CAMOMILA

Evaluation of the effect of topical chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oleogel as pain relief in migraine without aura: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

Autores: Arman Zargaran, Afshin Borhani-Haghighi, Mohammad Salehi-Marzijarani, Pouya Faridi, Saeid Daneshamouz, Amir Azadi, Hossein Sadeghpour, Amirhossein Sakhteman, Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Phytotherapy is a source of finding new remedies for migraine. Traditional chamomile oil (chamomile extraction in sesame oil) is a formulation in Persian medicine (PM) for pain relief in migraine. An oleogel preparation of reformulated traditional chamomile oil was prepared and then standardized based on chamazulene (as a marker in essential oil) and apigenin via gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, respectively. A crossover double-blind clinical trial was performed with 100 patients. Each patient took two tubes of drug and two tubes of placebo during the study. Visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires were filled in by the patients and scores were given, ranging from 0 to 10 (based on the severity of pain) during 24 h. Other complications like nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia were also monitored. There was 4.48 ± 0.01 μl/ml of chamazulene and 0.233 mg/g of apigenin in the preparation (by correcting the amount with extraction ratio). Thirty-eight patients in the drug-placebo and 34 patients in the placebo-drug groups (a total number of 72 patients as per protocol) completed the process in the randomized controlled trial (RCT). Adapted results from the questionnaires showed that pain, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia significantly (p < 0.001) decreased by using chamomile oleogel on the patients after 30 min. Results supported the efficacy of chamomile oleogel as a pain relief in migraine without aura.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Evaluation of the effect of topical chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) oleogel as pain relief in migraine without aura: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

Autores: Arman Zargaran, Afshin Borhani-Haghighi, Mohammad Salehi-Marzijarani, Pouya Faridi, Saeid Daneshamouz, Amir Azadi, Hossein Sadeghpour, Amirhossein Sakhteman, Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Phytotherapy is a source of finding new remedies for migraine. Traditional chamomile oil (chamomile extraction in sesame oil) is a formulation in Persian medicine (PM) for pain relief in migraine. An oleogel preparation of reformulated traditional chamomile oil was prepared and then standardized based on chamazulene (as a marker in essential oil) and apigenin via gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, respectively. A crossover double-blind clinical trial was performed with 100 patients. Each patient took two tubes of drug and two tubes of placebo during the study. Visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires were filled in by the patients and scores were given, ranging from 0 to 10 (based on the severity of pain) during 24 h. Other complications like nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia were also monitored. There was 4.48 ± 0.01 μl/ml of chamazulene and 0.233 mg/g of apigenin in the preparation (by correcting the amount with extraction ratio). Thirty-eight patients in the drug-placebo and 34 patients in the placebo-drug groups (a total number of 72 patients as per protocol) completed the process in the randomized controlled trial (RCT). Adapted results from the questionnaires showed that pain, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia significantly (p < 0.001) decreased by using chamomile oleogel on the patients after 30 min. Results supported the efficacy of chamomile oleogel as a pain relief in migraine without aura.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of (-)-α-bisabolol in rodents.

Autores: Nayrton Flávio Moura Rocha, Emiliano Ricardo Vasconcelos Rios, Alyne Mara Rodrigues Carvalho, Gilberto Santos Cerqueira, Amanda de Araújo Lopes, Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal, Marília Leite Dias, Damião Pergentino de Sousa, Francisca Cléa Florenço de Sousa | Ano: 2011 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: (-)-α-Bisabolol is an unsaturated, optically active sesquiterpene alcohol obtained by the direct distillation of essential oil from plants such as Vanillosmopsis erythropappa and Matricaria chamomilla. (-)-α-Bisabolol has generated considerable economic interest, as it possesses a delicate floral odour and has been shown to have antiseptic and gastroprotective activities. In this study, (-)-α-bisabolol was tested in standardised rodent models by gavage administration at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg in the models of inflammation and 25 and 50 mg/kg in the models of nociception. In the inflammatory models of paw oedema induced by carrageenan and dextran, the mice treated with (-)-α-bisabolol showed smaller oedemas compared to animals treated only with the vehicle. (-)-α-Bisabolol was capable of reducing paw oedemas induced by 5-HT but not oedemas induced by histamine. (-)-α-Bisabolol demonstrated anti-nociceptive activity in the models of visceral nociception induced by acetic acid and in the second phase of the nociception test induced by the intraplantar administration of formalin. (-)-α-Bisabolol did not have any effect in a thermal nociception model using a hot plate but was able to diminish mechanical inflammatory hypernociception evoked by carrageenan. These findings suggest that the anti-nociceptive action of (-)-α-bisabolol is not linked to a central mechanism but instead is related to the inflammatory process. (-)-α-Bisabolol was able to decrease leukocyte migration, protein extravasations and the amount of TNF-α to the peritoneal cavity in response to carrageenan. Additionally, (-)-α-bisabolol reduced neutrophil degranulation in response to phorbol-myristate-acetate. We demonstrate, for the first time, the peripheral anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of (-)-α-bisabolol.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

A Comprehensive Review on Biology, Genetic Improvement, Agro and Process Technology of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.).

Autores: Ramesh Chauhan, Sanatsujat Singh, Vikas Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Amit Kumari, Shalika Rathore, Rakesh Kumar, Satbeer Singh | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: German chamomile (M. chamomilla) is recognized as a star herb due to its medicinal and aromatic properties. This plant is found across a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Both the flower heads and blue essential oils of German chamomile possess several pharmacological properties of an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic and sedative, etc., nature, which makes it a highly sought after herb for use in many pharma and aroma industries. Chamomile tea, prepared from its flower heads, is also a well-known herbal tea for mind and body relaxation. Though it is a high-demand herb, farmers have not adopted this plant for large scale cultivation as a crop, which could improve their livelihood, due to the high cost in flower heads harvesting, loss in over mature and immature flower heads picking during harvesting, unavailability of varieties and agrotechnologies for machine harvesting, a lack of efficient process development of oil extraction and in the lack of improved stable varieties. There are many studies that have reported on the phytochemistry and pharmacological uses of chamomile, which further explore its importance in the medicine industry. Several studies are also present in the literature on its cultivation practices and plant ecology. However, studies on breeding behavior, genetic improvement, varietal development and mechanical harvesting are scarce in German chamomile. Hence, keeping in mind various aspects of farmers' and researchers' interest, earlier reports on taxonomy, floral biology, processing of oil extraction, active constituents, uses, agronomy, breeding challenges and opportunities in German chamomile are summarized in this review.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

The complex technology on products of German chamomile.

Autores: Ilze Barene, Irena Daberte, Lija Zvirgzdina, Vilhelmine Iriste | Ano: 2003 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The German chamomile is an old herbal medicine, which is widely used in medical practice. The water and ethanol extracts of matricaria flowers are mainly used for their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and spasmolytic properties. It is possible to prepare tea of pulverized matricaria flowers with 0.2 mm sized particles packed in tea bags. The investigation of anatomical diagnostical identification, qualitative and quantitative indices showed that matricaria top got after gathering flowers can be recommend as a herb for medical use. The thin-layer chromatographic research showed that matricaria top contains 9 flavonoids (2 more than flowers) and it's essential oil--10 components (one more than flowers). The technological study of practical use of matricaria top approved the possibility to prepare the fluid extract of matricaria top for external use. The results of investigations showed the possibility of complex use of Matricaria recutita cultivated in Latvia.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

The complex technology on products of German chamomile.

