CÁLAMO

Acorus calamus (The Healing Plant): a review on its medicinal potential, micropropagation and conservation.

Autores: Vikas Sharma, Isha Singh, Priyanka Chaudhary | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Acorus calamus L., a tall, perennial, grass-like monocot plant from the Acoraceae family, is a well-known plant in Indian traditional medicines for centuries. It is a highly valued herb as it acts as a rejuvenator for brain and nervous system. It is a main medhya drug, which has the property of improving the memory power and intellect. Rhizomes of the plant are widely used in the treatment of number of ailments such as epilepsy, mental ailments, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, abdominal tumours, kidney and liver troubles, and rheumatism. A. calamus leaves, rhizomes and its essential oil possess many biological activities such as antispasmodic, carminative and are compiled in a simple approach in this review. This review presents a pragmatic description that deals with chemical constituents, toxicology, ethnobotany and pharmacological properties of A. calamus for easy and better understanding of the outstanding medicinal potential of this very special plant and sirens for its conservation.

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Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions.

Autores: Archana Parki, Pinky Chaubey, Om Prakash, Ravendra Kumar, Anil K Pant | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Background:Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) is a known herbal drug commonly used in traditional medicine. Our aim was to perform seasonal and altitudinal phytochemical screening to assess the antioxidant activity of the essential oils in the rhizome and leaves of A. calamus from three different altitudes. Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed using GC/MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant assay was done by different methods. Results: The essential oils mainly contained α-asarone, β-asarone (35.3-90.6%), and Z-isoelemicin (1.7-7.3%) as the major constituents, besides linalool, Z-methyl isoeugenol, shyobunone, kessane, etc. All the oils exhibited vast molecular diversity in terms of quantitative ingredients. All essential oils were studied for their antioxidant activity by different methods, including their effect on the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, and chelating properties of Fe2+. The oils isolated in all the different seasons exhibited antioxidant activity as a function of concentration, with IC50 values ranging from 475.48 ± 0.08 to 11.72 ± 0.03 compared to standards. Conclusion : From the results obtained it can be inferred that the herb may be a good source of bioactive compounds and can work as an antioxidant to prevent oxidative deterioration in food. The data provide a basis for its in-situ investigation for judicious exploitation.

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Compositional variations and anthelmentic activity of essential oils from rhizomes of different wild populations of Acorus calamus L. and its major component, beta-Asarone.

Autores: Ravendra Kumar, Om Prakash, Anil K Pan, Subrata K Hore, Chandan S Chanotiya, Chandra S Mathela | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Hydro-distilled essential oils from Acorus calamus rhizomes collected from six different geographical zones in the northwest Himalayan region of Uttarakhand have been analyzed by GC and GC/MS. All the oils differed in their qualitative and quantitative make up, although beta-asarone was the major constituent of all of them. The essential oils and the isolated beta-asarone were screened for anthelmintic activity using contractility of Ascaridia galli. beta-Asarone, in particular, showed potent activity with IC50 values of 75.4 +/- 61.8 ng/mL.

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Terpenoid composition and antifungal activity of three commercially important essential oils against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger.

Autores: Deepa Bisht, Anirban Pal, C S Chanotiya, Dhirendra Mishra, K N Pandey | Ano: 2011 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Hydro-distilled essential oils extracted from three commercially important aromatic plants were analysed by capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry and subjected to antifungal activity. Fifteen compounds, which accounted for 97.8% of Acorus calamus root oil composition have been identified. Besides the major constituent (Z)-asarone (81.1-92.4%), (Z)-methyl isoeugenol (1.8-2.1%), (Z)-isoelemicin (1.2-1.3%), (E)-asarone (1.0-2.6%), (E)-methyl isoeugenol (0.2-0.4%), (Z)-β-ocimene (0.2-0.4%), elemicin (0.2-0.3%), linalool (0.1-0.9%) and kessane (t-0.2%) were identified. Monoterpenes constituted the main fraction of Origanum vulgare essential oil attaining 90.5% of the total oil composition. p-Cymene (10.3%) was the major component of the monoterpene hydrocarbon fraction while thymol (53.2%) and carvacrol (3.9%) were the most abundant oxygenated monoterpenes among the 33 identified constituents. Cinnamomum tamala leaf oil contained (E)-cinnamaldehyde as the principal component. Quantitative variations in (Z)-cinnamaldehyde (5.8-7.1%), linalool (6.4-8.5%) and (E)-cinnamyl acetate (4.7-5.2%) were significant. The antifungal activity of the hydro-distilled essential oils of A. calamus, O. vulgare and C. tamala were evaluated against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Disc diffusion method was used for the determination of the inhibitory effect. O. vulgare essential oil exhibited the highest activity. Moreover, all three essential oils inhibit the growth of A. flavus and A. niger.

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Major constituents and antimicrobial activity of Korean herb Acorus calamus.

Autores: Wan-Jae Kim, Keum-Hee Hwang, Dong-Geun Park, Tack-Joong Kim, Dong-Woo Kim, Dong-Kug Choi, Won-Kook Moon, Kwang-Ho Lee | Ano: 2011 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus were analysed. Methyl isoeugenol and cyclohexanone were identified as the major constituents of the essential oil. The essential oil was tested for antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast, and has shown strong antibiotic activities against most of the tested microbes, except Escherichia coli. The hexane extract has shown a similar pattern of antimicrobial activity as the essential oil. Methyl isoeugenol, the most abundant constituent in the essential oil, has also shown similar antimicrobial activity, except against Bacillus subtilis. The essential oil as well as the hexane extract and methyl isoeugenol have shown antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acne, which is known to be involved in acne vulgaris.

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Chemical compositions, phytotoxicity, and biological activities of Acorus calamus essential oils from Nepal.

Autores: Prabodh Satyal, Prajwal Paudel, Ambika Poudel, Noura S Dosoky, Debra M Moriarity, Bernhard Vogler, William N Setzer | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Four essential oils from the leaf (P23) and rhizomes (P19, P22, P24) of Acorus calamus L., collected from various parts of Nepal, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. From a total of 61 peaks, 57 compounds were identified among the four essential oils accounting for 94.3%, 96.2%, 97.6%, and 94.1% of the oils, respectively. All of the essential oils were dominated by (Z)-asarone (78.1%-86.9%). The essential oils also contained (E)-asarone (1.9%-9.9%) and small amounts of gamma-asarone (2.0-2.3%), (Z)-methyl isoeugenol (1.5-2.0%), and linalool (0.2-4.3%). Allelopathic testing of the rhizome oil showed inhibition of seed germination of Lactuca sativa and Lolium perenne with IC50 values of 450 and 737 microg/mL, respectively. The rhizome essential oil demonstrated stronger seedling growth inhibition of L. perenne than of L. sativa, however. The rhizome oil also showed notable brine shrimp lethality (LC50 = 9.48 microg/mL), cytotoxic activity (92.2% kill on MCF-7 cells at 100 microg/mL), and antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (MIC = 19.5 microg/mL).

