and fluorescence dual staining. Moreover, the treated sperm also showed a significant loss (P < 0.05) of functional mitochondria and antioxidant enzyme, catalase (EC 1.11.1.6, CAT), when compared to control. The cholesterol:phospholipid ratio was also increased (P < 0.05) in treated sperm when compared to control, which is an indicator of loss of binding ability of human spermatozoa to the zona pellucida. The scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrated the loss of membrane integrity in essential oil-treated human spermatozoa, which showed vacuolation, swelling of acrosomal cap, detachment of head portion and tail coiling. Present observations indicate the spermicidal property of essential oil of T. ammi fruits, which could be helpful to develop medicinal preparations as a male contraceptive.

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Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague, superb essential oil and its major components on peptic ulcers: in vivo combined in silico studies.

Autores: Mahdieh Eftekhari, Afsaneh Hoseinsalari, Mahboubeh Mansourian, Fatemeh Farjadmand, Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani, Mohammad Sharifzadeh, Gholamreza Hassanzadeh, Mahnaz Khanavi, Mahdi Gholami | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague is used for treating gastrointestinal disorders. Several studies indicated gastric antiulcer activity of T. ammi extract, yet the effect of its essential oil has not been studied on.

Resultados: Analysis of the essential oil indicated that para-cymene (37.18%), gamma-terpinene (35.36%) and thymol (20.51%) are the main components. Administration of different doses of the essential oil noticeably diminished the number of peptic ulcers in a dose-dependent manner. Among the main components, thymol was more potent than para-cymene and gamma-terpinene. Administration of the essential oil (500 mg/kg) and thymol (100 mg/kg) observed maximum inhibition percentage (98.58% and 79.37%, respectively). Molecular docking study provides the evidence of thymol ability to inhibit H+/K+ ATPase.

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Insecticidal Toxicities of Three Main Constituents Derived from Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill Fruits against the Small Hive Beetles, Aethina tumida Murray.

Autores: Daniel Bisrat, Chuleui Jung | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray), indigenous to Africa, has spread to other parts of the world where has become a threat to the honeybee industry. In the present study, insecticidal properties (contact, fumigant, and repellent toxicities) of three main constituents derived from Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill fruits essential oil were evaluated against adult small hive beetles under laboratory conditions. The Hydrodistillation of T. ammi fruits, grown in Ethiopia, yielded a pale yellow essential oil (3.5% v/w) with a strong aromatic odor. Analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified twenty-two compounds that accounted for 98.68% of the total essential oil. The essential oil was dominated by monoterpenoids, comprising -terpinene (32.72%), p-cymene (27.92%), and thymol (24.36%). The essential oil showed strong contact and fumigation toxicities against the small hive beetle adults, with a LD50 value of 66.64 µg/adult and a LC50 value of 89.03 mg/L air, respectively. Among the main constituents, thymol was the most toxic component found in both contact (LD50 = 41.79 µg/adult) and fumigation (LC50 = 52.66 mg/L air) toxicities. The other two components, -terpinene and p-cymene, were less effective in both contact and fumigant toxicities testing. The results showed that T. ammi essential oil and thymol could serve as potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of small hive beetle adults.

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Insecticidal and repellent activities of thymol from the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (Linn) Sprague seeds against Anopheles stephensi.

Autores: S K Pandey, Shikha Upadhyay, A K Tripathi | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oil of seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprauge and its pure constituent thymol showed promising results when evaluated for larvicidal, oviposition-deterrent, vapor toxicity, and repellent activity against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi. Thymol was 1.6-fold more toxic than the oil toward fourth-instar larvae of A. stephensi with LD(50) values of 48.88 and 80.77 microg/ml, respectively. Egg laying by female adults of A. stephensi was much significantly reduced when exposed to vapors of thymol compared to the oil of T. ammi seeds, and similar effects were recorded for subsequent egg hatching and larval survival. Vapor toxicity assay showed LC(50) value of 79.5 mg/mat for thymol against adults of A. stephensi, whereas the crude oil exhibited the LC(50) value of 185.4 mg/mat. Thymol provided complete repellency toward A. stephensi adults at the dose of 25.0 mg/mat after 1 h duration, whereas same degree of repellency was obtained by the oil at the dose of 55.0 mg/mat, indicating its double-fold activity than the oil.

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Ultrasound-assisted nanoemulsion of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil and its constituent thymol on toxicity and biochemical aspect of Aedes aegypti.

Autores: Kesavan Subaharan, Periyasamy Senthamarai Selvan, Thagare Manjunatha Subramanya, Rajendran Senthoorraja, Sowmya Manjunath, Tania Das, Vppalayam Shanmugam Pragadheesh, Nandagopal Bakthavatsalam, Muthu Gounder Mohan, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Sreehari Uragayala, Paulraj Philip Samuel, Renu Govindarajan, Muthuswamy Eswaramoorthy | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Aedes aegypti is the main vector of yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and dengue worldwide and is managed by using chemical insecticides. Though effective, their indiscriminate use brings in associated problems on safety to non-target and the environment. This supports the use of plant-based essential oil (EO) formulations as they are safe to use with limited effect on non-target organisms. Quick volatility and degradation of EO are a hurdle in its use; the present study attempts to develop nanoemulsions (NE) of Trachyspermum ammi EO and its constituent thymol using Tween 80 as surfactant by ultrasonication method. The NE of EO had droplet size ranging from 65 ± 0.7 to 83 ± 0.09 nm and a poly dispersity index (PDI) value of 0.18 ± 0.003 to 0.20 ± 0.07 from 1 to 60 days of storage. The NE of thymol showed a droplet size ranging from 167 ± 1 to 230 ± 1 nm and PDI value of 0.30 ± 0.03 to 0.40 ± 0.008 from 1 to 60 days of storage. The droplet shape of both NEs appeared spherical under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The larvicidal effect of NEs of EO and thymol was better than BEs (Bulk emulsion) of EO and thymol against Ae. aegypti. Among the NEs, thymol (LC50 34.89 ppm) had better larvicidal action than EO (LC50 46.73 ppm). Exposure to NEs of EO and thymol causes the shrinkage of the larval cuticle and inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in Ae. aegypti. Our findings show the enhanced effect of NEs over BEs which facilitate its use as an alternative control measure for Ae. aegypti.

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Combination effect of red light irradiation and Traychspermum ammi essential oil on colorectal cancer cells (SW480).

Autores: Khatereh Khorsandi, Zahra Kianmehr, Elmira Ghelichkhani | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Colon cancer is the third significant reason for death related to cancers in the world. There are various treatments for colon cancer, which have several side effects. Polyphenol agents are a type of antioxidant in plants that have diverse biological properties, such as anti-cancer effects. Here, we investigate the effect of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil (TEO) and red light irradiation on the colorectal cancer cell line (SW 480). The colorectal cancer cell lines were irradiated at 660 nm for 90 s and then the cells were incubated with different TEO concentrations. In another study, cells initially were treated with various TEO concentrations and then irradiation for 90 s. Effect of TEO and the red light irradiation on viability of the cell, ROS generation, and cell cycle was assessed by MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. The findings demonstrated that early incubation with TEO and then irradiation decreased the SW 480 cells survival more than the early irradiation at 660 nm and then essential oil. In addition, TEO treatment at IC50 concentration in combination with low-level laser irradiation induces ROS generation in SW 480 cells as compared to the dark group. In addition, TEO treatment at IC50 in combination with low-level laser irradiation induces G0/G1 arrest of the cell cycle in SW 480 cells in comparison to the dark group. This study revealed that the Trachyspermum ammi essential oil in combination with low-level laser results in more reduction in survival which leads to ROS generation and cell cycle arrest in SW 480 colorectal cancer cells.