Autores: Ilze Barene, Irena Daberte, Lija Zvirgzdina, Vilhelmine Iriste | Ano: 2003 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The German chamomile is an old herbal medicine, which is widely used in medical practice. The water and ethanol extracts of matricaria flowers are mainly used for their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and spasmolytic properties. It is possible to prepare tea of pulverized matricaria flowers with 0.2 mm sized particles packed in tea bags. The investigation of anatomical diagnostical identification, qualitative and quantitative indices showed that matricaria top got after gathering flowers can be recommend as a herb for medical use. The thin-layer chromatographic research showed that matricaria top contains 9 flavonoids (2 more than flowers) and it's essential oil--10 components (one more than flowers). The technological study of practical use of matricaria top approved the possibility to prepare the fluid extract of matricaria top for external use. The results of investigations showed the possibility of complex use of Matricaria recutita cultivated in Latvia.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil on the growth and ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem.

Autores: Marziyeh Tolouee, Soheil Alinezhad, Reza Saberi, Ali Eslamifar, Seyed Javad Zad, Kamkar Jaimand, Jaleh Taeb, Mohammad-Bagher Rezaee, Masanobu Kawachi, Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi, Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh | Ano: 2010 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The antifungal activity of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil was evaluated against Aspergillus niger with the emphasis on the plant's mode of action at the electron microscopy level. A total of 21 compounds were identified in the plant oil using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) accounting for 92.86% of the oil composition. The main compounds identified were alpha-bisabolol (56.86%), trans-trans-farnesol (15.64%), cis-beta-farnesene (7.12%), guaiazulene (4.24%), alpha-cubebene (2.69%), alpha-bisabolol oxide A (2.19%) and chamazulene (2.18%). In the bioassay, A. niger was cultured on Potato Dextrose Broth medium in 6-well microplates in the presence of serial two fold concentrations of plant oil (15.62 to 1000 microg/mL) for 96 h at 28 degrees C. Based on the results obtained, A. niger growth was inhibited dose dependently with a maximum of approximately 92.50% at the highest oil concentration. A marked retardation in conidial production by the fungus was noticed in relation to the inhibition of hyphal growth. The main changes of hyphae observed by transmission electron microscopy were disruption of cytoplasmic membranes and intracellular organelles, detachment of plasma membrane from the cell wall, cytoplasm depletion, and complete disorganization of hyphal compartments. In scanning electron microscopy, swelling and deformation of hyphal tips, formation of short branches, and collapse of entire hyphae were the major changes observed. Morphological alterations might be due to the effect on cell permeability through direct interaction of M. chamomilla essential oil with the fungal plasma membrane. These findings indicate the potential of M. chamomilla L. essential oil in preventing fungal contamination and subsequent deterioration of stored food and other susceptible materials.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil on the growth and ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem.

Autores: Marziyeh Tolouee, Soheil Alinezhad, Reza Saberi, Ali Eslamifar, Seyed Javad Zad, Kamkar Jaimand, Jaleh Taeb, Mohammad-Bagher Rezaee, Masanobu Kawachi, Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi, Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh | Ano: 2010 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The antifungal activity of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil was evaluated against Aspergillus niger with the emphasis on the plant's mode of action at the electron microscopy level. A total of 21 compounds were identified in the plant oil using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) accounting for 92.86% of the oil composition. The main compounds identified were alpha-bisabolol (56.86%), trans-trans-farnesol (15.64%), cis-beta-farnesene (7.12%), guaiazulene (4.24%), alpha-cubebene (2.69%), alpha-bisabolol oxide A (2.19%) and chamazulene (2.18%). In the bioassay, A. niger was cultured on Potato Dextrose Broth medium in 6-well microplates in the presence of serial two fold concentrations of plant oil (15.62 to 1000 microg/mL) for 96 h at 28 degrees C. Based on the results obtained, A. niger growth was inhibited dose dependently with a maximum of approximately 92.50% at the highest oil concentration. A marked retardation in conidial production by the fungus was noticed in relation to the inhibition of hyphal growth. The main changes of hyphae observed by transmission electron microscopy were disruption of cytoplasmic membranes and intracellular organelles, detachment of plasma membrane from the cell wall, cytoplasm depletion, and complete disorganization of hyphal compartments. In scanning electron microscopy, swelling and deformation of hyphal tips, formation of short branches, and collapse of entire hyphae were the major changes observed. Morphological alterations might be due to the effect on cell permeability through direct interaction of M. chamomilla essential oil with the fungal plasma membrane. These findings indicate the potential of M. chamomilla L. essential oil in preventing fungal contamination and subsequent deterioration of stored food and other susceptible materials.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Chamomile: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Activities and Quality Control Studies.

Autores: Yun-Lei Dai, Ying Li, Qi Wang, Feng-Jv Niu, Kun-Wei Li, Yun-Yu Wang, Jian Wang, Chang-Zheng Zhou, Li-Na Gao | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Matricaria chamomilla L. (MC) and Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (CN) are two varieties of Chamomile. These herbs have been used for thousands of years in Greece, Rome and ancient Egypt. Chamomile has been used for the treatment of stomach problems, cramps, dermatitis, and minor infections. The purpose of this study was to introduce the botanical characteristics and geographical distribution, traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, toxicity studies and quality control studies, and lay a theoretical foundation for the rational development and utilization of chamomile. This review powered that chemical constituents include flavonoids, coumarins, volatile oils, terpenes, organic acids, polysaccharides, and others. These compounds possess anticancer, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antioxidant, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic, antihypertensive, antidepressant, neuroprotective activities, among others. Chamomile is a widely used herb in traditional medicine. It brings great economic value due to its numerous pharmacological effects and traditional uses. However, more toxicity tests should be carried out to confirm its safety. There is need for further research to provide concrete scientific evidence and validate its medicinal properties.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of chamazulene.

Autores: Andrea Capuzzo, Andrea Occhipinti, Massimo E Maffei | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oils (EOs) of chamomile contain several bioactive compounds, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and fatty acids. Hydrodistillation of chamomile EO induces the formation of chamazulene, a bioactive compound. Chamazulene was isolated from the EO by column chromatography. The total antioxidant capacity confirmed a higher antioxidant activity of chamazulene (IC50 = 6.4 μg mL(- 1)) than of ascorbic acid (IC50 = 12.8 μg mL(- 1)), α-tocopherol (IC50 = 20.5 μg mL(- 1)) and of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 = 30.8 μg mL(- 1)). Chamazulene was unable to react with DPPH√. However, when chamazulene was assayed with ABTS√, a strong and significantly (P < 0.05) higher free radical scavenging activity was observed (IC50 = 3.7 μg mL(- 1)), with respect to BHT (IC50 = 6.2 μg mL(- 1)) and α-tocopherol (IC50 = 11.5 μg mL(- 1)). The results of this work show that chamazulene is an important factor for the antioxidant power of chamomile oil.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Essential Oils from Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Cupressaceae and Lamiaceae Families Grown in Serbia: Comparative Chemical Profiling with In Vitro Antioxidant Activity.