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Supplemental ultraviolet-B induced changes in essential oil composition and total phenolics of Acorus calamus L. (sweet flag).

Autores: Rima Kumari, S B Agrawal, Suruchi Singh, N K Dubey | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effect of supplemental UV-B radiation (sUV-B) was evaluated on the essential oil contents of sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.), a medicinal plant grown under natural field conditions. After the emergence of two leaves, plants were exposed to sUV-B radiation of 1.8 kJ m(-2) above the ambient level of UV-B. The level of essential oil and phenol contents increased with exposure to sUV-B. Exposure of sUV-B resulted in significant increase in p-cymene and carvacrol contents of essential oil. Decrease in the level of major component beta-asarone due to sUV-B treatment is of prime importance, because of its toxicological concern to human health.

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Compositional variations and anthelmentic activity of essential oils from rhizomes of different wild populations of Acorus calamus L. and its major component, beta-Asarone.

Autores: Ravendra Kumar, Om Prakash, Anil K Pan, Subrata K Hore, Chandan S Chanotiya, Chandra S Mathela | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Hydro-distilled essential oils from Acorus calamus rhizomes collected from six different geographical zones in the northwest Himalayan region of Uttarakhand have been analyzed by GC and GC/MS. All the oils differed in their qualitative and quantitative make up, although beta-asarone was the major constituent of all of them. The essential oils and the isolated beta-asarone were screened for anthelmintic activity using contractility of Ascaridia galli. beta-Asarone, in particular, showed potent activity with IC50 values of 75.4 +/- 61.8 ng/mL.

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A Comprehensive in vitro and in silico Analysis of Nematicidal Action of Essential Oils.

Autores: Aditi Kundu, Anirban Dutta, Abhishek Mandal, Lalit Negi, Monika Malik, Rajshekhar Puramchatwad, Jyoti Antil, Anupama Singh, Uma Rao, Supradip Saha, Rajesh Kumar, Neeraj Patanjali, Suman Manna, Anil Kumar, Sukanta Dash, P K Singh | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Nematicidal potential of essential oils (EOs) has been widely reported. Terpenoids present in most of the essential oils have been reported responsible for their bioactivity though very less is known about their modes of action. In the present study, an in vitro screening of nine Eos, namely, Citrus sinensis (OEO), Myrtus communis (MTEO), Eucalyptus citriodora (CEO), Melaleuca alternifolia (TEO), Acorus calamus (AEO), Commiphora myrrha (MREO), Cymbopogon nardus (CNEO), Artemisia absinthium (WEO), and Pogostemon cablin (PEO) against Meloidogyne incognita revealed OEO, CNEO, and TEO as most effective with LC50 39.37, 43.22, and 76.28 μg ml-1 respectively. EOs had varying compositions of mono- and sesquiterpenes determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The in silico molecular interactions screening of major EO constituents and the seven selected target proteins of the nematode indicated highest binding affinity of geraniol-ODR1 (odorant response gene 1) complex (ΔG = -36.9 kcal mol-1), due to extensive H-bonding, hydrophobic and π-alkyl interactions. The relative binding affinity followed the order: geraniol-ODR1 > β-terpineol-ODR1 > citronellal-ODR1 > l-limonene-ODR1 > γ-terpinene-ODR1. Taken together, the cumulative in vitro and computational bioefficacy analysis related to the chemoprofiles of EOs provides useful leads on harnessing the potential of EOs as bionematicides. The insight on biochemical ligand-target protein interactions described in the present work will be helpful in logical selection of biomolecules and essential oils for development of practically viable bionematicidal products.

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Cytotoxic effects of β-asarone on Sf9 insect cells.

Autores: Thitaree Yooboon, Kazumu Kuramitsu, Vasakorn Bullangpoti, Yooichi Kainoh, Seiichi Furukawa | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: β-Asarone is the predominant component of the essential oil of rhizomes of Acorus calamus Linn ( Sweet flag). Although rhizome extracts from this plant have long been used for insect pest control, their cytotoxic effects on insect cells are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the potency of β-asarone as a natural insecticide by using a Spodoptera frugiperda cell line (Sf9). To assess the cytotoxic effects of β-asarone on Sf9 cells, we observed morphologic changes in treated cells and performed a cell proliferation assay and a DNA fragmentation assay. After 24 and 48 h of treatment with β-asarone, the proliferation of the Sf9 cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 0.558 mg/ml at 24 h and 0.253 mg/ml at 48 h. Morphologic changes in β-asarone-treated cells were typical of apoptosis and included loss of adhesion, cell shrinkage, and small apoptotic bodies. The DNA laddering present in β-asarone-treated SF9 cells and annexin V assay confirmed that this compound can induce apoptosis in insect cells. Together, these findings suggest that apoptosis induction may be one mechanism through which β-asarone inhibits the proliferation of insect cells and thus exerts insecticidal effects.

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Chemical composition of the essential oil and supercritical CO2 extract of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and of Acorus calamus L.

Autores: Bruno Marongiu, Alessandra Piras, Silvia Porcedda, Andrea Scorciapino | Ano: 2005 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Volatile concentrates from the oleo-gum resin of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. and from the rhizomes of Acorus calamus were isolated by supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide. The volatile oil of myrrh was obtained at 9.0 MPa and 50 degrees C and at a CO2 flow of 1.5 kg/h. Acorus calamus was extracted at 9.0 MPa and 45 degrees C and at a CO2 flow of 1.6 kg/h. In both cases, an oil devoid of cuticular waxes was obtained with a single depressurization stage. The SFE myrrh oil had a yield, Y, of 3.2%. Its main components, identified and quantified by GC/MS, were furanoeudesma-1,3-diene, 34.9%; lindestrene, 12.9%; curzerene, 8.5%; and germacrone, 5.8%. The essential oils from the same starting material by hydrodistillation, HD, (Y = 2.8%) and by steam distillation, SD, (Y = 0.4%) were quite similar to the SFE extract. The main components of the SFE oil of A. calamus (Y = 3.5%) were acorenone, 13.4%; iso-acorone, 11.6%; (Z)-sesquilavandulol, 11.0%; dehydroxy isocalamendiol, 7.7%; and beta-asarone, 5.5%. The comparison with hydrodistilled (Y = 1.8%) and steam distilled (Y = 1.0%) oils revealed large differences in the content of iso-acorone and crypto-acorone.

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Aroma evaluation of an aquatic herb, Changpo (Acorus calamus Var. angustatus Bess), by AEDA and SPME.