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Stereological assessment of nephroprotective effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil against carbon tetrachloride-induced nephrotoxicity in mice/ Evaluación estereológica de los efectos nefroprotectores del aceite esencial de Trachyspermum ammi contra la nefrotoxicidad inducida por tetracloruro de carbono en ratones

Autores: Farzaei, Mohammad Hossein; Zangeneh, Mohammad Mahdi; Goodarzi, Nader; Zangeneh, Akram | Ano: 2018 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) has been used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antibacterial, antifungal agent. The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) essential oil against CC14- induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Thirty-five mice were divided into five groups as follows; positive control received olive oil 1 mL/ kg/ip, negative control received CC14 1 mg/kg/ip + 0.5 mL distilled water orally and tree treatment groups which received CC14 similar to the negative control and 200, 800 and 1600 µg/kg of T. ammi essential oil, respectively. All treatments were done twice a week (Saturday and Wednesday) for 45 days. On the last day, blood was sampled for urea and creatinine assessment and the left kidney was removed for stereological estimations. Essential oil of T. ammi at high dose significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased serum levels of creatinine and urea in comparison with CC14-treated group. Total volume of the kidney, cortex, proximal convoluted tubules (PC), glomerulus, vessels and interstitial tissue as well as total length of PC and vessel were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased following CC14 administration and were restored toward normal levels at high dose of T. ammi. Also, high dose of T. ammi improved glomerular loss significantly (p ≤ 0.05) as compared with CC14-treated group. Due to the chemical composition of T. ammi essential oil such as tymol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene which are antioxidant, it can be concluded that the essential oil of T. ammi can ameliorated renal injury induced following CC14 toxicity via its antioxidant components.

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Combined effect of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil and propolis ethanolic extract on some foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

Autores: Ashkan Jebelli Javan, Shaghayegh Salimiraad, Bijan Khorshidpour | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Natural compounds including essential oils (EOs) are used to inhibit the pathogenic bacterial growth in foods. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effect of Trachyspermum ammi EO and propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) on some food pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the effect of T. ammi EO and PEE at different concentrations, individually and in combination, on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated using minimum inhibitory concentration and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. Moreover, the effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of EO and extract on E. coli and S. aureus growth curve was determined. The results revealed the synergistic effect of T. ammi EO and PEE on S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes. The effects of EO and extract sub-inhibitory concentrations on bacterial growth curve resulted in an increased lag phase of the culture and decelerated bacterial growth, especially S. aureus. The results showed that T. ammi EO and PEE, especially when combined, are effective in bacterial growth inhibition and their potential use in food systems is recommended.

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Combined effect of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil and propolis ethanolic extract on some foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

Autores: Ashkan Jebelli Javan, Shaghayegh Salimiraad, Bijan Khorshidpour | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Natural compounds including essential oils (EOs) are used to inhibit the pathogenic bacterial growth in foods. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effect of Trachyspermum ammi EO and propolis ethanolic extract (PEE) on some food pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the effect of T. ammi EO and PEE at different concentrations, individually and in combination, on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated using minimum inhibitory concentration and fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. Moreover, the effect of sub-inhibitory concentrations of EO and extract on E. coli and S. aureus growth curve was determined. The results revealed the synergistic effect of T. ammi EO and PEE on S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes. The effects of EO and extract sub-inhibitory concentrations on bacterial growth curve resulted in an increased lag phase of the culture and decelerated bacterial growth, especially S. aureus. The results showed that T. ammi EO and PEE, especially when combined, are effective in bacterial growth inhibition and their potential use in food systems is recommended.

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Effectiveness of eight essential oils against two key stored-product beetles, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and Trogoderma granarium Everts.

Autores: Nickolas G Kavallieratos, Maria C Boukouvala, Nikoletta Ntalli, Anna Skourti, Effrosyni S Karagianni, Erifili P Nika, Demetrius C Kontodimas, Loredana Cappellacci, Riccardo Petrelli, Kevin Cianfaglione, Mohammad Reza Morshedloo, Léon Azefack Tapondjou, Rianasoambolanoro Rakotosaona, Filippo Maggi, Giovanni Benelli | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The use of chemical pesticides to preserve food commodities is a global issue of concern due to their negative effect on the environment and public health. In recent years, the European Union is trying to reduce their use, favoring alternative or complementary approaches based on natural products. In this scenario, plant-borne essential oils (EOs) represent valid options for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. In the present study, the insecticidal effect of eight EOs obtained from plants from different parts of the world, namely Mentha longifolia, Dysphania ambrosioides, Carlina acaulis, Trachyspermum ammi, Pimpinella anisum, Origanum syriacum, Cannabis sativa and Hazomalania voyronii, were evaluated against two stored-product insect species of economic importance, Prostephanus truncatus and Trogoderma granarium. Simulating a small-scale stored-product conservation environment, an AG-4 airbrush was used to spray maize and wheat with 500 and 1000 ppm of EOs, then T. granarium and P. truncatus were exposed to the stored products and mortality was evaluated over selected time intervals (4, 8, and 16 h, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days). The EO of C. acaulis exhibited high efficacy against P. truncatus adults at both tested concentrations by killing > 97% of the individuals exposed to treated maize within 3 days at 500 ppm. The EO of D. ambrosioides eliminated all T. granarium adults exposed to 1000 ppm-treated wheat 2 days post-exposure. At this exposure interval, 91.1% of the exposed T. granarium adults died on wheat treated with 1000 ppm of C. acaulis EO. The EO of M. longifolia at both tested concentrations was the most effective against T. granarium larvae, leading to 97.8% mortality at 500 ppm after 3 days of exposure, and 100% mortality at 1000 pm 2 days post-exposure. At 1000 ppm, the EOs of D. ambrosioides and P. anisum led to 95.6 and 90% mortality, respectively, to larvae exposed to treated wheat for 7 days. Overall, our research shed light on the potential of selected EOs, with special reference to M. longifolia, D. ambrosioides, C. acaulis and P. anisum, which could be considered further to develop effective and alternative grain protectants to manage P. truncatus and T. granarium infestations.

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The effects of gelatin-CMC films incorporated with chitin nanofiber and Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on the shelf life characteristics of refrigerated raw beef.

Autores: Maryam Azarifar, Babak Ghanbarzadeh, Mahmoud Sowti Khiabani, Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti, Ali Abdulkhani | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effects of gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose (Gel-CMC) based films containing chitin nano fiber (CHNF) and Trachyspermum ammi essential oil (Ajowan), on the shelf life extension of the raw beef at refrigerated temperature (4 °C) over a 12-day period were evaluated. Ajowan essential oil (AJEO) and CHNF were added to the films at 0.24, 0.64 and 1% v/v; and 2 and 4 wt%, respectively. The microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic count, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, lactic acid bacteria, molds and yeasts), the chemical (pH, thiobarbituric acid and total volatile basic nitrogen), color and sensory properties of the packaged samples were evaluated periodically. Bacteria grew the most quickly in the control samples, followed by those wrapped with the Gel-CMC films; The lowest microbial counts, the least change in the chemical properties and the highest sensory scores after 12 days of storage were obtained for the samples wrapped in the films incorporated with 1% AJEO and 4 wt% CHNF.