Autores: Nevena Gladikostić, Bojana Ikonić, Nemanja Teslić, Zoran Zeković, Danica Božović, Predrag Putnik, Danijela Bursać Kovačević, Branimir Pavlić | Ano: 2023 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of the present study was to investigate the chemical profile and antioxidant activity of essential oils obtained from the most commonly grown plant species in Serbia. Aromatic and medicinal plants from Lamiaceae (Mentha x Piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, Satureja hortensis, Satureja montana and Thymus vulgaris), Asteraceae (Ehinacea purpurea and Matricaria chamomilla), Apiaceae (Anethum graveolens, Carum carvi, Foeniculum vulgare, Petroselinum crispum and Pimpinella anisum) and Cupressaceae (Juniperus comunis) were selected as raw material for essential oils (EOs)' isolation. Hydrodistillation (HD) was used for the isolation of EOs while they were evaluated in terms of yield and terpenoid profiles by GC-MS. In vitro radical scavenging DPPH and ABTS+ radical activities were carried out for all EOs. Finally, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the experimental results of the composition and antioxidant activity of the EOs, which showed a clear distinction between the selected plant species for the aforementioned responses. This work represents a screening tool for the selection of other EO candidates for further processing by emerging extraction techniques and the use of EOs as natural additives for meat products.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Determination of Chemical Compounds and Investigation of Biological Properties of Matricaria chamomilla Essential Oils, Honey, and Their Mixture.

Autores: Ahmed Qasem, Hamza Assaggaf, Domenico Montesano, Zineb Khalil, Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli, Aicha El Baaboua, Nasreddine El Omari, Naoual El Menyiy, Saad Bakrim, Ryan A Sheikh, Mohammed Merae Alshahrani, Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh, Gokhan Zengin, Abdelhakim Bouyahya, Hanae Naceiri Mrabti | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This exploratory investigation aimed to determine the chemical composition and evaluate some biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities, of Matricaria chamomilla L. essential oils (EOs). EOs of M. chamomilla were obtained by hydrodistillation and phytochemical screening was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activities were tested against different pathogenic strains of microorganisms by using disc diffusion assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The antidiabetic activity was performed in vitro using the enzyme inhibition test. The antioxidant activity of EOs was tested using the free radical scavenging ability (DPPH method), ferrous ion chelating (FIC) ability, and β-carotene bleaching assay. The anti-inflammatory effects were tested in vivo using the carrageenan-induced paw edema method and in vitro using the inhibition of the lipoxygenase test. The analysis of the phytochemical composition by GC-MS revealed that camphor (16.42%) was the major compound of EOs, followed by 3-carene (9.95%), β-myrcene (8.01%), and chamazulene (6.54%). MCEO, honey, and their mixture exhibited antioxidant activity against the DPPH assay (IC50 ranging from 533.89 ± 15.05 µg/mL to 1945.38 ± 12.71 µg/mL). The mixture exhibited the best radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 of 533.89 ± 15.05 µg/mL. As antidiabetic effect, EO presented the best values against α-glucosidase (265.57 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and α-amylase (121.44 ± 0.05 μg/mL). The EOs and honey mixture at a dose of 100 mg/kg exhibited a high anti-inflammatory effect, with 63.75% edema inhibition after 3 h. The impact of EOs on the studied species showed an excellent antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (22.97 ± 0.16 mm)), antifungal (Aspergillus niger (18.13 ± 0.18 mm)) and anti-yeast (Candida albicans (21.07 ± 0.24 mm) effect against all the tested strains. The results obtained indicate that the EOs of M. chamomilla could be a potential drug target against diabetes, inflammation and microbial infections; however, further investigations to assess their bioactive molecules individually and in combination are greatly required.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Experimental and clinical antihypertensive activity of Matricaria chamomilla extracts and their angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity.

Autores: Amani A Awaad, Reham M El-Meligy, Ghada M Zain, Amal A Safhi, Noura A Al Qurain, Shekhah S Almoqren, Yara M Zain, Vidya D Sesh Adri, Fahad I Al-Saikhan | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Three different extracts of Matricaria chamomilla L. were evaluated for their antihypertensive activity, these extracts were total alcohol extract (Extract 1), oil extracted (Extract 2), and water lifted after oil extraction (Extract 3). Quantitative and Qualitative analyses were carried out for all extracts. The 3 extracts were proved to be safe for human use. A single oral administration of the plant extracts (200 mg/kg) decreases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of normotensive rats after 1, 1.5, and 2 hr. Furthermore, groups treated with the evaluated extracts (100 & 200 mg/kg) or Captopril (20 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in the elevated blood pressure and heart rate. Extract 3 showed the most antihypertensive activity. Serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile levels of treated groups were improved in comparison with induced-hypertensive untreated rats. In evaluation of oxidative damage parameters Glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in some organs, the investigated extracts or captopril restored the amount of reduced Glutathione in tissues in addition to an increase in the activity of the SOD after a significant depletion of SOD activity. In the clinical study, there was a significant dose dependent decrease in Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate compared with their basal values in both normotensive and hypertensive human volunteers after oral administration of Matricaria chamomilla beverages.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Amoebicidal activity of α-bisabolol, the main sesquiterpene in chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil against the trophozoite stage of Acanthamoeba castellani Neff.

Autores: Soumaya Hajaji, Ines Sifaoui, Atteneri López-Arencibia, María Reyes-Batlle, Basilio Valladares, José E Pinero, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Hafidh Akkari | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Acanthamoeba genus includes opportunistic pathogens which are distributed worldwide and are causative agents of a fatal encephalitis and severe keratitis in humans and other animals. Until present there are not fully effective therapeutic agents against this pathogen and thus the need to search for novel anti-amoebic compounds is urgent. Recently, essential oils of aromatic and medicinal plants have shown activity against Acanthamoeba strains. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the activity of main component of chamomile essential oil (a sesquiterpene) namely α-bisabolol against the Acanthamoeba castellani Neff strain. After evaluation of the activity and toxicity of this molecule, IC50 values of 20.839 ± 2.015 for treated amoebae as well as low citotoxicty levels in a murine macrophage cell line was observed. Moreover, in order to elucidate mechanism of action of this molecule, changes in chromatin condensation levels, permeability of the plasmatic membrane, the mitochondrial membrane potential and the ATP levels in the treated amoebic strains were checked. The obtained results revealed that α-bisabolol was able to induce apoptosis, increase the permeability of the plasmatic membrane and decrease both mitochondrial and ATP levels in the treated amoebae. Therefore, and given the obtained results, α-bisabolol could be used a future therapeutic agent against Acanthamoeba infections.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Amoebicidal activity of α-bisabolol, the main sesquiterpene in chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) essential oil against the trophozoite stage of Acanthamoeba castellani Neff.

Autores: Soumaya Hajaji, Ines Sifaoui, Atteneri López-Arencibia, María Reyes-Batlle, Basilio Valladares, José E Pinero, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Hafidh Akkari | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Acanthamoeba genus includes opportunistic pathogens which are distributed worldwide and are causative agents of a fatal encephalitis and severe keratitis in humans and other animals. Until present there are not fully effective therapeutic agents against this pathogen and thus the need to search for novel anti-amoebic compounds is urgent. Recently, essential oils of aromatic and medicinal plants have shown activity against Acanthamoeba strains. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the activity of main component of chamomile essential oil (a sesquiterpene) namely α-bisabolol against the Acanthamoeba castellani Neff strain. After evaluation of the activity and toxicity of this molecule, IC50 values of 20.839 ± 2.015 for treated amoebae as well as low citotoxicty levels in a murine macrophage cell line was observed. Moreover, in order to elucidate mechanism of action of this molecule, changes in chromatin condensation levels, permeability of the plasmatic membrane, the mitochondrial membrane potential and the ATP levels in the treated amoebic strains were checked. The obtained results revealed that α-bisabolol was able to induce apoptosis, increase the permeability of the plasmatic membrane and decrease both mitochondrial and ATP levels in the treated amoebae. Therefore, and given the obtained results, α-bisabolol could be used a future therapeutic agent against Acanthamoeba infections.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Experimental and clinical antihypertensive activity of Matricaria chamomilla extracts and their angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity.