Autores: Hyang-Sook Choi | Ano: 2004 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was conducted to determine the volatile flavor composition of fresh changpo (Acorus calamus var. angustatus Bess) leaves quantitatively and qualitatively by use of two internal standards and to determine which volatile compounds are primarily responsible for the aroma of this aquatic herb. The headspace composition of fresh changpo leaves was also analyzed by a solid-phase microextraction method. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) and sniffing test by gas chromatography-olfactometry were used for the detection of aroma-active compounds of this herb. According to the instrumental analyses of the changpo oil, octanoic acid (49.13%), alpha-cedrene (16.71%), alpha-phellandrene (4.46%), and gamma-elemene (3.75%) were the most abundant compounds. n-Butylidene dihydrophthalide (8.61%), trans,trans-farnesyl acetate (7.29%), and trans-2-dodecenal (7%) were the main components of changpo headspace. cis-beta-Farnesene was evaluated as the key aroma compound of this herb from results of AEDA and sniffing test.

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Aroma evaluation of an aquatic herb, Changpo (Acorus calamus Var. angustatus Bess), by AEDA and SPME.

Autores: Hyang-Sook Choi | Ano: 2004 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was conducted to determine the volatile flavor composition of fresh changpo (Acorus calamus var. angustatus Bess) leaves quantitatively and qualitatively by use of two internal standards and to determine which volatile compounds are primarily responsible for the aroma of this aquatic herb. The headspace composition of fresh changpo leaves was also analyzed by a solid-phase microextraction method. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) and sniffing test by gas chromatography-olfactometry were used for the detection of aroma-active compounds of this herb. According to the instrumental analyses of the changpo oil, octanoic acid (49.13%), alpha-cedrene (16.71%), alpha-phellandrene (4.46%), and gamma-elemene (3.75%) were the most abundant compounds. n-Butylidene dihydrophthalide (8.61%), trans,trans-farnesyl acetate (7.29%), and trans-2-dodecenal (7%) were the main components of changpo headspace. cis-beta-Farnesene was evaluated as the key aroma compound of this herb from results of AEDA and sniffing test.

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Molecular and chemical profiling of 'sweet flag' (Acorus calamus L.) germplasm from India.

Autores: T S Rana, Kamalesh S Mahar, Madan M Pandey, S K Srivastava, A K S Rawat | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In the present study, molecular (DAMD and ISSR) and chemical (α and β-asarone contents) markers were used to characterize the A. calamus genotypes procured from different parts of India. The cumulative analysis carried out for both DAMD and ISSR markers revealed 24.71 % polymorphism across all genotypes of A. calamus. The clustering patterns of the genotypes in the UPGMA tree showed that the genotypes are diverse, and did not show any specific correlation with their geographical provenances, reflecting the low level of genetic diversity and a high genetic differentiation among the genotypes from the same localities. All the 27 genotypes of A. calamus were also analyzed for α and β-asarone contents, and percentage of essential oil. The genotype (Ac13) from Kullu (Himachal Pradesh) showed maximum (9.5 %) percentage of oil, whereas corresponding minimum (2.8 %) was obtained from the genotypes from Pangthang (Sikkim). Similarly, the highest α and β-asarone contents (16.82 % and 92.12 %) were obtained from genotypes from Renuka (Himachal Pradesh) and Udhampur (Jammu & Kashmir), while lowest α and β-asarone contents (0.83 % and 65.96 %) resulted from Auranwa (Uttar Pradesh) and Pangthang (Sikkim) genotypes, respectively. A. calamus harbours tremendous economic value, and it is therefore, important to identify the genotypes with low α and β-asarone contents for its commercial utilization. Further, this study will help in evaluation and documentation of a large number of diverse genotypes for their value traits.

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Cytotoxic effects of β-asarone on Sf9 insect cells.

Autores: Thitaree Yooboon, Kazumu Kuramitsu, Vasakorn Bullangpoti, Yooichi Kainoh, Seiichi Furukawa | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: β-Asarone is the predominant component of the essential oil of rhizomes of Acorus calamus Linn ( Sweet flag). Although rhizome extracts from this plant have long been used for insect pest control, their cytotoxic effects on insect cells are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the potency of β-asarone as a natural insecticide by using a Spodoptera frugiperda cell line (Sf9). To assess the cytotoxic effects of β-asarone on Sf9 cells, we observed morphologic changes in treated cells and performed a cell proliferation assay and a DNA fragmentation assay. After 24 and 48 h of treatment with β-asarone, the proliferation of the Sf9 cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 0.558 mg/ml at 24 h and 0.253 mg/ml at 48 h. Morphologic changes in β-asarone-treated cells were typical of apoptosis and included loss of adhesion, cell shrinkage, and small apoptotic bodies. The DNA laddering present in β-asarone-treated SF9 cells and annexin V assay confirmed that this compound can induce apoptosis in insect cells. Together, these findings suggest that apoptosis induction may be one mechanism through which β-asarone inhibits the proliferation of insect cells and thus exerts insecticidal effects.

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Spasmolytische wirkung des isoasaronfreien kalmus1.

Autores: K Keller, K P Odenthal, E Leng-Peschlow | Ano: 1985 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: ACORUS CALAMUS yields different drug types with varying content of beta-asarone, a substance which proved to be carcinogetic in rats. We tested essential oils with different beta-asarone content for their activity against histatnine-spasms in the isolated guinea pig ileum. At a dose level of 10 microg/cm (3), the beta-asarone-free oil (type I) had a pronounced, spasmolytic activity which was comparable to that of the antihistaminic drug pyrilaminemaleate used as a standard antagonist (4 microg/cm (3). Each of these drugs changed the EC (50) for histamine from 29 microg/cm (3) to 118 microg/cm (3) approximately. At a dose level of 10 microg/cm (3) the beta-asarone-rich oil (type IV) showed no spasmolytic activity at all. The essential oil of the european calamus with low content of beta-asarone (type II) had also a good spasmolytic effect, however inferior to that of the beta-asarone-free oil, so that the above cited decrease of the EC (50) value of histamine could be seen in a concentration of 32 microg/cm (3). For this reasons and for better drug-safety, only the rhizomas of the beta-asarone-free diploid or of the triploid calamus with low content of beta-asarone should be used.