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Effect of Cymbopogon martinii, Foeniculum vulgare, and Trachyspermum ammi Essential Oils on the Growth and Mycotoxins Production by Aspergillus Species.

Autores: Negero Gemeda, Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel, Daniel Asrat, Asfaw Debella | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was performed to investigate effect of essential oils on Aspergillus spore germination, growth, and mycotoxin production. In vitro antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities of Cymbopogon martinii, Foeniculum vulgare, and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils were carried out on toxigenic strains of Aspergillus species. Plant materials were hydrodistilled for 4-5 h in Clevenger apparatus. 0.25 μL/mL, 0.5 μL/mL, 1 μL/mL, 2 μL/mL, and 4 μL/mL concentrations of each essential oil were prepared in 0.1% Tween 80 (V/V). T. ammi oil showed highest antifungal activity. Absolute mycelial inhibition was recorded at 1 μL/mL by essential oils of T. ammi. The oil also showed complete inhibition of spore germination at a concentration of 2 μL/mL. In addition, T. ammi oil showed significant antiaflatoxigenic potency by totally inhibiting toxin production from A. niger and A. flavus at 0.5 and 0.75 μL/mL, respectively. C. martinii, F. vulgare, and T. ammi oils as antifungals were found superior over synthetic preservative. Moreover, a concentration of 5336.297 μL/kg body weight was recorded for LC50 on mice indicating the low mammalian toxicity. In conclusion, the essential oils from T. ammi can be a potential source of safe natural food preservative for food commodities contamination by Aspergillus species.

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Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth in turkey fillets by alginate edible coating with Trachyspermum ammi essential oil nano-emulsion.

Autores: Hamidreza Kazemeini, Asghar Azizian, Hasti Adib | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil (TAEO). Moreover, the present study comparatively investigated TAEO in the forms of emulsion and Nano-emulsion in alginate-based edible coatings against inoculated Listeria monocytogenes in turkey fillets during 12 days in cold storage (at a temperature of 4 ± 1 °C). Alginate solutions with two levels of TAEO (in emulsion and Nano-emulsion forms) were prepared in this study. The bacterial count was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12. Based on the obtained results of the current study, a comparison of different treatments with the blank samples (without any coating) showed that the highest considerable result was observed in the samples with Nano-emulsion coating (P < 0.05). Nano-emulsion loaded alginate coating prevented the growth of listeria in turkey fillets even after 12 days of cold storage. According to the findings of this study, the application of alginate edible coatings containing TAEO, especially in Nano-form, can be very effective in controlling the growth of L. monocytogenes, as a foodborne pathogen, during storage; therefore, it is a good choice to be applied in the meat industry.

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Toxicology of diatomaceous earth, phyto oils and their admixed emulsions against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).

Autores: Maryam Tanveer, Shaghef Ejaz, Syed Muhammad Zaka, Muazzama Batool, Tatheer E Zahra, Muhammad Saghir, Qamar Saeed | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), one of the invasive stored pest, is resistant to the most of synthetic insecticides used against this it. Moreover, synthetic insecticides are a major threat to human health, the environment, and the ecosystem. The development of some smart tools is needed to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals. As an alternative, nano-insecticides are on the horizon. Emulsions are expressed as sustain release of insecticidal components to achieve maximum efficacy and low residual toxicity. In this study, some essential oils (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Ocimum basilicum L., Curcuma longa L., and Trachyspermum ammi L.), diatomaceous earth (DE), and their nano-emulsions are evaluated against T. castaneum. Essential oils and DE were tested at four (60 ppm, 30 ppm, 15 ppm, 7.5 ppm) different concentrations with and without emulsions, and data was recorded after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure respectively. The mortality observed in essential oils of C. citratus, O. basilicum, and C. longa without emulsion after 72 h of treatment at the highest concentration was 98%, 95%, and 85%, respectively. While, at the highest concentration the lowest mortalities were observed with DE and T. ammi i.e. 65%. Insecticidal activity of emulsion essential oils increased to 100%, 98%, 90%, and 68.3% for C. longa, C. citratus, O. basilicum, and T. ammi, respectively. The results support that these admixed emulsions could be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in conventional formulations.

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Toxicology of diatomaceous earth, phyto oils and their admixed emulsions against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst).

Autores: Maryam Tanveer, Shaghef Ejaz, Syed Muhammad Zaka, Muazzama Batool, Tatheer E Zahra, Muhammad Saghir, Qamar Saeed | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), one of the invasive stored pest, is resistant to the most of synthetic insecticides used against this it. Moreover, synthetic insecticides are a major threat to human health, the environment, and the ecosystem. The development of some smart tools is needed to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals. As an alternative, nano-insecticides are on the horizon. Emulsions are expressed as sustain release of insecticidal components to achieve maximum efficacy and low residual toxicity. In this study, some essential oils (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Ocimum basilicum L., Curcuma longa L., and Trachyspermum ammi L.), diatomaceous earth (DE), and their nano-emulsions are evaluated against T. castaneum. Essential oils and DE were tested at four (60 ppm, 30 ppm, 15 ppm, 7.5 ppm) different concentrations with and without emulsions, and data was recorded after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure respectively. The mortality observed in essential oils of C. citratus, O. basilicum, and C. longa without emulsion after 72 h of treatment at the highest concentration was 98%, 95%, and 85%, respectively. While, at the highest concentration the lowest mortalities were observed with DE and T. ammi i.e. 65%. Insecticidal activity of emulsion essential oils increased to 100%, 98%, 90%, and 68.3% for C. longa, C. citratus, O. basilicum, and T. ammi, respectively. The results support that these admixed emulsions could be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in conventional formulations.

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Insecticidal activity, Chemical Constituents of Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans and Murraya koenigii ethanloic extracts against Bemisia tabaci.

Autores: M Hyder, Y Li, M Wang, J Mao, J M Mari, A Bukero, H U Soomro, A A Bukero, L Zhang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Whitefly is one of the most widespread agricultural pests in the world. Essential oils might be used to control this insect in an environmentally responsible way. The fumigant, repellent, and anti-oviposition activity of ethanol-extracted essential oils of Trachyspermum ammi, Withania coagulans, and Murraya koenigii against Bemisia tabaci was investigated in this study. In the experiment, three essential oil concentrations (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) were used. Trachyspermum ammi had the highest percentage of whitefly death in laboratory experiments due to its fumigant toxicity; the same tendency was found in contact toxicity and repellent effect. Mortality percent rises as the concentration of essential oil increases with bioassay time. As the concentration of essential oil grows with bioassay time, so does the mortality rate. The most adult whiteflies escaped from the treated plants' greenhouse due to the highest essential oil concentration. The greatest repellency was found with Trachyspermum ammi essential oil at 10 mg/mL. The essential oil had the greatest anti-oviposition efficacy against whiteflies. Trachyspermum ammi possessed the most potent anti-oviposition deterrent, followed by Withania coagulans in second place. Murraya koenigii finished third with moderate anti-oviposition, which affects the number of eggs produced in comparison to the control. As a consequence, these three oils might be used as an effective and environmentally acceptable bio-insecticide to control B. tabaci.

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Conclusão: N/A

Insecticidal and repellent activities of thymol from the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (Linn) Sprague seeds against Anopheles stephensi.