Autores: Amani A Awaad, Reham M El-Meligy, Ghada M Zain, Amal A Safhi, Noura A Al Qurain, Shekhah S Almoqren, Yara M Zain, Vidya D Sesh Adri, Fahad I Al-Saikhan | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Three different extracts of Matricaria chamomilla L. were evaluated for their antihypertensive activity, these extracts were total alcohol extract (Extract 1), oil extracted (Extract 2), and water lifted after oil extraction (Extract 3). Quantitative and Qualitative analyses were carried out for all extracts. The 3 extracts were proved to be safe for human use. A single oral administration of the plant extracts (200 mg/kg) decreases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of normotensive rats after 1, 1.5, and 2 hr. Furthermore, groups treated with the evaluated extracts (100 & 200 mg/kg) or Captopril (20 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in the elevated blood pressure and heart rate. Extract 3 showed the most antihypertensive activity. Serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile levels of treated groups were improved in comparison with induced-hypertensive untreated rats. In evaluation of oxidative damage parameters Glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in some organs, the investigated extracts or captopril restored the amount of reduced Glutathione in tissues in addition to an increase in the activity of the SOD after a significant depletion of SOD activity. In the clinical study, there was a significant dose dependent decrease in Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate compared with their basal values in both normotensive and hypertensive human volunteers after oral administration of Matricaria chamomilla beverages.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model.

Autores: Marina Soković, Jasmina Glamočlija, Petar D Marin, Dejan Brkić, Leo J L D van Griensven | Ano: 2010 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from 10 commonly consumed herbs: Citrus aurantium, C. limon, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria chamomilla, Mentha piperita, M. spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Salvia officinalis have been determined. The antibacterial activity of these oils and their main components; i.e. camphor, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, menthol, a-pinene, b-pinene, and thymol were assayed against the human pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Micrococcus flavus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, S. epidermidis, S. typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. The highest and broadest activity was shown by O. vulgare oil. Carvacrol had the highest antibacterial activity among the tested components.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Propriedades antibacterianas de óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais/ Antibacterial properties of essential oils from medicinal plants

Autores: Lima, Edeltrudes de Oliveira; Farias, Nilma Maria Porto; Souza, Evandro Leite; Santos, Bernadete Helena Cavalcante | Ano: 2003 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Objetivo: Realizar o estudo in vitro da atividade antibacteriana de óleos essenciais obtidos das seguintes plantas medicinais: Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela), Citrus limonium (limoeiro), Cymbopogom citratus (Capim-santo), Eucaliptus globulus (eucalipto), Eugenia caryophillus (cravo da índia), E. uniflora (pitanga), Lippia alba (erva-cidreira), Matricaria chamomilla (camomila), Pneumus boldus (boldo), Ruta graveolens (arruda) e Zingiber officinalis (gengibre) sobre cepas de bactérias Gram negativas. Material e Métodos: Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos pela técnica de destilação por arraste com vapor de gua. Os ensaios das propriedades antibacterianas dos óleos essenciais, foram executados pela técnica de difusão em meio sólido. Resultados: Cinco dos nove óleos essenciais analisados apresentaram poder de inibição do crescimento de uma ou mais cepas de bactérias Gram negativas. Somente os óleos essenciais de R. graveolens e Z. officinalis não apresentaram ação inibitória sobre nenhuma cepa testada. Entretanto, o óleo essencial C. citratus obteve destaque entre os produtos analisados, o qual apresentou uma concentração inibitória mínima de 8 por cento para as cepas analisadas. Conclusão: Os óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais apresentam-se como agentes potencialmente efetivos na inibição do crescimento de bactérias Gram negativas, sendo destacada a ação do óleo essencial de C. citratus.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effects of Olfactory Stimulation with Aroma Oils on Psychophysiological Responses of Female Adults.

Autores: Na-Yoon Choi, Yu-Tong Wu, Sin-Ae Park | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study investigated the effects of olfactory stimulation with aroma oils on the psychophysiological responses in women. Ten aromatic oils (lavender, rosemary, rose, eucalyptus, jasmine, geranium, chamomile, clary sage, thyme, and peppermint) were used on 23 women aged between 20 and 60 years. They inhaled the scent for 90 s through a glass funnel attached to their lab apron, 10 cm below their nose, while the pump was activated. Electroencephalography, blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured before and during inhalation of the aroma oils. The relative alpha (RA) power spectrums indicating relaxation and resting state of the brain significantly increased when lavender, rosemary, eucalyptus, jasmine, chamomile, clary sage, and thyme oils were inhaled compared to those of before olfactory stimulation. The ratio of alpha to high beta (RAHB), an indicator of brain stability and relaxation, significantly increased when rosemary, jasmine, clary sage, and peppermint oils were inhaled. The relative low beta (RLB) power spectrum, an indicator of brain activity in the absence of stress, significantly increased when stimulated with lavender, rosemary, rose, and geranium scents. Further, systolic blood pressure significantly decreased after introduction of all 10 types of aromatic oils, which indicates stress reduction. Thus, olfactory stimulation with aroma oil had a stabilizing effect on the prefrontal cortex and brain activity and decreased systolic blood pressure.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of crude extracts and essential oils from medicinal plants.

Autores: N C C Silva, L Barbosa, L N Seito, A Fernandes | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: We aimed to establish a phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts and performed GC-MS of the essential oils (EOs) of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) and Asteraceae species Baccharis dracunculifolia DC, Matricaria chamomilla L. and Vernonia polyanthes Less, as well as determining their antimicrobial activity. Establishment of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the crude extracts and EOs against 16 Staphylococcus aureus and 16 Escherichia coli strains from human specimens was carried out using the dilution method in Mueller-Hinton agar. Some phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties were established, and all EOs had a higher antimicrobial activity than the extracts. Matricaria chamomilla extract and E. uniflora EO were efficient against S. aureus strains, while E. uniflora and V. polyanthes extracts and V. polyanthes EO showed the best antimicrobial activity against E. coli strains. Staphylococcus aureus strains were more susceptible to the tested plant products than E. coli, but all natural products promoted antimicrobial growth inhibition.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Thymus schimperi, Matricaria chamomilla, Eucalyptus globulus, and Rosmarinus officinalis.