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Effect of sweet flag rhizome oil (Acorus calamus) on hemogram and ultrastructure of hemocytes of the tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Autores: Parduman R Sharma, Om P Sharma, Bhaskar P Saxena | Ano: 2008 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Effect of the essential oil of Acorus calamus L. rhizomes, was studied on hemocytes of the tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera litura. The oil was administered in oral application at concentration of 500 and 1000 ppm to last instar larvae of S. litura and its effect on ultrastructure of hemocytes and hemogram was evaluated. The oil was administered in topical application at 250 microg dose to pupae to ascertain its effect on total and differential hemocyte counts. At both scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) levels, the major effect of oil treatment was observed on plasmatocytes (PLs) and granular hemocytes (GRs). SEM study revealed that the cytoplasmic projections of granular hemocytes were reduced, while the filopods of plasmatocytes remained unaffected. The vacuolization in the cytoplasm and degeneration of the organelles in both plasmatocytes and granular hemocytes was observed by TEM. However, no such deformities were observed in prohemocytes (PRs), spherulocytes (SPs), and oenocytoids (OEs). A concentration-dependent decrease has been observed in the larval body weight and hemolymph volume (HV), 24-72 h after treatment. In comparison to the controls, the maximum percentage growth inhibition (GI) was recorded to be 58.28 and 66.48, respectively at 500 and 1000 ppm after 72 h treatment. Similarly after 72 h treatment, the percentage reduction in hemolymph volume was 61.38 and 69.05, respectively at 500 and 1000 ppm. Total hemocyte count (THC), in larvae computed from five recorded hemocyte types viz. PRs, PLs, GRs, SPs and OEs, decreased only after 48-72 h of treatment. The maximum decrease in THC was recorded to be 29.15 and 49.05% at 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively, after 72 h of treatment. There was continuous decline in THC in pupae after 24-72 h treatment. DHC study revealed that both the concentrations of oil in 6th instar larvae of S. litura caused a decrease in PRs, PLs and SPs and increase in GRs and OEs after 24-72 h of treatment. Since A. calamus oil treatment causes the injury to both PLs and GRs and also affects the hemogram, it can be inferred that cellular defence reactions of S. litura are impaired.

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Efficacy of Acorus calamus on collagen maturation on full thickness cutaneous wounds in rats.

Autores: Thangavel Ponrasu, Karuppanan Natarajan Madhukumar, Moorthy Ganeshkumar, Kuttalam Iyappan, Vilvanathan Sangeethapriya, Vinaya Subramani Gayathri, Lonchin Suguna | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The rhizomes of Acorus calamus and their essential oil are widely used in the flavoring industry and production of alcoholic beverages in Europe. Recent reports have confirmed the presence of several pharmacological components in the rhizomes of A. calamus.

Resultados: The granulation tissues formed were removed at 4, 8 and 12 days and biochemical parameters such as deoxyribonucleic acid, total protein, total collagen, hexosamine and uronic acids were measured. The amount of type I/III collagen formed in control and treated wound tissues was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The epithelialization time, tensile strength and histological examination of the wounds were also studied. Biochemical analyses of the granulation tissues revealed a significant increase in collagen, hexosamine and uronic acid when compared with the control. The tensile strength of extract treated wounds was found to increase by 112%. A significant reduction in lipid peroxide levels suggested that A. calamus possesses antioxidant components.

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In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents.

Autores: Pulok Kumar Mukherjee, Venkatesan Kumar, Mainak Mal, Peter J Houghton | Ano: 2007 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of the hydroalcoholic extract and of the essential oil from Acorus calamus (AC) rhizomes and that of its major constituents were evaluated based on the Ellman's method. GC/MS analysis of the oil revealed that the major constituents were beta-asarone (79.54%) and alpha-asarone (8.47%). The IC50 values were obtained for the hydroalcoholic extract, the essential oil, beta-asarone and alpha-asarone and were 182.31+/-16.78 microg/mL, 10.67+/-0.81 microg/mL, 3.33+/-0.02 microM and 46.38+/-2.69 microM, respectively. Physostigmine was used as standard inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.28+/-0.015 microM. The experimental observations revealed that the AC essential oil and its constituents have significant AChE inhibitory potential. beta-Asarone, the major phytoconstituent present in the essential oil, showed the maximum inhibitory potential.

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Effect of sweet flag rhizome oil (Acorus calamus) on hemogram and ultrastructure of hemocytes of the tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Autores: Parduman R Sharma, Om P Sharma, Bhaskar P Saxena | Ano: 2008 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Effect of the essential oil of Acorus calamus L. rhizomes, was studied on hemocytes of the tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera litura. The oil was administered in oral application at concentration of 500 and 1000 ppm to last instar larvae of S. litura and its effect on ultrastructure of hemocytes and hemogram was evaluated. The oil was administered in topical application at 250 microg dose to pupae to ascertain its effect on total and differential hemocyte counts. At both scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) levels, the major effect of oil treatment was observed on plasmatocytes (PLs) and granular hemocytes (GRs). SEM study revealed that the cytoplasmic projections of granular hemocytes were reduced, while the filopods of plasmatocytes remained unaffected. The vacuolization in the cytoplasm and degeneration of the organelles in both plasmatocytes and granular hemocytes was observed by TEM. However, no such deformities were observed in prohemocytes (PRs), spherulocytes (SPs), and oenocytoids (OEs). A concentration-dependent decrease has been observed in the larval body weight and hemolymph volume (HV), 24-72 h after treatment. In comparison to the controls, the maximum percentage growth inhibition (GI) was recorded to be 58.28 and 66.48, respectively at 500 and 1000 ppm after 72 h treatment. Similarly after 72 h treatment, the percentage reduction in hemolymph volume was 61.38 and 69.05, respectively at 500 and 1000 ppm. Total hemocyte count (THC), in larvae computed from five recorded hemocyte types viz. PRs, PLs, GRs, SPs and OEs, decreased only after 48-72 h of treatment. The maximum decrease in THC was recorded to be 29.15 and 49.05% at 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively, after 72 h of treatment. There was continuous decline in THC in pupae after 24-72 h treatment. DHC study revealed that both the concentrations of oil in 6th instar larvae of S. litura caused a decrease in PRs, PLs and SPs and increase in GRs and OEs after 24-72 h of treatment. Since A. calamus oil treatment causes the injury to both PLs and GRs and also affects the hemogram, it can be inferred that cellular defence reactions of S. litura are impaired.

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Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of essential oils against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae).

Autores: S G Eswara Reddy, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Rajkesh Koundal, Bikram Singh | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Five Himalayan plants namely, Acorus calamus, Cedrus deodara, Aegle marmelos, Tagetes minuta and Murraya koenigii were used for the extraction of essential oils through hydrodistillation and the major volatile constituents as identified by GC and GC-MS techniques were β-asarone (91.1%), β-himachalene (45.8%), limonene (59.5%), Z-ocimene (37.9%) and α-pinene (54.2%), respectively. Essential oils were tested for their insecticidal properties against larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Results showed that A. calamus was most toxic (LC50 = 0.29 mg mL(-1)) to P. xylostella followed by C. deodara (LC50 = 1.08 mg mL(-1)) and M. koenigii (LC50 = 1.93 mg mL(-1)) via residual toxicity bioassay. Per cent feeding deterrence index and growth inhibition was significantly higher in A. calamus (42.20 and 68.55, respectively) followed by C. deodara (35.41 and 52.47). In repellent activity studies, C. deodara showed high repellence (64.76%) followed by A. calamus (55.05%).