Autores: S K Pandey, Shikha Upadhyay, A K Tripathi | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oil of seeds of Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprauge and its pure constituent thymol showed promising results when evaluated for larvicidal, oviposition-deterrent, vapor toxicity, and repellent activity against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi. Thymol was 1.6-fold more toxic than the oil toward fourth-instar larvae of A. stephensi with LD(50) values of 48.88 and 80.77 microg/ml, respectively. Egg laying by female adults of A. stephensi was much significantly reduced when exposed to vapors of thymol compared to the oil of T. ammi seeds, and similar effects were recorded for subsequent egg hatching and larval survival. Vapor toxicity assay showed LC(50) value of 79.5 mg/mat for thymol against adults of A. stephensi, whereas the crude oil exhibited the LC(50) value of 185.4 mg/mat. Thymol provided complete repellency toward A. stephensi adults at the dose of 25.0 mg/mat after 1 h duration, whereas same degree of repellency was obtained by the oil at the dose of 55.0 mg/mat, indicating its double-fold activity than the oil.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Larvicidal activity of ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and Peru balsam ( Myroxylon pereira ) oils and blends of their constituents against mosquito, Aedes aegypti , acute toxicity on water flea, Daphnia magna , and aqueous residue.

Autores: Seon-Mi Seo, Hye-Mi Park, Il-Kwon Park | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of 20 plant essential oils and components from ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and Peru balsam ( Myroxylon pereira ) oils against the mosquito, Aedes aegypti . Of the 20 plant essential oils, ajowan and Peru balsam oils at 0.1 mg/mL exhibited 100 and 97.5% larval mortality, respectively. At this same concentration, the individual constituents, (+)-camphene, benzoic acid, thymol, carvacrol, benzyl benzonate, and benzyl trans-cinnamate, caused 100% mortality. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in two active oils indicated that thymol and benzyl benzoate were major contributors to the larvicidal activity of the artificial blend. This study also tested the acute toxicity of these two active oils and their major constituents against the water flea, Daphnia magna . Peru balsam oil and benzyl trans-cinnamate were the most toxic to D. magna. Two days after the treatment, residues of ajowan and Peru balsalm oils in water were 36.2 and 85.1%, respectively. Less than 50% of benzyl trans-cinnamate and thymol were detected in the water at 2 days after treatment. The results show that the essential oils of ajowan and Peru balsam and some of their constituents have potential as botanical insecticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Larvicidal activity of ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and Peru balsam ( Myroxylon pereira ) oils and blends of their constituents against mosquito, Aedes aegypti , acute toxicity on water flea, Daphnia magna , and aqueous residue.

Autores: Seon-Mi Seo, Hye-Mi Park, Il-Kwon Park | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of 20 plant essential oils and components from ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and Peru balsam ( Myroxylon pereira ) oils against the mosquito, Aedes aegypti . Of the 20 plant essential oils, ajowan and Peru balsam oils at 0.1 mg/mL exhibited 100 and 97.5% larval mortality, respectively. At this same concentration, the individual constituents, (+)-camphene, benzoic acid, thymol, carvacrol, benzyl benzonate, and benzyl trans-cinnamate, caused 100% mortality. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in two active oils indicated that thymol and benzyl benzoate were major contributors to the larvicidal activity of the artificial blend. This study also tested the acute toxicity of these two active oils and their major constituents against the water flea, Daphnia magna . Peru balsam oil and benzyl trans-cinnamate were the most toxic to D. magna. Two days after the treatment, residues of ajowan and Peru balsalm oils in water were 36.2 and 85.1%, respectively. Less than 50% of benzyl trans-cinnamate and thymol were detected in the water at 2 days after treatment. The results show that the essential oils of ajowan and Peru balsam and some of their constituents have potential as botanical insecticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Larvicidal activity of selected essential oil in synergized combinations against Aedes aegypti.

Autores: G Navaneetha Pandiyan, Nisha Mathew, Sundharesan Munusamy | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was conducted to attain an alternate plant essential oil (EO) based mosquito larvicide against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Here three plants were selected based on their local availability, safety and insecticidal properties. EOs were extracted from Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) flower buds, fruits of Illicium verum (Schisandraceae) and Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae) by hydro-distillation and tested against Ae. aegypti larvae individually and in combinations to find synergistic interactions. Chemical constituent analysis of EOs was done by GC/MS/MS analysis and the main constituents in T. ammi were thymol (93.58%) and terpinen-4-ol (2.16%), in S. aromaticum eugenol 56.32% and caryophyllene 17.91% and in I. verum trans-anethole 53.05% and p-anisaldehyde 12.47%. The EOs from T. ammi, I. verum and S. aromaticum and their top components thymol, trans-anethole and eugenol exhibited larvicidal activity with LC50 values 39.48, 41.30, 66.90, 59.76, 50.19 and 60.89 mgL-1 respectively against Ae. aegypti larvae. The values for the co-toxicity factors for the binary combinations of the EOs were > 20 showing synergistic interactions among the binary mixtures. The respective LC50 values for the 1:1 binary combinations (S. aromaticum + I. verum), (S. aromaticum + T. ammi) and (I. verum + T. ammi) were 49.07, 48.54 and 27.67 mgL-1. β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex made with I. verum + T. ammi combination showed an LC50 value of 23.93 mgL-1. On the whole the outcome of this study draw attention to the capability of synergistic EO combinations to emerge as a safe and environment friendly effective larvicide to control Aedes mosquitoes.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Larvicidal activity of ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and Peru balsam ( Myroxylon pereira ) oils and blends of their constituents against mosquito, Aedes aegypti , acute toxicity on water flea, Daphnia magna , and aqueous residue.

Autores: Seon-Mi Seo, Hye-Mi Park, Il-Kwon Park | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of 20 plant essential oils and components from ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and Peru balsam ( Myroxylon pereira ) oils against the mosquito, Aedes aegypti . Of the 20 plant essential oils, ajowan and Peru balsam oils at 0.1 mg/mL exhibited 100 and 97.5% larval mortality, respectively. At this same concentration, the individual constituents, (+)-camphene, benzoic acid, thymol, carvacrol, benzyl benzonate, and benzyl trans-cinnamate, caused 100% mortality. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in two active oils indicated that thymol and benzyl benzoate were major contributors to the larvicidal activity of the artificial blend. This study also tested the acute toxicity of these two active oils and their major constituents against the water flea, Daphnia magna . Peru balsam oil and benzyl trans-cinnamate were the most toxic to D. magna. Two days after the treatment, residues of ajowan and Peru balsalm oils in water were 36.2 and 85.1%, respectively. Less than 50% of benzyl trans-cinnamate and thymol were detected in the water at 2 days after treatment. The results show that the essential oils of ajowan and Peru balsam and some of their constituents have potential as botanical insecticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Larvicidal activity of ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and Peru balsam ( Myroxylon pereira ) oils and blends of their constituents against mosquito, Aedes aegypti , acute toxicity on water flea, Daphnia magna , and aqueous residue.

Autores: Seon-Mi Seo, Hye-Mi Park, Il-Kwon Park | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of 20 plant essential oils and components from ajowan ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and Peru balsam ( Myroxylon pereira ) oils against the mosquito, Aedes aegypti . Of the 20 plant essential oils, ajowan and Peru balsam oils at 0.1 mg/mL exhibited 100 and 97.5% larval mortality, respectively. At this same concentration, the individual constituents, (+)-camphene, benzoic acid, thymol, carvacrol, benzyl benzonate, and benzyl trans-cinnamate, caused 100% mortality. The toxicity of blends of constituents identified in two active oils indicated that thymol and benzyl benzoate were major contributors to the larvicidal activity of the artificial blend. This study also tested the acute toxicity of these two active oils and their major constituents against the water flea, Daphnia magna . Peru balsam oil and benzyl trans-cinnamate were the most toxic to D. magna. Two days after the treatment, residues of ajowan and Peru balsalm oils in water were 36.2 and 85.1%, respectively. Less than 50% of benzyl trans-cinnamate and thymol were detected in the water at 2 days after treatment. The results show that the essential oils of ajowan and Peru balsam and some of their constituents have potential as botanical insecticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effects of Monoterpenes of Trachyspermum ammi on the Viability of Spermatogonia Stem Cells In Vitro.