Autores: Awol Mekonnen, Berhanu Yitayew, Alemnesh Tesema, Solomon Taddese | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In this study, the in vitro antimicrobial activities of four plant essential oils (T. schimperi, E. globulus, R. officinalis, and M. Chamomilla) were evaluated against bacteria and fungi. The studies were carried out using agar diffusion method for screening the most effective essential oils and agar dilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oils. Results of this study revealed that essential oils of T. schimperi, E. globulus, and R. officinalis were active against bacteria and some fungi. The antimicrobial effect of M. chamomilla was found to be weaker and did not show any antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of T. schimperi were <15.75 mg/mL for most of the bacteria and fungi used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of the other essential oils were in the range of 15.75-36.33 mg/mL against tested bacteria. This study highlighted the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of E. globulus, M. chamomilla, T. Schimperi, and R. officinalis. The results indicated that T. schimperi have shown strong antimicrobial activity which could be potential candidates for preparation of antimicrobial drug preparation.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

[Comparison of antioxidant activity between two species of chamomiles produced in Xinjiang by TLC-bioautography].

Autores: Song-Lin Han, Xin-Xia Li, Qiang-Hui Mian, Wei Lan, Yan Liu | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: To compare the antioxidant active components from two species of chamomile-matricaria and Roman chamomile produced in Xinjiang.

Resultados: According to the result of TLC-bioautography in volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles, volatile oil extracts from chamomile showed four white antioxidant spots, including en-yne-dicycloether, and volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile showed only one white antioxidant spot. The TLC-scanning result showed that the peak area of antioxidant spots of volatile oil extracts from chamomile was significantly larger than that of volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile. According to the test on the antioxidant activity of the two species of chamomiles with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, the concentration of chamomile after scavenging 50% of DPPH radicals was 0.66 g x L(-1), whereas the figure for Roman chamomile was 0.33 g x L(-1). According to the result of TLC-bioautography in flavone extracts from the two species of chamomiles, flavone extracts from chamomile showed seven yellowish antioxidant spots, including apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside, and flavone extracts of Roman chamomile showed eight yellowish antioxidant spots, including apigenin and apigenin-7-glucoside. The TLC-scanning results showed that the peak area of antioxidant spots of flavone extracts from Roman chamomile was significantly larger than that of flavone extracts from chamomile.

Conclusão: Volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles have significant difference in the antioxidant activity in TLC-bioautography. Specifically, the antioxidant activity of volatile oil extracts from chamomile is stronger than volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile; the known antioxidant active components in volatile oil extracts from chamomile is en-yne-dicycloether, while all of the other three antioxidant active components as well as antioxidant active components in volatile oil extracts from Roman chamomile are unknown components and remain to be further determined. Considering the significant difference in the number of antioxidant active spots in volatile oil extracts from the two species of chamomiles, the result can be applied to distinguish the two species of chamomiles. The antioxidant activity determination result for flavone extracts from two species of chamomiles was consistent with the result of TLC-bioautography, showing that flavone extracts from chamomile and Roman chamomile are more antioxidant active, while that of Roman chamomile is stronger than chamomile. Flavone extracts from both of the two species of chamomiles contain apigenin and pigenin-7-glucoside, which are known, while all of the other five antioxidant active components contained in flavone extracts from chamomile and the other six antioxidant active components contained in flavone extracts from Roman chamomile are unknown and remain to be further identified. The method lays a foundation for further identification of antioxidant active components contained in chamomile.

The Influence of Freeze-Dried Alcohol-Water Extracts from Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) on the Properties of Elastomer Vulcanizates.

Autores: Andrii Aleksieiev, Marcin Masłowski, Magdalena Efenberger-Szmechtyk, Krzysztof Strzelec | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This research work aimed to investigate the properties of freeze-dried extracts from Matricaria chamomilla L. and Achillea millefolium L. and to perform a characterization of their impact on the natural rubber-based vulcanizates. First, extracts were prepared in three different solvents at selected volume ratios: water (100), water-methanol (50/50), and water-ethanol (50/50). Next, the freeze-drying of extracts was established and then obtained bio-additives were introduced to the rubber mixtures. Freeze-dried extracts were investigated by UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Near-Infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) were also defined. Rubber mixtures were examined in a rheometer and after vulcanization they were subjected to accelerated simulated aging by UV radiation and thermo-oxidative aging. To determine the resistance of vulcanizates to the degradation processes, the study of cross-linking density (equilibrium swelling method), mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break) and color change were conducted. Performed studies proved the antioxidant activity of freeze-dried extracts caused by the high content of polyphenols and their beneficial influence on the properties of elastomer vulcanizates.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Determination of Chemical Compounds and Investigation of Biological Properties of Matricaria chamomilla Essential Oils, Honey, and Their Mixture.

Autores: Ahmed Qasem, Hamza Assaggaf, Domenico Montesano, Zineb Khalil, Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli, Aicha El Baaboua, Nasreddine El Omari, Naoual El Menyiy, Saad Bakrim, Ryan A Sheikh, Mohammed Merae Alshahrani, Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh, Gokhan Zengin, Abdelhakim Bouyahya, Hanae Naceiri Mrabti | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This exploratory investigation aimed to determine the chemical composition and evaluate some biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities, of Matricaria chamomilla L. essential oils (EOs). EOs of M. chamomilla were obtained by hydrodistillation and phytochemical screening was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activities were tested against different pathogenic strains of microorganisms by using disc diffusion assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The antidiabetic activity was performed in vitro using the enzyme inhibition test. The antioxidant activity of EOs was tested using the free radical scavenging ability (DPPH method), ferrous ion chelating (FIC) ability, and β-carotene bleaching assay. The anti-inflammatory effects were tested in vivo using the carrageenan-induced paw edema method and in vitro using the inhibition of the lipoxygenase test. The analysis of the phytochemical composition by GC-MS revealed that camphor (16.42%) was the major compound of EOs, followed by 3-carene (9.95%), β-myrcene (8.01%), and chamazulene (6.54%). MCEO, honey, and their mixture exhibited antioxidant activity against the DPPH assay (IC50 ranging from 533.89 ± 15.05 µg/mL to 1945.38 ± 12.71 µg/mL). The mixture exhibited the best radical scavenging activity, with an IC50 of 533.89 ± 15.05 µg/mL. As antidiabetic effect, EO presented the best values against α-glucosidase (265.57 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and α-amylase (121.44 ± 0.05 μg/mL). The EOs and honey mixture at a dose of 100 mg/kg exhibited a high anti-inflammatory effect, with 63.75% edema inhibition after 3 h. The impact of EOs on the studied species showed an excellent antimicrobial (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (22.97 ± 0.16 mm)), antifungal (Aspergillus niger (18.13 ± 0.18 mm)) and anti-yeast (Candida albicans (21.07 ± 0.24 mm) effect against all the tested strains. The results obtained indicate that the EOs of M. chamomilla could be a potential drug target against diabetes, inflammation and microbial infections; however, further investigations to assess their bioactive molecules individually and in combination are greatly required.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Development of chitosan nanocapsules containing essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Autores: Thaysa Ksiaskiewcz Karam, Sonia Ortega, Tania Ueda Nakamura, Rachel Auzély-Velty, Celso Vataru Nakamura | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Matricaria chamomilla L. has been used for centuries in many applications, including antiparasitic activity. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease, with limited treatments, due to high cost and toxicity. Thus, there is a need to develop new treatments, and in this context, natural products are targets of these researches. We report the development of chitosan nanocapsules containing essential oil of M. chamomilla (CEO) from oil-in-water emulsions using chitosan modified with tetradecyl chains as biocompatible shell material. The nanocapsules of CEO (NCEO) were analyzed by optical microscopy and dynamic light scattering, which revealed spherical shape and an average size of 800 nm. Successful encapsulation of CEO was further confirmed by fluorescence microscopy observations taking advantage of the autofluorescence properties of CEO. The encapsulation efficiency was around 90%. The entrapment of CEO reduced its cytotoxicity towards normal cells. On the other hand, the CEO was active against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, exhibiting IC50 of 3.33 μg/mL and 14.56 μg/mL, respectively, while NCEO showed IC50 for promastigotes of 7.18 μg/mL and for intracellular amastigotes of 14.29 μg/mL. These results demonstrate that encapsulation of CEO in nanocapsules using an alkylated chitosan biosurfactant as a "green" stabilizer is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat leishmaniasis.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Efficacy of anise oil, dwarf-pine oil and chamomile oil against thymidine-kinase-positive and thymidine-kinase-negative herpesviruses.