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Insecticidal and Detoxification Enzyme Inhibition Activities of Essential Oils for the Control of Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).

Autores: Himanshi Gupta, Deeksha, Urvashi, S G Eswara Reddy | Ano: 2023 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Pulse beetle is the most harmful pest attacking stored grains and affecting quality and marketability. Continuous use of chemical-based pesticides against pulse beetle led to the development of insecticidal resistance; essential oils (EOs) can be an effective natural alternative against this pest. The main objective was to study the chemical composition of seven EOs viz., Acorus calamus, Hedychium spicatum, Lavandula angustifolia, Juniperus recurva, Juniperus communis, Cedrus deodara and Pinus wallichiana, their insecticidal and enzyme inhibition activities against pulse beetle. The primary compounds present in these EOs were cis-asarone, 1,8-cineole, linalyl isobutyrate, 2-β-pinene, camphene, α-dehydro-ar-himachalene and camphene. A. calamus oil showed promising fumigant toxicity to Callosobruchus maculatus and C. chinensis (LC50 = 1357.86 and 1379.54 µL/L, respectively). A combination of A. calamus + L. angustifolia was effective against C. maculatus and C. chinensis (LC50 = 108.58 and 92.18 µL/L, respectively). All the combinations of EOs showed synergistic activity. In the repellency study, A. calamus showed more repellence to C. maculatus and C. chinensis (RC50 = 53.98 and 118.91 µL/L, respectively). A. calamus and L. angustifolia oil at 2500, 5000 and 10,000 µL/L significantly inhibited the AChE and GST enzymes in C. maculatus and C. chinensis after 24 and 48 h.

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Identification of insecticidal constituents of the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes against Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel.

Autores: Xin Chao Liu, Li Gang Zhou, Zhi Long Liu, Shu Shan Du | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes, its insecticidal activity against the booklouse, (Liposcelis bostrychophila) and to isolate any insecticidal constituents from the essential oil. The essential oil of A. calamus rhizomes was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of 32 components of the essential oil of A. calamus rhizomes was identified and the principal compounds in the essential oil were determined to be α-asarone (50.09%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (14.01%), and methyleugenol (8.59%), followed by β-asarone (3.51%), α-cedrene (3.09%) and camphor (2.42%). Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, the three active constituents were isolated from the essential oil and identified as methyleugenol, (E)-methylisoeugenol and α-asarone. The essential oil exhibited contact toxicity against L. bostrychophila with an LD50 value of 100.21 µg/cm2 while three constituent compounds, α-asarone, methyleugenol, and (E)-methylisoeugenol had LD50 values of 125.73 µg/cm2, 103.22 µg/cm2 and 55.32 µg/cm2, respectively. Methyleugenol and (E)-methylisoeugenol possessed fumigant toxicity against L. bostrychophila adults with LC50 values of 92.21 μg/L air and 143.43 μg/L air, respectively, while the crude essential oil showed an LC50 value of 392.13 μg/L air. The results indicate that the essential oil of A. calamus rhizomes and its constituent compounds have potential for development into natural fumigants/insecticides for control of the booklice.

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Identification of insecticidal constituents of the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes against Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel.

Autores: Xin Chao Liu, Li Gang Zhou, Zhi Long Liu, Shu Shan Du | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes, its insecticidal activity against the booklouse, (Liposcelis bostrychophila) and to isolate any insecticidal constituents from the essential oil. The essential oil of A. calamus rhizomes was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of 32 components of the essential oil of A. calamus rhizomes was identified and the principal compounds in the essential oil were determined to be α-asarone (50.09%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (14.01%), and methyleugenol (8.59%), followed by β-asarone (3.51%), α-cedrene (3.09%) and camphor (2.42%). Based on bioactivity-guided fractionation, the three active constituents were isolated from the essential oil and identified as methyleugenol, (E)-methylisoeugenol and α-asarone. The essential oil exhibited contact toxicity against L. bostrychophila with an LD50 value of 100.21 µg/cm2 while three constituent compounds, α-asarone, methyleugenol, and (E)-methylisoeugenol had LD50 values of 125.73 µg/cm2, 103.22 µg/cm2 and 55.32 µg/cm2, respectively. Methyleugenol and (E)-methylisoeugenol possessed fumigant toxicity against L. bostrychophila adults with LC50 values of 92.21 μg/L air and 143.43 μg/L air, respectively, while the crude essential oil showed an LC50 value of 392.13 μg/L air. The results indicate that the essential oil of A. calamus rhizomes and its constituent compounds have potential for development into natural fumigants/insecticides for control of the booklice.

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Chemical composition and insecticidal activities of essential oils against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae).

Autores: S G Eswara Reddy, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Rajkesh Koundal, Bikram Singh | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Five Himalayan plants namely, Acorus calamus, Cedrus deodara, Aegle marmelos, Tagetes minuta and Murraya koenigii were used for the extraction of essential oils through hydrodistillation and the major volatile constituents as identified by GC and GC-MS techniques were β-asarone (91.1%), β-himachalene (45.8%), limonene (59.5%), Z-ocimene (37.9%) and α-pinene (54.2%), respectively. Essential oils were tested for their insecticidal properties against larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Results showed that A. calamus was most toxic (LC50 = 0.29 mg mL(-1)) to P. xylostella followed by C. deodara (LC50 = 1.08 mg mL(-1)) and M. koenigii (LC50 = 1.93 mg mL(-1)) via residual toxicity bioassay. Per cent feeding deterrence index and growth inhibition was significantly higher in A. calamus (42.20 and 68.55, respectively) followed by C. deodara (35.41 and 52.47). In repellent activity studies, C. deodara showed high repellence (64.76%) followed by A. calamus (55.05%).

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A Comprehensive in vitro and in silico Analysis of Nematicidal Action of Essential Oils.

Autores: Aditi Kundu, Anirban Dutta, Abhishek Mandal, Lalit Negi, Monika Malik, Rajshekhar Puramchatwad, Jyoti Antil, Anupama Singh, Uma Rao, Supradip Saha, Rajesh Kumar, Neeraj Patanjali, Suman Manna, Anil Kumar, Sukanta Dash, P K Singh | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Nematicidal potential of essential oils (EOs) has been widely reported. Terpenoids present in most of the essential oils have been reported responsible for their bioactivity though very less is known about their modes of action. In the present study, an in vitro screening of nine Eos, namely, Citrus sinensis (OEO), Myrtus communis (MTEO), Eucalyptus citriodora (CEO), Melaleuca alternifolia (TEO), Acorus calamus (AEO), Commiphora myrrha (MREO), Cymbopogon nardus (CNEO), Artemisia absinthium (WEO), and Pogostemon cablin (PEO) against Meloidogyne incognita revealed OEO, CNEO, and TEO as most effective with LC50 39.37, 43.22, and 76.28 μg ml-1 respectively. EOs had varying compositions of mono- and sesquiterpenes determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The in silico molecular interactions screening of major EO constituents and the seven selected target proteins of the nematode indicated highest binding affinity of geraniol-ODR1 (odorant response gene 1) complex (ΔG = -36.9 kcal mol-1), due to extensive H-bonding, hydrophobic and π-alkyl interactions. The relative binding affinity followed the order: geraniol-ODR1 > β-terpineol-ODR1 > citronellal-ODR1 > l-limonene-ODR1 > γ-terpinene-ODR1. Taken together, the cumulative in vitro and computational bioefficacy analysis related to the chemoprofiles of EOs provides useful leads on harnessing the potential of EOs as bionematicides. The insight on biochemical ligand-target protein interactions described in the present work will be helpful in logical selection of biomolecules and essential oils for development of practically viable bionematicidal products.