Autores: Sahar Omidpanah, Fereshte Aliakbari, Seyed Mohammad Nabavi, Mahdi Vazirian, Abbas Hadjiakhoondi, Mahdieh Kurepaz-Mahmoodabadi, Azadeh Manayi | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae) plants have several medicinal and condimentary applications and are considered an aphrodisiac agent in Iranian Traditional Medicine. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of oil from Iranian T. ammi plants on the viability of spermatogonial stem cells in vitro. The essential oil of T. ammi fruits was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the amount of thymol was calculated by a gas-chromatography method. Spermatogonial stem cells were isolated from the testes of mice using enzyme digestion. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to assess the gene expressions of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (Plzf), DNA-binding protein inhibitor (ID-4), tyrosine-protein kinase (c-Kit), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and Bcl2-associated X protein (BAX). The number and diameter of colonies were also measured in the treated cells. The amount of thymol in the oil was 130.7 ± 7.6 µg/mL. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 92.8% of all cells expressed stimulated by retinoic acid 8 (Stra8), a spermatogonial stem cell marker. Expression of Plzf and ID-4 genes significantly increased in the treatment groups, while c-Kit and BAX decreased, and Bcl2 increased in the presence of essential oil. The numbers and diameters of cells were also improved by the application of the plant oil. These data indicated that monoterpenes from the oil of T. ammi improved the quality and viability of spermatogonia cells in the cell culture.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effects of Monoterpenes of Trachyspermum ammi on the Viability of Spermatogonia Stem Cells In Vitro.

Autores: Sahar Omidpanah, Fereshte Aliakbari, Seyed Mohammad Nabavi, Mahdi Vazirian, Abbas Hadjiakhoondi, Mahdieh Kurepaz-Mahmoodabadi, Azadeh Manayi | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae) plants have several medicinal and condimentary applications and are considered an aphrodisiac agent in Iranian Traditional Medicine. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of oil from Iranian T. ammi plants on the viability of spermatogonial stem cells in vitro. The essential oil of T. ammi fruits was extracted by hydrodistillation, and the amount of thymol was calculated by a gas-chromatography method. Spermatogonial stem cells were isolated from the testes of mice using enzyme digestion. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to assess the gene expressions of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (Plzf), DNA-binding protein inhibitor (ID-4), tyrosine-protein kinase (c-Kit), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and Bcl2-associated X protein (BAX). The number and diameter of colonies were also measured in the treated cells. The amount of thymol in the oil was 130.7 ± 7.6 µg/mL. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 92.8% of all cells expressed stimulated by retinoic acid 8 (Stra8), a spermatogonial stem cell marker. Expression of Plzf and ID-4 genes significantly increased in the treatment groups, while c-Kit and BAX decreased, and Bcl2 increased in the presence of essential oil. The numbers and diameters of cells were also improved by the application of the plant oil. These data indicated that monoterpenes from the oil of T. ammi improved the quality and viability of spermatogonia cells in the cell culture.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

A Design of Experiment (DoE) Approach to Model the Yield and Chemical Composition of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Essential Oil Obtained by Microwave-Assisted Extraction.

Autores: Eugenia Mazzara, Serena Scortichini, Dennis Fiorini, Filippo Maggi, Riccardo Petrelli, Loredana Cappellacci, Giuseppe Morgese, Mohammad Reza Morshedloo, Giovanni Filippo Palmieri, Marco Cespi | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) is a spice traditionally used in Middle Eastern medicine and contains a valuable essential oil (EO) exploited in different fields, such as pharmaceutics, agrochemicals and food additives. This EO is mostly characterized by the thymol to which most of its biological properties are related. Given the economic value of ajowan and its increasing demand across the globe, the extraction method used for its EO is of paramount importance in terms of quality and quantity of the final product. In the present study, we used the design of experiment (DoE) approach to study and optimize the extraction of the ajowan EO using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), a novel extraction technique with high efficiency, low energy consumption, short process length and low environmental impact. A two-step DoE (screening followed by surface response methodology) was used to reduce the number of experiments and to improve the cost/benefit ratio. Reliable mathematical models, relating the more relevant EO features with the extraction conditions, were obtained and used to identify the best experimental conditions able to maximize the yield and thymol concentration. The optimized MAE procedure assures an EO with a higher yield and thymol amount compared with the standard hydrodistillation procedure.

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Conclusão: N/A

In vitro lethal effect of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) essential oil on hydatid cyst protoscoleces.

Autores: Mohammad Moazeni, Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz, Ali Akbar Hosseini | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Various chemical scolicidal agents have been used for inactivation of hydatid cyst protoscolices, but most of them are associated with adverse side effects. Since ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) has been shown to have a number of medicinal properties, in this study the scolicidal effect of the essential oil (EO) from the fruits of this herbal plant was investigated. Ajowan EO was obtained by hydrodistillation method. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to determine the chemical composition of the EO. Protoscoleces were exposed to various concentrations of EO (3, 5 and 10mg/mL) for 10, 20, 30, and 60 min. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. A total of 18 compounds representing 99.54% of the total oil, were identified. Thymol (50.07%), γ-terpinene (23.92%), and p-cymene (22.9%) were found to be the major EO constituents. While the mortality rate of protoscolices in the control group was 6.67%, scolicidal power of ajowan EO at concentration of 3mg/mL was 31.34, 35.98, 45.17, and 51.58% after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively. The EO at concentration of 5mg/mL killed 51.89, 72.20, 88.64, and 100% of protoscolices after 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively. One hundred percent scolicidal activity was observed with ajowan EO at concentration of 10mg/mL after 10 min of exposure. The results of this study revealed that the EO of ajowan is rich in thymol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene, has high scolicidal power and it may be used as a natural scolicidal agent.

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Conclusão: N/A

Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies and Pharmacodynamic Studies of Standardized Extract of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Fruits) Against Chemically Induced Inflammation in Rats.

Autores: Nikita Saraswat, Neetu Sachan, Phool Chandra | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Nowadays, researchers have been attempting to use herbal products as medicines which have proven to cause lesser side effects. The fruit part of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) - Ajwain has been an integral part of the Indian medicine system with much importance in Ayurveda and Unani medicine system and is prescribed by Vaidya gurus and Hakim in raw form or as a major constituent in the powdered formulations.

Resultados: Ajwain seeds have a pungent smell and a characteristic odor. The powder microscopy clearly showed endosperm, unicellular warty trichomes, striated cuticle in surface view, vittae, endodermis, and vascular strand. Phytochemical tests reported the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, etc. and characteristic peaks in UV, Mass, NMR, FTIR and HPLC were observed for the extract. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies did not report any toxicity, and significant anti-inflammatory action was recorded.

Conclusão: The spectroscopic and pharmacognostic analysis has shown the strong presence of flavonoids, mineral matter, protein, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates, volatile oils, fiber, glycosides and fat. Spectroscopic study interpretations have shown the presence of compounds like thymol, para-cymene, γ-terpinene, α- and β-pinene, carvone, limonene, saponins,, β-phellandrene, βfenchyl alcohol, α-thujene, β-phellendrene, α-thujene, etc. No signs of toxicity were recorded in acute and sub-acute toxicity studies assessing the relative weight and histopathological analysis. Significant anti-inflammatory potential of T. ammi fruit extract was found and LD50 was found to be beyond 3000 mg/kg. The results of this study could be useful; in setting the quality parameters for further identification of the crude herb and preparation of the monograph.

Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies and Pharmacodynamic Studies of Standardized Extract of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Fruits) Against Chemically Induced Inflammation in Rats.

Autores: Nikita Saraswat, Neetu Sachan, Phool Chandra | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Nowadays, researchers have been attempting to use herbal products as medicines which have proven to cause lesser side effects. The fruit part of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) - Ajwain has been an integral part of the Indian medicine system with much importance in Ayurveda and Unani medicine system and is prescribed by Vaidya gurus and Hakim in raw form or as a major constituent in the powdered formulations.

Resultados: Ajwain seeds have a pungent smell and a characteristic odor. The powder microscopy clearly showed endosperm, unicellular warty trichomes, striated cuticle in surface view, vittae, endodermis, and vascular strand. Phytochemical tests reported the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, etc. and characteristic peaks in UV, Mass, NMR, FTIR and HPLC were observed for the extract. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies did not report any toxicity, and significant anti-inflammatory action was recorded.

Conclusão: The spectroscopic and pharmacognostic analysis has shown the strong presence of flavonoids, mineral matter, protein, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates, volatile oils, fiber, glycosides and fat. Spectroscopic study interpretations have shown the presence of compounds like thymol, para-cymene, γ-terpinene, α- and β-pinene, carvone, limonene, saponins,, β-phellandrene, βfenchyl alcohol, α-thujene, β-phellendrene, α-thujene, etc. No signs of toxicity were recorded in acute and sub-acute toxicity studies assessing the relative weight and histopathological analysis. Significant anti-inflammatory potential of T. ammi fruit extract was found and LD50 was found to be beyond 3000 mg/kg. The results of this study could be useful; in setting the quality parameters for further identification of the crude herb and preparation of the monograph.

Effect of essential oils on Aspergillus spore germination, growth and mycotoxin production: a potential source of botanical food preservative.

Autores: Negero Gemeda, Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel, Daniel Asrat, Asfaw Debella | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: To investigate effect of essential oils on Aspergillus spore germination, growth and mycotoxin production.

Resultados: Cymbopogon martinii, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) essential oils were tested against toxicogenic isolates of Aspergillus species. T. ammi oil showed highest antifungal activity. Absolute mycelial inhibition was recorded at 1 µl/mL by essential oils of T. ammi. The oil also showed, complete inhibition of spore germination at a concentration of 2 µl/mL. In addition, T. ammi oil showed significant antiaflatoxigenic potency by totally inhibiting aflatoxin production from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus at 0.5 and 0.75 µl/mL, respectively. Cymbopogon martinii, Foeniculum vulgare and T. ammi oils as antifungal were found superior over synthetic preservative. Moreover, a concentration of 5 336.297 µl/kg body weight was recorded for LC50 on mice indicating the low mammalian toxicity and strengthening its traditional reputations.

Conclusão: N/A

In vitro determination of the contraceptive spermicidal activity of essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill fruits.

Autores: Souren Paul, Sun Chul Kang | Ano: 2011 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was conducted to determine the spermicidal and contraceptive efficacy of essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi on human sperm in vitro. Chemical compositions of the oil were analyzed by GC-MS. Nearly 30 compounds representing 91.39% of the total oil were identified. The minimum effective dose (MED) of essential oil of T. ammi that induced instant immobilization of human spermatozoa in vitro was 125 μg/mL. The motility was also irreversible. All of the human sperms were found to be non viable within 10 min at this concentration. The activity of acrosomal enzyme was reduced and a significant releases of 5'-nucleotidase into the surrounding medium was noted after treatment with MED concentration of essential oil, indicating the plasma membrane degradation of the sperm. The maximum number of human sperm failed to decondense when treated with MED concentration of essential oil. The morphological deformities of sperm plasma membrane were evidenced by SEM, which showed vaculation, detachment of heads and tail coiling. The present research indicates that essential oil of T. ammi possesses appreciable spermicidal potential, which may be explored as an effective constituent of vaginal contraceptive.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

The efficacy of essential oils as natural preservatives in vegetable oil.

Autores: Mohaddese Mahboubi, Nastaran Kazempour, Atefeh Mahboubi | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The efforts for finding the natural preservatives with nontoxicity and nonirritancy have encouraged the scientists to research among the medicinal plants. The preservative efficacy of Daucus carota, Ferula gummosa, Eugenium caryophyllata, Oliveria decumbens, Pelargonium graveolens, Ziziphora tenuir, Acorus calamus, and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils on challenge test's pathogens and on pathogen's inoculated vegetable oil was evaluated by antimicrobial effectiveness test. Carotol (46%), β-pinene (62.7%), eugenol (78.4%), thymol (50.6%), cis-asarone (27.5%), thymol (50.1%), and α-terpineol (19.5%) were the primary main components of D. carota, F. gummosa, E. caryophyllata, T. ammi, A. calamus, O. decumbens, and Z. tenuir essential oils, respectively. A. niger was more sensitive microorganism to oils. The antimicrobial activity of O. decumbens oil was the highest. Different concentrations of essential oils were added to the vegetable oil. The results of test on the vegetable oil showed that the combination of O. decumbens and P. graveolens oils (0.5:0.5%) had enough efficacies as natural preservative in vegetable oil.

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Conclusão: N/A

The efficacy of essential oils as natural preservatives in vegetable oil.

Autores: Mohaddese Mahboubi, Nastaran Kazempour, Atefeh Mahboubi | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The efforts for finding the natural preservatives with nontoxicity and nonirritancy have encouraged the scientists to research among the medicinal plants. The preservative efficacy of Daucus carota, Ferula gummosa, Eugenium caryophyllata, Oliveria decumbens, Pelargonium graveolens, Ziziphora tenuir, Acorus calamus, and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils on challenge test's pathogens and on pathogen's inoculated vegetable oil was evaluated by antimicrobial effectiveness test. Carotol (46%), β-pinene (62.7%), eugenol (78.4%), thymol (50.6%), cis-asarone (27.5%), thymol (50.1%), and α-terpineol (19.5%) were the primary main components of D. carota, F. gummosa, E. caryophyllata, T. ammi, A. calamus, O. decumbens, and Z. tenuir essential oils, respectively. A. niger was more sensitive microorganism to oils. The antimicrobial activity of O. decumbens oil was the highest. Different concentrations of essential oils were added to the vegetable oil. The results of test on the vegetable oil showed that the combination of O. decumbens and P. graveolens oils (0.5:0.5%) had enough efficacies as natural preservative in vegetable oil.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Plant regeneration and transformation of Trachyspermum ammi using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and zygotic embryos.

Autores: Masoumeh Nomani, Masoud Tohidfar | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi is one of the key medicinal plant species with many beneficial properties. Thymol is the most important substance in the essential oil of this plant. Thymol is a natural monoterpene phenol with high anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant properties. Thymol in the latest research has a significant impact on slowing the progression of cancer cells in human. In this research, embryos were employed as convenient explants for the fast and effectual regeneration and transformation of T. ammi. To regenerate this plant, Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg's B5 (B5) media were supplemented with diverse concentrations of plant growth regulators, such as 6-benzyladenine (BA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and kinetin (kin). Transgenic Trachyspermum ammi plants were also obtained using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and zygotic embryos explants. Moreover, two Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA101 and LBA4404) harboring pBI121-TPS2 were utilized for genetic transformation to Trachyspermum ammi.