Autores: Christine Koch, Jürgen Reichling, Roland Kehm, Mona M Sharaf, Hanswalter Zentgraf, Jürgen Schneele, Paul Schnitzler | Ano: 2008 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effect of anise oil, dwarf-pine oil and chamomile oil against different thymidine-kinase-positive (aciclovir-sensitive) and thymidine-kinase-negative (aciclovir-resistant) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strains was examined. Clinical HSV-1 isolates containing frameshift mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, an insertion or a deletion, yield a non-functional thymidine kinase enzyme resulting in phenotypical resistance against aciclovir. The inhibitory activity of three different essential oils against herpes simplex virus isolates was tested in-vitro using a plaque reduction assay. All essential oils exhibited high levels of antiviral activity against aciclovir-sensitive HSV strain KOS and aciclovir-resistant clinical HSV isolates as well as aciclovir-resistant strain Angelotti. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the plant oils, plaque formation was significantly reduced by 96.6-99.9%, when herpesviruses were preincubated with drugs before attachment to host cells. No significant effect on viral infectivity could be achieved by adding these compounds during the replication phase. These results indicate that anise oil, dwarf-pine oil and chamomile oil affected the virus by interrupting adsorption of herpesviruses and in a different manner than aciclovir, which is effective after attachment inside the infected cells. Thus the investigated essential oils are capable of exerting a direct effect on HSV and might be useful in the treatment of drug-resistant viruses. Chamomile oil did not reveal any irritating potential on hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane, demonstrated the highest selectivity index among the oils tested and was highly active against clinically relevant aciclovir-resistant HSV-1 strains.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Efficacy of anise oil, dwarf-pine oil and chamomile oil against thymidine-kinase-positive and thymidine-kinase-negative herpesviruses.

Autores: Christine Koch, Jürgen Reichling, Roland Kehm, Mona M Sharaf, Hanswalter Zentgraf, Jürgen Schneele, Paul Schnitzler | Ano: 2008 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effect of anise oil, dwarf-pine oil and chamomile oil against different thymidine-kinase-positive (aciclovir-sensitive) and thymidine-kinase-negative (aciclovir-resistant) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strains was examined. Clinical HSV-1 isolates containing frameshift mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, an insertion or a deletion, yield a non-functional thymidine kinase enzyme resulting in phenotypical resistance against aciclovir. The inhibitory activity of three different essential oils against herpes simplex virus isolates was tested in-vitro using a plaque reduction assay. All essential oils exhibited high levels of antiviral activity against aciclovir-sensitive HSV strain KOS and aciclovir-resistant clinical HSV isolates as well as aciclovir-resistant strain Angelotti. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the plant oils, plaque formation was significantly reduced by 96.6-99.9%, when herpesviruses were preincubated with drugs before attachment to host cells. No significant effect on viral infectivity could be achieved by adding these compounds during the replication phase. These results indicate that anise oil, dwarf-pine oil and chamomile oil affected the virus by interrupting adsorption of herpesviruses and in a different manner than aciclovir, which is effective after attachment inside the infected cells. Thus the investigated essential oils are capable of exerting a direct effect on HSV and might be useful in the treatment of drug-resistant viruses. Chamomile oil did not reveal any irritating potential on hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane, demonstrated the highest selectivity index among the oils tested and was highly active against clinically relevant aciclovir-resistant HSV-1 strains.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Activity of Matricaria chamomilla essential oil against anisakiasis.

Autores: Maria del Carmen Romero, Adela Valero, Joaquina Martín-Sánchez, María Concepción Navarro-Moll | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The increase in diagnosed cases of anisakiasis and the virtual absence of effective treatments have prompted the search for new active compounds against Anisakis L(3) larvae. The biocidal efficacy against different pathogens shown by various essential oils (EO) led us to study the Matricaria chamomilla EO and two of its main components (chamazulene and α-bisabolol) against the L(3) larvae of Anisakis type I. The activity of M. chamomilla EO, chamazulene and α-bisabolol was established by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The EO (125μg/ml) caused the death of all nematodes, which showed cuticle changes and intestinal wall rupture. In the in vivo assays, only 2.2%±1.8 of infected rats treated with M. chamomilla EO showed gastric wall lesions in comparison to 93.3%±3.9 of control. Chamazulene was ineffective, while α-bisabolol showed a high activity to that of the EO in vitro tests but proved less active in vivo. These findings suggest that the larvicidal activity may result from the synergistic action of different compounds of M. chamomilla EO. Neither of the tested products induces irritative damage in the intestinal tissues. In conclusion, M. chamomilla EO is a good candidate for further investigation as a biocidal agent against Anisakis type I.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Leishmanicidal activity of α-bisabolol from Tunisian chamomile essential oil.

Autores: Soumaya Hajaji, Ines Sifaoui, Atteneri López-Arencibia, María Reyes-Batlle, Ignacio A Jiménez, Isabel L Bazzocchi, Basilio Valladares, Hafidh Akkari, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, José E Piñero | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: According to the World Health Organization, leishmaniasis is considered as a major neglected tropical disease causing an enormous impact on global public health. Available treatments were complicated due to the high resistance, toxicity, and high cost. Therefore, the search for novel sources of anti-leishmania agents is an urgent need. In the present study, an in vitro evaluation of the leishmanicidal activity of the essential oil of Tunisian chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) was carried out. Chamomile essential oil exhibits a good activity on promastigotes forms of L. amazonensis and L. infantum with a low inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) (10.8 ± 1.4 and 10.4 ± 0.6 μg/mL, respectively). Bio-guided fractionation was developed and led to the identification of (-)-α-bisabolol as the most active molecule with low IC50 (16.0 ± 1.2 and 9.5 ± 0.1 μg/mL for L. amazonensis and L. infantum, respectively). This isolated sesquiterpene alcohol was studied for its activity on amastigotes forms (IC50 = 5.9 ± 1.2 and 4.8 ± 1.3 μg/mL, respectively) and its cytotoxicity (selectivity indexes (SI) were 5.4 and 6.6, respectively). The obtained results showed that (-)-α-bisabolol was able to activate a programmed cell death process in the promastigote stage of the parasite. It causes phosphatidylserine externalization and membrane damage. Moreover, it decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential and total ATP levels. These results highlight the potential use of (-)-α-bisabolol against both L. amazonensis and L. infantum, and further studies should be undertaken to establish it as novel leishmanicidal therapeutic agents.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Induced polygenic variations through $\gamma$ -rays irradiation and selection of novel genotype in chamomile (Chamomilla recutita [L.] Rauschert).