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Metabolite profiling of tissues of Acorus calamus and Acorus tatarinowii rhizomes by using LMD, UHPLC-QTOF MS, and GC-MS.

Autores: Yogini Jaiswal, Zhitao Liang, Alan Ho, Hubiao Chen, Zhongzhen Zhao | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Acorus calamus and its related species are of significant importance to the food and fragrance industries due to their varied applications. They are also a cause of critical concern due to their toxic β-asarone content. Several toxicity cases have occurred due to high β-asarone compositions in food products. Hence, limits for their use are strictly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, the European Union, and legislations of different countries. The identification of species with a lower β-asarone content is of great significance. In this report, the metabolite profiles and essential oil content of A. calamus and Acorus tatarinowii rhizomes were analysed and compared using UHPLC-QTOF-MS and GC-MS techniques. The metabolite profiles were similar; however, β-asarone content was higher in A. calamus rhizomes. The developed methods can be applied for microscopic and macroscopic identification, and quality control of food products containing β-asarone.

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Conclusão: N/A

Metabolite profiling of tissues of Acorus calamus and Acorus tatarinowii rhizomes by using LMD, UHPLC-QTOF MS, and GC-MS.

Autores: Yogini Jaiswal, Zhitao Liang, Alan Ho, Hubiao Chen, Zhongzhen Zhao | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Acorus calamus and its related species are of significant importance to the food and fragrance industries due to their varied applications. They are also a cause of critical concern due to their toxic β-asarone content. Several toxicity cases have occurred due to high β-asarone compositions in food products. Hence, limits for their use are strictly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, the European Union, and legislations of different countries. The identification of species with a lower β-asarone content is of great significance. In this report, the metabolite profiles and essential oil content of A. calamus and Acorus tatarinowii rhizomes were analysed and compared using UHPLC-QTOF-MS and GC-MS techniques. The metabolite profiles were similar; however, β-asarone content was higher in A. calamus rhizomes. The developed methods can be applied for microscopic and macroscopic identification, and quality control of food products containing β-asarone.

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Effects of asarone and beta-asarone on conditioned responses, fighting behaviour and convulsions.

Autores: P C DANDIYA, M K MENON | Ano: 1963 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, the roots and rhizomes of an indigenous Indian plant Acorus calamus are used together with the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina for treating many mental ailments. The influence of asarone and beta-asarone (the trans and cis forms of 2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-propenyl benzene), two active principles of Acorus calamus, when given alone and together with either reserpine or chlorpromazine, has been studied on the conditioned avoidance response of trained rats, on the fighting behaviour of paired mice subjected to mild foot shock and on electro-convulsions. Except for electro-convulsions, asarone in small doses potentiates the effects of reserpine and of chlorpromazine; beta-asarone has no such effect. Estimation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of rat brain showed that neither acorus oil nor its active principles increase the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine; nor do these compounds cause an additional decrease in the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of the brains of animals treated with reserpine. It is concluded that the potentiating effect of these principles is unrelated to 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration. In experiments using electro-convulsions, asarone increased the percentage mortality of animals treated with chlorpromazine but not of those treated with reserpine.

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Effects of asarone and beta-asarone on conditioned responses, fighting behaviour and convulsions.

Autores: P C DANDIYA, M K MENON | Ano: 1963 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, the roots and rhizomes of an indigenous Indian plant Acorus calamus are used together with the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina for treating many mental ailments. The influence of asarone and beta-asarone (the trans and cis forms of 2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-propenyl benzene), two active principles of Acorus calamus, when given alone and together with either reserpine or chlorpromazine, has been studied on the conditioned avoidance response of trained rats, on the fighting behaviour of paired mice subjected to mild foot shock and on electro-convulsions. Except for electro-convulsions, asarone in small doses potentiates the effects of reserpine and of chlorpromazine; beta-asarone has no such effect. Estimation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of rat brain showed that neither acorus oil nor its active principles increase the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine; nor do these compounds cause an additional decrease in the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of the brains of animals treated with reserpine. It is concluded that the potentiating effect of these principles is unrelated to 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration. In experiments using electro-convulsions, asarone increased the percentage mortality of animals treated with chlorpromazine but not of those treated with reserpine.

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The efficacy of essential oils as natural preservatives in vegetable oil.

Autores: Mohaddese Mahboubi, Nastaran Kazempour, Atefeh Mahboubi | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The efforts for finding the natural preservatives with nontoxicity and nonirritancy have encouraged the scientists to research among the medicinal plants. The preservative efficacy of Daucus carota, Ferula gummosa, Eugenium caryophyllata, Oliveria decumbens, Pelargonium graveolens, Ziziphora tenuir, Acorus calamus, and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils on challenge test's pathogens and on pathogen's inoculated vegetable oil was evaluated by antimicrobial effectiveness test. Carotol (46%), β-pinene (62.7%), eugenol (78.4%), thymol (50.6%), cis-asarone (27.5%), thymol (50.1%), and α-terpineol (19.5%) were the primary main components of D. carota, F. gummosa, E. caryophyllata, T. ammi, A. calamus, O. decumbens, and Z. tenuir essential oils, respectively. A. niger was more sensitive microorganism to oils. The antimicrobial activity of O. decumbens oil was the highest. Different concentrations of essential oils were added to the vegetable oil. The results of test on the vegetable oil showed that the combination of O. decumbens and P. graveolens oils (0.5:0.5%) had enough efficacies as natural preservative in vegetable oil.

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The efficacy of essential oils as natural preservatives in vegetable oil.