Resultados: According to the obtained results, the highest plant-regeneration frequency was obtained with B5 medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l NAA. The integrated gene was also approved using the PCR reaction and the Southern blot method. Results also showed that the EHA101 strain outperformed another strain in inoculation time (30 s) and co-cultivation period (1 day) (transformation efficiency 19.29%). Furthermore, HPLC method demonstrated that the transformed plants contained a higher thymol level than non-transformed plants.

Conclusão: N/A

Plant regeneration and transformation of Trachyspermum ammi using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and zygotic embryos.

Autores: Masoumeh Nomani, Masoud Tohidfar | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Trachyspermum ammi is one of the key medicinal plant species with many beneficial properties. Thymol is the most important substance in the essential oil of this plant. Thymol is a natural monoterpene phenol with high anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant properties. Thymol in the latest research has a significant impact on slowing the progression of cancer cells in human. In this research, embryos were employed as convenient explants for the fast and effectual regeneration and transformation of T. ammi. To regenerate this plant, Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg's B5 (B5) media were supplemented with diverse concentrations of plant growth regulators, such as 6-benzyladenine (BA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and kinetin (kin). Transgenic Trachyspermum ammi plants were also obtained using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and zygotic embryos explants. Moreover, two Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA101 and LBA4404) harboring pBI121-TPS2 were utilized for genetic transformation to Trachyspermum ammi.

Resultados: According to the obtained results, the highest plant-regeneration frequency was obtained with B5 medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l NAA. The integrated gene was also approved using the PCR reaction and the Southern blot method. Results also showed that the EHA101 strain outperformed another strain in inoculation time (30 s) and co-cultivation period (1 day) (transformation efficiency 19.29%). Furthermore, HPLC method demonstrated that the transformed plants contained a higher thymol level than non-transformed plants.

Conclusão: N/A

A Design of Experiment (DoE) Approach to Model the Yield and Chemical Composition of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) Essential Oil Obtained by Microwave-Assisted Extraction.

Autores: Eugenia Mazzara, Serena Scortichini, Dennis Fiorini, Filippo Maggi, Riccardo Petrelli, Loredana Cappellacci, Giuseppe Morgese, Mohammad Reza Morshedloo, Giovanni Filippo Palmieri, Marco Cespi | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) is a spice traditionally used in Middle Eastern medicine and contains a valuable essential oil (EO) exploited in different fields, such as pharmaceutics, agrochemicals and food additives. This EO is mostly characterized by the thymol to which most of its biological properties are related. Given the economic value of ajowan and its increasing demand across the globe, the extraction method used for its EO is of paramount importance in terms of quality and quantity of the final product. In the present study, we used the design of experiment (DoE) approach to study and optimize the extraction of the ajowan EO using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), a novel extraction technique with high efficiency, low energy consumption, short process length and low environmental impact. A two-step DoE (screening followed by surface response methodology) was used to reduce the number of experiments and to improve the cost/benefit ratio. Reliable mathematical models, relating the more relevant EO features with the extraction conditions, were obtained and used to identify the best experimental conditions able to maximize the yield and thymol concentration. The optimized MAE procedure assures an EO with a higher yield and thymol amount compared with the standard hydrodistillation procedure.

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Behavioral and Electrophysiological Effects of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague) (Apiales: Apiaceae) Essential Oil and Its Constituents on Nymphal and Adult Bean Bugs, Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Hemiptera: Alydidae).

Autores: Sung-Chan Lee, Seon-Mi Seo, Min-Jung Huh, Jun-Hyeong Kwon, Il Nam, Ji-Hong Park, Il-Kwon Park | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: We investigated the repellent effect of 12 Apiaceae plant essential oils on nymphal and adult (male and female) forms of the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Hemiptera: Alydidae), using a four-arm olfactometer. Among the essential oils tested, ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague) essential oil showed the strongest repellent activity against the nymphal and adult bean bugs. For female adults, the repellent activity was significantly different between an ajowan oil-treated chamber and an untreated chamber down to a concentration of 14.15 μg/cm2. We also investigated the repellent activity of individual ajowan essential oil constituents. Of the compounds examined, carvacrol and thymol showed the most potent repellent activity against the nymphal and adult bean bugs. Carvacrol and thymol exhibited 73.08% and 70.0% repellent activity for the bean bug nymph at 0.71 and 2.83 μg/cm2, respectively, and 82.6% and 80.7% at 5.66 and 11.32 μg/cm2, respectively, for male adults. Carvacrol and thymol exhibited strong repellent activity against female adult bean bugs down to a concentration of 2.83 μg/cm2. Ajowan essential oil, thymol and carvacrol elicited a negative electroantennogram (EAG) response from adult bean bugs. This could explain the repellent activity of ajowan essential oil and its constituents. Our results indicate that ajowan essential oil and its constituents carvacrol and thymol can be potential candidates as the 'push' component in a 'push-pull' strategy for bean bug control.

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In vitro determination of the contraceptive spermicidal activity of essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill fruits.

Autores: Souren Paul, Sun Chul Kang | Ano: 2011 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was conducted to determine the spermicidal and contraceptive efficacy of essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi on human sperm in vitro. Chemical compositions of the oil were analyzed by GC-MS. Nearly 30 compounds representing 91.39% of the total oil were identified. The minimum effective dose (MED) of essential oil of T. ammi that induced instant immobilization of human spermatozoa in vitro was 125 μg/mL. The motility was also irreversible. All of the human sperms were found to be non viable within 10 min at this concentration. The activity of acrosomal enzyme was reduced and a significant releases of 5'-nucleotidase into the surrounding medium was noted after treatment with MED concentration of essential oil, indicating the plasma membrane degradation of the sperm. The maximum number of human sperm failed to decondense when treated with MED concentration of essential oil. The morphological deformities of sperm plasma membrane were evidenced by SEM, which showed vaculation, detachment of heads and tail coiling. The present research indicates that essential oil of T. ammi possesses appreciable spermicidal potential, which may be explored as an effective constituent of vaginal contraceptive.

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Comparative transcriptome analysis to identify putative genes involved in thymol biosynthesis pathway in medicinal plant Trachyspermum ammi L.

Autores: Mehdi Soltani Howyzeh, Seyed Ahmad Sadat Noori, Vahid Shariati J, Mahboubeh Amiripour | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Thymol, as a dietary monoterpene, is a phenol derivative of cymene, which is the major component of the essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.). It shows multiple biological activities: antifungal, antibacterial, antivirus and anti-inflammatory. T. ammi, commonly known as ajowan, belongs to Apiaceae and is an important medicinal seed spice. To identify the putative genes involved in thymol and other monoterpene biosynthesis, we provided transcriptomes of four inflorescence tissues of two ajowan ecotypes, containing different thymol yield. This study has detected the genes encoding enzymes for the go-between stages of the terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. A large number of unigenes, differentially expressed between four inflorescence tissues of two ajowan ecotypes, was revealed by a transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, differentially expressed unigenes encoding dehydrogenases, transcription factors, and cytochrome P450s, which might be associated with terpenoid diversity in T. ammi, were identified. The sequencing data obtained in this study formed a valuable repository of genetic information for an understanding of the formation of the main constituents of ajowan essential oil and functional analysis of thymol-specific genes. Comparative transcriptome analysis led to the development of new resources for a functional breeding of ajowan.