Autores: Raj Kishori Lal, Chandan Singh Chanotiya, Ved Ram Singh, Sunita Singh Dhawan, Pankhuri Gupta, Shama Shukla, Anand Mishra | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Purpose: To develop elite mutants in chamomile (Chamomilla recutita [L.] Rauschert) for increasing the quantity and quality of essential oil rich in acetylenic compound (2Z,8Z)-matricaria acid methyl ester by applying $\gamma$ -rays irradiation. Molecular and chemical analysis was performed for ithe dentification/differentiation of mutant genotype. Materials and methods: Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita [L.] Rauschert) variety Vallary seeds were irradiated by applying $\gamma$ -rays irradiation at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and1000 Gy doses at a dose rate of 55 Gy/min and mutants were isolated and analyzed for the quantity and quality of essential oil. The oil was found to be rich in acetylenic compound (2Z,8Z)-matricaria acid methyl ester and the results obtained were validated using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with either Flame Ionization detection (GC-FID) or mass spectrometer (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Results: The selected mutant SELM-1 (Selection Mutant-1) showed the production potential of 7.00-7.50 q ha-1 dry flowers and 6.00-6.50 kg ha-1 essential oil yield. Essential oil of mutant SELM-1 contained in [(2Z,8Z)-matricaria acid methyl ester] (76-80%) useful in cosmetic, perfumery, and pharmaceutical industries. Conclusion:$\gamma$ -rays irradiation method is a very efficient mutation breeding method for chamomile crop. GC-FID or GC-MS and NMR methods are found to be the most powerful methods for screening of essential oil chemical compounds isolated from the mutants. The novel mutant (SELM-1) is very promising in terms of high flower and essential oil yield rich in acetylenic compound (2Z,8Z)-matricaria acid methyl ester (76-80%), hence, it was released as variety in Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant (CIMAP), Lucknow U.P. (India) named as CIM-Ujjwala for commercial cultivation.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Increase of Chamazulene and α-Bisabolol Contents of the Essential Oil of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Using Salicylic Acid Treatments under Normal and Heat Stress Conditions.

Autores: Mojtaba Ghasemi, Nadali Babaeian Jelodar, Mohammad Modarresi, Nadali Bagheri, Abbas Jamali | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The chamazulene and α-(-)-bisabolol contents and quality of the chamomile oil are affected by genetic background and environmental conditions. Salicylic acid (SA), as a signaling molecule, plays a significant role in the plant physiological processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical profile, quantity, and improve the essential oil quality as a consequence of the increase of chamazulene and α-(-)-bisabol using salicylic acid under normal and heat stress conditions by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The factorial experiments were carried out during the 2011-2012 hot season using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors include four salicylic acid concentrations (0 (control), 10, 25 and 100 mg·L-1), and three chamomile cultivars (Bushehr, Bona, Bodegold) were sown on two different planting dates under field conditions. Fourteen compounds were identified from the extracted oil of the samples treated with salicylic acid under normal and heat stress conditions. The major identified oil compositions from chamomile cultivars treated with salicylic acid were chamazulene, α-(-)-bisabolol, bisabolone oxide, β-farnesene, en-yn-dicycloether, and bisabolol oxide A and B. Analysis of variance showed that the simple effects (environmental conditions, cultivar and salicylic acid) and their interaction were significant on all identified compounds, but the environmental conditions had no significant effect on bisabolol oxide A. The greatest amount of chamazulene obtained was 6.66% at the concentration of 10 mg·L-1 SA for the Bona cultivar under heat stress conditions, whereas the highest α-(-)-bisabolol amount attained was 3.41% at the concentration of 100 mg·L-1 SA for the Bona cultivar under normal conditions. The results demonstrated that the application of exogenous salicylic acid increases the quantity and essential oil quality as a consequence of the increase of chamazulene and α-(-)-bisabolol under normal and heat stress conditions.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effect of the ultrasound-assisted preliminary maceration on the efficiency of the essential oil distillation from selected herbal raw materials.

Autores: Radosław Kowalski, Grażyna Kowalska, Jerzy Jamroz, Agnieszka Nawrocka, Damian Metyk | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The objective of the study was the estimation of the ultrasound-assisted preliminary maceration effect on the efficiency of essential oil distillation and on its qualitative and quantitative composition. The experiment included analyses on three herbal materials, i.e. peppermint leaves (Mentha piperita L.), marjoram herb (Origanum majorana L.), and chamomile flowers (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert). The study showed that the application of preliminary water maceration of raw material, augmented with ultrasounds, had a statistically significant increasing effect on the amount of oil distilled, in the case of mint leaf from 1.32% to 1.46% v/w, and in the case of marjoram herb from 1.13% to 1.27% v/w. In the case of chamomile flowers no significant effect of ultrasound on the amount of oil obtained was observed. Generally, comparing the composition of essential oils obtained in the experiments with the requirements of the relevant standards no unfavourable effect of the distillation augmenting techniques applied was noted. Therefore, it should be expected that the studied distillates of volatile fractions will have the desired biological activity.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

An integrated approach utilising chemometrics and GC/MS for classification of chamomile flowers, essential oils and commercial products.

Autores: Mei Wang, Bharathi Avula, Yan-Hong Wang, Jianping Zhao, Cristina Avonto, Jon F Parcher, Vijayasankar Raman, Jerry A Zweigenbaum, Philip L Wylie, Ikhlas A Khan | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: As part of an ongoing research program on authentication, safety and biological evaluation of phytochemicals and dietary supplements, an in-depth chemical investigation of different types of chamomile was performed. A collection of chamomile samples including authenticated plants, commercial products and essential oils was analysed by GC/MS. Twenty-seven authenticated plant samples representing three types of chamomile, viz. German chamomile, Roman chamomile and Juhua were analysed. This set of data was employed to construct a sample class prediction (SCP) model based on stepwise reduction of data dimensionality followed by principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The model was cross-validated with samples including authenticated plants and commercial products. The model demonstrated 100.0% accuracy for both recognition and prediction abilities. In addition, 35 commercial products and 11 essential oils purported to contain chamomile were subsequently predicted by the validated PLS-DA model. Furthermore, tentative identification of the marker compounds correlated with different types of chamomile was explored.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

An integrated approach utilising chemometrics and GC/MS for classification of chamomile flowers, essential oils and commercial products.

Autores: Mei Wang, Bharathi Avula, Yan-Hong Wang, Jianping Zhao, Cristina Avonto, Jon F Parcher, Vijayasankar Raman, Jerry A Zweigenbaum, Philip L Wylie, Ikhlas A Khan | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: As part of an ongoing research program on authentication, safety and biological evaluation of phytochemicals and dietary supplements, an in-depth chemical investigation of different types of chamomile was performed. A collection of chamomile samples including authenticated plants, commercial products and essential oils was analysed by GC/MS. Twenty-seven authenticated plant samples representing three types of chamomile, viz. German chamomile, Roman chamomile and Juhua were analysed. This set of data was employed to construct a sample class prediction (SCP) model based on stepwise reduction of data dimensionality followed by principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The model was cross-validated with samples including authenticated plants and commercial products. The model demonstrated 100.0% accuracy for both recognition and prediction abilities. In addition, 35 commercial products and 11 essential oils purported to contain chamomile were subsequently predicted by the validated PLS-DA model. Furthermore, tentative identification of the marker compounds correlated with different types of chamomile was explored.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Fast quality assessment of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) by headspace solid-phase microextraction: influence of flower development stage.