Autores: Mohaddese Mahboubi, Nastaran Kazempour, Atefeh Mahboubi | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The efforts for finding the natural preservatives with nontoxicity and nonirritancy have encouraged the scientists to research among the medicinal plants. The preservative efficacy of Daucus carota, Ferula gummosa, Eugenium caryophyllata, Oliveria decumbens, Pelargonium graveolens, Ziziphora tenuir, Acorus calamus, and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils on challenge test's pathogens and on pathogen's inoculated vegetable oil was evaluated by antimicrobial effectiveness test. Carotol (46%), β-pinene (62.7%), eugenol (78.4%), thymol (50.6%), cis-asarone (27.5%), thymol (50.1%), and α-terpineol (19.5%) were the primary main components of D. carota, F. gummosa, E. caryophyllata, T. ammi, A. calamus, O. decumbens, and Z. tenuir essential oils, respectively. A. niger was more sensitive microorganism to oils. The antimicrobial activity of O. decumbens oil was the highest. Different concentrations of essential oils were added to the vegetable oil. The results of test on the vegetable oil showed that the combination of O. decumbens and P. graveolens oils (0.5:0.5%) had enough efficacies as natural preservative in vegetable oil.

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Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Compositions and Antioxidant Properties of Acorus calamus L. Accessions.

Autores: Archana Parki, Pinky Chaubey, Om Prakash, Ravendra Kumar, Anil K Pant | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Background:Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) is a known herbal drug commonly used in traditional medicine. Our aim was to perform seasonal and altitudinal phytochemical screening to assess the antioxidant activity of the essential oils in the rhizome and leaves of A. calamus from three different altitudes. Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed using GC/MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant assay was done by different methods. Results: The essential oils mainly contained α-asarone, β-asarone (35.3-90.6%), and Z-isoelemicin (1.7-7.3%) as the major constituents, besides linalool, Z-methyl isoeugenol, shyobunone, kessane, etc. All the oils exhibited vast molecular diversity in terms of quantitative ingredients. All essential oils were studied for their antioxidant activity by different methods, including their effect on the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing power, and chelating properties of Fe2+. The oils isolated in all the different seasons exhibited antioxidant activity as a function of concentration, with IC50 values ranging from 475.48 ± 0.08 to 11.72 ± 0.03 compared to standards. Conclusion : From the results obtained it can be inferred that the herb may be a good source of bioactive compounds and can work as an antioxidant to prevent oxidative deterioration in food. The data provide a basis for its in-situ investigation for judicious exploitation.

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Acorus calamus Linn.: phytoconstituents and bactericidal property.

Autores: Rajesh K Joshi | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Acorus calamus Linn. of the family Araceae (Acoraceae), commonly known as Sweet Flag and Vacha. The rhizome of this plant has medicinal properties against bugs, moths, lice and emetic stomach in dyspepsia. Chemical composition of the hydro-distilled essential oil obtained from the rhizomes of A. calamus was analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The essential oil of A. calamus and its major compound β-asarone were tested against five Gram-positive, eight Gram-negative bacteria, and three fungi by the tube-dilution method at a concentration rang of 5.0-0.009 mg/mL. Forty constituents were identified which comprised 98.3 % of the total oil. The major compound β-asarone (80.6 %) was identified and confirm by NMR ((1)H- & (13)C-) in rhizome oil of A. calamus. The organism Micrococcus luteus was found to be more susceptible to the oil with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of 0.032 ± 0.004 mg/mL, followed by Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Micrococcus flavus with MBC values of 0.104 ± 0.016, 0.117 ± 0.017 and 0.143 ± 0.013 mg/mL, respectively. The compound β-asarone was susceptible to the microorganism A. niger with MBC value 0.416 ± 0.065 mg/mL. The present study revealed that tetraploid variety of A. calamus is growing in this region with substantial amount of β-asarone. The oil showed bactericidal property against tested bacteria and fungi. The β-asarone exhibited poorer bactericidal activity against test microorganisms.

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Pickering emulsion technology based on the concept of "the combination of medicine and adjuvant" to enhance the oxidation stability of volatile oils in solid preparations-taking Lingzhu Pulvis as an example.

Autores: Lei Peng, Xiao-Fei Zhang, Dong-Yan Guo, Bing-Tao Zhai, Mei Wang, Jun-Bo Zou, Ya-Jun Shi | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The antioxidant properties of the volatile oil of Acorus calamus in Lingzhu Pulvis may be enhanced by the introduction of Pickering emulsion technology based on the concept of "the combination of medicine and adjuvant". The characterization of each drinking tablet of Lingzhu Pulvis was conducted to determine the stabilizer. The optimal stabilizer concentration, oil-water ratio and preparation method of the Pickering emulsion were then determined and analyzed using NIR. The contents of malondialdehyde and peroxide in the volatile oils of each group were compared at different AIBA concentrations. The trends of the components were then analyzed by GC-MS. The pearl powder was screened as the stabilizer of the Pickering emulsion; the pearl powder concentration of 0.065 g mL-1 and the oil-water ratio of 9 : 11 were found to be the optimal emulsion formation conditions, and the high-pressure homogenization method was the optimal preparation method. The NIR analysis showed that the volatile oil was wrapped by the pearl powder and no new chemical structure formed in the Pickering emulsion. The Pickering emulsions had lower oxidation levels than the crude oil groups at AIBA concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mg mL-1. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that the antioxidant properties of the volatile components were significantly higher in the Pickering emulsion group compared to the crude oil group. Pickering emulsions can be used to enhance the antioxidant properties of volatile components in oil-containing solid formulations based on the concept of "the combination of medicine and adjuvant".

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Conclusão: N/A

Pickering emulsion technology based on the concept of "the combination of medicine and adjuvant" to enhance the oxidation stability of volatile oils in solid preparations-taking Lingzhu Pulvis as an example.

Autores: Lei Peng, Xiao-Fei Zhang, Dong-Yan Guo, Bing-Tao Zhai, Mei Wang, Jun-Bo Zou, Ya-Jun Shi | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The antioxidant properties of the volatile oil of Acorus calamus in Lingzhu Pulvis may be enhanced by the introduction of Pickering emulsion technology based on the concept of "the combination of medicine and adjuvant". The characterization of each drinking tablet of Lingzhu Pulvis was conducted to determine the stabilizer. The optimal stabilizer concentration, oil-water ratio and preparation method of the Pickering emulsion were then determined and analyzed using NIR. The contents of malondialdehyde and peroxide in the volatile oils of each group were compared at different AIBA concentrations. The trends of the components were then analyzed by GC-MS. The pearl powder was screened as the stabilizer of the Pickering emulsion; the pearl powder concentration of 0.065 g mL-1 and the oil-water ratio of 9 : 11 were found to be the optimal emulsion formation conditions, and the high-pressure homogenization method was the optimal preparation method. The NIR analysis showed that the volatile oil was wrapped by the pearl powder and no new chemical structure formed in the Pickering emulsion. The Pickering emulsions had lower oxidation levels than the crude oil groups at AIBA concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mg mL-1. The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that the antioxidant properties of the volatile components were significantly higher in the Pickering emulsion group compared to the crude oil group. Pickering emulsions can be used to enhance the antioxidant properties of volatile components in oil-containing solid formulations based on the concept of "the combination of medicine and adjuvant".