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One step green synthesis of silver nano/microparticles using extracts of Trachyspermum ammi and Papaver somniferum.

Autores: K Vijayaraghavan, S P Kamala Nalini, N Udaya Prakash, D Madhankumar | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: A novel biosynthesis route for silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was attempted in this present investigation using aqueous extracts of Trachyspermum ammi and Papaver somniferum. The main constituents in T. ammi are thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene, while P. somniferum consists of morphine and codeine. The essential oil in T. ammi was found to be a good reducing agent than the alkaloids present in P. somniferum for the formation of biocompatible Ag-NPs. The effectiveness of both the extracts was investigated by using same dosage of extract in the synthesis of silver nanoparticle. The results showed that for the same dosage of extracts the T. ammi synthesized various size triangular shaped nanoparticles measuring from 87 nm, to a fewer nanoparticles having a size of 998 nm diagonally. P. somniferum resulted in almost spherical shaped particle ranging in size between 3.2 and 7.6 μm diagonally. Future research based on synthesis of size specific nanoparticle based on the optimization of reaction condition would be an interesting area.

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One step green synthesis of silver nano/microparticles using extracts of Trachyspermum ammi and Papaver somniferum.

Autores: K Vijayaraghavan, S P Kamala Nalini, N Udaya Prakash, D Madhankumar | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: A novel biosynthesis route for silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was attempted in this present investigation using aqueous extracts of Trachyspermum ammi and Papaver somniferum. The main constituents in T. ammi are thymol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene, while P. somniferum consists of morphine and codeine. The essential oil in T. ammi was found to be a good reducing agent than the alkaloids present in P. somniferum for the formation of biocompatible Ag-NPs. The effectiveness of both the extracts was investigated by using same dosage of extract in the synthesis of silver nanoparticle. The results showed that for the same dosage of extracts the T. ammi synthesized various size triangular shaped nanoparticles measuring from 87 nm, to a fewer nanoparticles having a size of 998 nm diagonally. P. somniferum resulted in almost spherical shaped particle ranging in size between 3.2 and 7.6 μm diagonally. Future research based on synthesis of size specific nanoparticle based on the optimization of reaction condition would be an interesting area.

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Elucidating silicon-mediated distinct morpho-physio-biochemical attributes and organic acid exudation patterns of cadmium stressed Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.).

Autores: Muhammad Tariq Javed, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Sidra Aslam, Muzammal Rehman, Naeem Iqbal, Ruqiyya Begum, Shafaqat Ali, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, Leonard Wijaya | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Soil contamination with toxic heavy metals [such as cadmium (Cd)] is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy. Silicon (Si), being an important fertilizer element, has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study investigated the extent to which different levels of Si modulated the Cd tolerance of Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) seedlings when maintained in artificially Cd spiked regimes. A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions for four weeks, by using sand, mixed with different levels of Cd i.e., 0, 1.5 and 3 mM together with the application of Si at 0, 1.5 and 3 mM levels to monitor different growth, gaseous exchange, oxidative stress, antioxidative responses, minerals accumulation, organic acid exudation patterns of T. ammi seedlings. Our results depicted that Cd addition to growth medium significantly decreased plant growth and biomass, gaseous exchange attributes and minerals uptake by T. ammi seedlings as compared to the plants grown without addition of Cd. However, Cd toxicity boosted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the indication of oxidative stress in T. ammi seedlings and was also manifested by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and electrolyte leakage to the membrane bounded organelles. Although, activities of various antioxidative enzymes like superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) initially increased up to a Cd level of 1.5 mM but were significantly diminished at the highest Cd level of 3 mM. Results revealed that the anthocyanin and soluble proteins contents were decreased in seedlings grown under elevating Cd levels but increased the Cd accumulation of T. ammi roots and shoots. The negative impacts of Cd injury were reduced by the application of Si which increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant enzymes, minerals uptake together with diminished exudation of organic acids as well as oxidative stress indicators in roots and shoots of T. ammi by decreasing Cd retention in different plant parts. Research findings, therefore, suggested that Si application can ameliorate Cd toxicity in T. ammi seedlings and resulted in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids.

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Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from some common spices against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

Autores: Mukesh Kumar Chaubey | Ano: 2008 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In the present study, the essential oil from seven common spices, Anethum graveolens, Cuminum cyminum, Illicium verum, Myristica fragrans, Nigella sativa, Piper nigrum and Trachyspermum ammi was isolated and its insecticidal, oviposition, egg hatching and developmental inhibitory activities were determined against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger apparatus. These essential oils caused death of adults and larvae of Callosobruchus chinensis when fumigated. The 24-h LC(50) values against the adults of the insect were 8.9 mul, 10.8 mul, 11.0 mul, 12.5 mul, 13.6 mul, 14.8 mul and 15.6 mul for N. sativa, A. graveolens, C. cyminum, I. verum, P. nigrum, M. fragrans and T. ammi oils respectively. On the other hand, against larval stage these values were 6.4 mul, 7.9 mul, 8.9 mul, 11.1 mul, 11.7 mul, 12.2 mul and 13.5 mul for N. sativa, A. graveolens, C. cyminum, I. verum, P. nigrum, M. fragrans and T. ammi respectively. These essential oils reduced the oviposition potential, egg hatching rate, pupal formation and emergence of adults of F(1) progeny of the insect when fumigated with sublethal concentrations. These essential oils also caused chronic toxicity as the fumigated insects caused less damage to the stored grains. The essential oil of N. sativa was found most effective against all the different stages of the Callosobruchus chinensis followed by A. graveolens, C. cyminum, I. verum, P. nigrum, M. fragrans and T. ammi oils. All the responses were found concentration-dependent. The toxic and developmental inhibitory effects may be due to suffocation and inhibition of various biosynthetic processes of the insects at different developmental stages.

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Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from some common spices against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

Autores: Mukesh Kumar Chaubey | Ano: 2008 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In the present study, the essential oil from seven common spices, Anethum graveolens, Cuminum cyminum, Illicium verum, Myristica fragrans, Nigella sativa, Piper nigrum and Trachyspermum ammi was isolated and its insecticidal, oviposition, egg hatching and developmental inhibitory activities were determined against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis. Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger apparatus. These essential oils caused death of adults and larvae of Callosobruchus chinensis when fumigated. The 24-h LC(50) values against the adults of the insect were 8.9 mul, 10.8 mul, 11.0 mul, 12.5 mul, 13.6 mul, 14.8 mul and 15.6 mul for N. sativa, A. graveolens, C. cyminum, I. verum, P. nigrum, M. fragrans and T. ammi oils respectively. On the other hand, against larval stage these values were 6.4 mul, 7.9 mul, 8.9 mul, 11.1 mul, 11.7 mul, 12.2 mul and 13.5 mul for N. sativa, A. graveolens, C. cyminum, I. verum, P. nigrum, M. fragrans and T. ammi respectively. These essential oils reduced the oviposition potential, egg hatching rate, pupal formation and emergence of adults of F(1) progeny of the insect when fumigated with sublethal concentrations. These essential oils also caused chronic toxicity as the fumigated insects caused less damage to the stored grains. The essential oil of N. sativa was found most effective against all the different stages of the Callosobruchus chinensis followed by A. graveolens, C. cyminum, I. verum, P. nigrum, M. fragrans and T. ammi oils. All the responses were found concentration-dependent. The toxic and developmental inhibitory effects may be due to suffocation and inhibition of various biosynthetic processes of the insects at different developmental stages.

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