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The role of centrifugal partition chromatography in the removal of β-asarone from Acorus calamus essential oil.

Autores: Paweł Szczeblewski, Mateusz Wróblewski, Julia Borzyszkowska-Bukowska, Tetiana Bairamova, Justyna Górska, Tomasz Laskowski, Anna Samulewicz, Michał Kosno, Łukasz Sobiech, Justyna Teresa Polit, Wirginia Kukula-Koch | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Β-asarone is a phenylpropane derivative present in the rhizomes of Acorus calamus, that was proved to exhibit toxic effects in humans. Because of its presence the whole plant that is commonly used in traditional medicine for its sedative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and other properties has limited application nowadays. In the study, qualitative and quantitative analysis of a collection of nine essential oil (EO) samples of European and Asian origin was performed. The final content of β-asarone in the tested samples ranged between 0.265 and 1.885 mg/mL. Having in mind a possible application of the EO as a biopesticide, this research aimed at the development of CPC-based purification protocol that could help remove β-asarone from EO. It was proved that the biphasic solvent system composed of n-hexane/EtOAc/MeOH/water, 9:1:9:1 (v/v/v/v) was capable of the removal of the toxic constituent in the CPC chromatograph operated in the ascending elution mode with 2200 rpm and a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The chromatographic analysis that lasted only 144 min effectively separated β-asarone (purity of 95.5%) and α-asarone (purity of 93.7%) directly from the crude Acorus calamus rhizome EO.

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Repellant and insecticidal activities of shyobunone and isoshyobunone derived from the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes.

Autores: Hai-Ping Chen, Kai Yang, Li-Shi Zheng, Chun-Xue You, Qian Cai, Cheng-Fang Wang | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: It was found that the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes showed insecticidal activity.

Resultados: The main components of the essential oil were identified to be isoshyobunone (15.56%), β-asarone (10.03%), bicyclo[6.1.0]non-1-ene (9.67%), shyobunone (9.60%) and methylisoeugenol (6.69%). Among them, the two active constituents were isolated and identified as shyobunone and isoshyobunone. The essential oil showed contact toxicity against LS and TC with LD50 values of 14.40 and 32.55 μg/adult, respectively. The isolated compounds, shyobunone and isoshyobunone also exhibited strong contact toxicity against LS adults with LD50 values of 20.24 and 24.19 μg/adult, respectively, while the LD50 value of isoshyobunone was 61.90 μg/adult for TC adults. The essential oil, shyobunone and isoshyobunone were strongly repellent (98%, 90% and 94%, respectively, at 78.63 nL/cm(2), after 2 h treatment) against TC.

Conclusão: The essential oil, shyobunone and isoshyobunone possessed insecticidal and repellant activity against LS and TC.

An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species.

Autores: Sandeep B Rajput, Madan B Tonge, S Mohan Karuppayil | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) has a long history of use and has numerous traditional and ethnomedicinal applications. Since ancient times, it has been used in various systems of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Chinese medicine, etc. for the treatment of various aliments like nervous disorders, appetite loss, bronchitis, chest pain, colic, cramps, diarrhea, digestive disorders, flatulence, gas, indigestion, rheumatism, sedative, cough, fever, bronchitis, inflammation, depression, tumors, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, numbness, general debility and vascular disorders. Various therapeutic potentials of this plant have been attributed to its rhizome. A number of active constituents from leaves, rhizomes and essential oils of A. calamus have been isolated and characterized. Of the constituents, alpha and beta-asarone are the predominant bioactive components. Various pharmacological activities of A. calamus rhizome such as sedative, CNS depressant, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, cryoprotective, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anticancer and antidiabetic has been reported. Genotoxicity and mutagenecity of beta and alpha-asarone is reported, which limits their use at high dosage. Though A. calamus has been used since ancient times, many of its uses are yet to be scientifically validated. In the present review an attempt has been made to explore traditional uses and pharmacological properties of A. calamus.

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Identification and characterization of three nearly identical linalool/nerolidol synthase from Acorus calamus.

Autores: Mwafaq Ibdah, Shada Hino, Bhagwat Nawade, Mosaab Yahyaa, Tejas C Bosamia, Liora Shaltiel-Harpaz | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Acorus calamus is a perennial aromatic medicinal plant from the Acorusaceae family, known for its pharmaceutical and medicinal value. A combined chemical, biochemical, and molecular study was conducted to evaluate the differential accumulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in rhizomes and leaves of A. calamus essential oil. Here, we performed VOC profiling and transcriptome-based identification and functional characterization of terpene synthase (TPS) genes. A total of 110 VOCs were detected from the rhizomes and leaves of A. calamus, and some VOCs showed significant differences between them. The further transcriptome-based analysis led to the identification of six putative TPSs genes. In phylogenetic analysis, three TPSs belonged to the TPS-g clade, one to each of the TPS-a, TPS-c, and TPS-e clades. The heterologous E. coli-based expression of recombinant TPSs identified three genes (AcTPS3, AcTPS4, and AcTPS5) as bifunctional linalool/nerolidol synthase. The correlation of TPS gene expression and VOC metabolite profiles supported the function of these genes in A. calamus. Our findings provide a roadmap for future efforts to enhance the molecular mechanisms of terpene biosynthesis and our understanding of Acorus-insect interactions.

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Identification and characterization of three nearly identical linalool/nerolidol synthase from Acorus calamus.

Autores: Mwafaq Ibdah, Shada Hino, Bhagwat Nawade, Mosaab Yahyaa, Tejas C Bosamia, Liora Shaltiel-Harpaz | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Acorus calamus is a perennial aromatic medicinal plant from the Acorusaceae family, known for its pharmaceutical and medicinal value. A combined chemical, biochemical, and molecular study was conducted to evaluate the differential accumulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in rhizomes and leaves of A. calamus essential oil. Here, we performed VOC profiling and transcriptome-based identification and functional characterization of terpene synthase (TPS) genes. A total of 110 VOCs were detected from the rhizomes and leaves of A. calamus, and some VOCs showed significant differences between them. The further transcriptome-based analysis led to the identification of six putative TPSs genes. In phylogenetic analysis, three TPSs belonged to the TPS-g clade, one to each of the TPS-a, TPS-c, and TPS-e clades. The heterologous E. coli-based expression of recombinant TPSs identified three genes (AcTPS3, AcTPS4, and AcTPS5) as bifunctional linalool/nerolidol synthase. The correlation of TPS gene expression and VOC metabolite profiles supported the function of these genes in A. calamus. Our findings provide a roadmap for future efforts to enhance the molecular mechanisms of terpene biosynthesis and our understanding of Acorus-insect interactions.

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