Autores: Mohammad Rafieiolhossaini, An Adams, Hamid Sodaeizadeh, Patrick Van Damme, Norbert De Kimpe | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: For an adequate quality evaluation of aromatic plants grown under different conditions, a rapid, simple and sensitive method for the analysis of volatile constituents is indispensable. The main objective of the present study was to compare fast screening of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) by means of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with conventional isolation of the essential oil (steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDSE)) for the differentiation of chamomile essential oil constituents. Flowers were harvested at two distinct development stages: stage I, when ligulate flowers start to develop and tubular flowers are still closed, and stage II, when tubular flowers are partially to completely opened. Dried chamomile flowers at two development stages were extracted by means of both SDSE and HS-SPME, followed by GC-MS analysis. Among 30 compounds detected, (E)-beta-farnesene (49%), artemisia ketone (10%) and germacrene D (9%) were the predominant volatile components in the HS-SPME-extract, while alpha-bisabolol oxide A (42%), chamazulene (21%) and (Z)-spiroether (8%) were the main essential oil constituents among the 13 compounds obtained by SDSE. After statistical analysis of the data, both techniques enabled the same conclusion: (E)-beta-farnesene was the only compound which showed significant differences between the two flower development stages. These results suggest that HS-SPME-GC-MS can be used as a sensitive technique for the rapid screening and quality assessment of M. chamomilla.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Gastroprotection of (-)-alpha-bisabolol on acute gastric mucosal lesions in mice: the possible involved pharmacological mechanisms.

Autores: Nayrton Flávio Moura Rocha, Edith Teles Venâncio, Brinell Arcanjo Moura, Maria Izabel Gomes Silva, Manoel Rufino Aquino Neto, Emiliano Ricardo Vasconcelos Rios, Damião Pergentino de Sousa, Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos, Marta Maria de França Fonteles, Francisca Cléa Florenço de Sousa | Ano: 2010 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: (-)-Alpha-Bisabolol is an unsaturated, optically active sesquiterpene alcohol obtained by the direct distillation essential oil from plants such as Vanillosmopsis erythropappa and Matricaria chamomilla. (-)-Alpha-Bisabolol has generated considerable economic interest, since it possesses a delicate floral odor and has been shown to have anti-septic and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the gastroprotective action of (-)-alpha-bisabolol on ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcer models in mice, and further investigate the pharmacological mechanisms involved in this action. The oral administration of (-)-alpha-bisabolol 100 and 200 mg/kg was able to protect the gastric mucosa from ethanol (0.2 mL/animal p.o.) and indomethacin-induced ulcer (20 mg/kg p.o.). Administration of L-NAME (10 mg/kg i.p.), glibenclamide (10 mg/kg i.p.) or indomethacin (10 mg/kg p.o.) was not able to revert the gastroprotection promoted by (-)-alpha-bisabolol 200 mg/kg on the ethanol-induced ulcer. Dosage of gastric reduced glutathione (GSH) levels showed that ethanol and indomethacin reduced the content of non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) groups, while (-)-alpha-bisabolol significantly decreased the reduction of these levels on ulcer-induced mice, but not in mice without ulcer. In conclusion, gastroprotective effect on ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcer promoted by (-)-alpha-bisabolol may be associated with an increase of gastric sulfydryl groups bioavailability leading to a reduction of gastric oxidative injury induced by ethanol and indomethacin.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Biosynthesis of α-Bisabolol by Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase and α-Bisabolol Synthase and Their Related Transcription Factors in Matricaria recutita L.

Autores: Yuling Tai, Honggang Wang, Ping Yao, Jiameng Sun, Chunxiao Guo, Yifan Jin, Lu Yang, Youhui Chen, Feng Shi, Luyao Yu, Shuangshuang Li, Yi Yuan | Ano: 2023 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The essential oil of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) is widely used in food, cosmetics, and the pharmaceutical industry. α-Bisabolol is the main active substance in German chamomile. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) and α-bisabolol synthase (BBS) are key enzymes related to the α-bisabolol biosynthesis pathway. However, little is known about the α-bisabolol biosynthesis pathway in German chamomile, especially the transcription factors (TFs) related to the regulation of α-bisabolol synthesis. In this study, we identified MrFPS and MrBBS and investigated their functions by prokaryotic expression and expression in hairy root cells of German chamomile. The results suggest that MrFPS is the key enzyme in the production of sesquiterpenoids, and MrBBS catalyzes the reaction that produces α-bisabolol. Subcellular localization analysis showed that both MrFPS and MrBBS proteins were located in the cytosol. The expression levels of both MrFPS and MrBBS were highest in the extension period of ray florets. Furthermore, we cloned and analyzed the promoters of MrFPS and MrBBS. A large number of cis-acting elements related to light responsiveness, hormone response elements, and cis-regulatory elements that serve as putative binding sites for specific TFs in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses were identified. We identified and studied TFs related to MrFPS and MrBBS, including WRKY, AP2, and MYB. Our findings reveal the biosynthesis and regulation of α-bisabolol in German chamomile and provide novel insights for the production of α-bisabolol using synthetic biology methods.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Fast gas chromatography characterisation of purified semiochemicals from essential oils of Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) and Nepeta cataria L. (Lamiaceae).

Autores: Stéphanie Heuskin, Bruno Godin, Pascal Leroy, Quentin Capella, Jean-Paul Wathelet, François Verheggen, Eric Haubruge, Georges Lognay | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The chemical composition of Matricaria chamomilla L. and Nepeta cataria L. essential oils was determined by GC-MS on an apolar stationary phase by comparison of the characteristic fragmentation patterns with those of the Wiley 275L database. The GC-MS chromatograms were compared with those obtained by fast GC equipped with a direct resistively heated column (Ultra Fast Module 5% phenyl, 5 mx 0.1 mm, 0.1 microm film thickness). Analytical conditions were optimised to reach a good peak resolution (split ratio=1:100), with analysis time lower than 5 min versus 35-45 min required by conventional GC-MS. The fast chromatographic method was completely validated for the analysis of mono- and sesquiterpene compounds. Essential oils were then fractionated by column chromatography packed with silica gel. Three main fractions with high degree of purity in E-beta-farnesene were isolated from the oil of M. chamomilla. One fraction enriched in (Z,E)-nepetalactone and one enriched in beta-caryophyllene were obtained from the oil of N. cataria. These semiochemical compounds could act as attractants of aphid's predators and parasitoids.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Guaianolides and volatile compounds in chamomile tea.

Autores: Christine Tschiggerl, Franz Bucar | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Chamomile (German Chamomile, Matricaria recutita L., Asteraceae) is one of the most popular medicinal plants in use as an herbal tea for food purposes and in folk medicine. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of the volatile fraction of chamomile herbal tea were performed. Volatile constituents of the infusion were isolated by two different methods, namely hydrodistillation and solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysed by GC-MS. The relative proportions of particular chemical classes, present in the essential oil and volatile fractions of the infusion showed remarkable differences. The proportion of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in the infusion, as compared to the essential oil, was significantly lower. Strikingly, the dichloromethane extract of the infusion contained a lower amount of bisabolol oxides and chamazulene, but higher amounts of spiroethers, sesquiterpene lactones and coumarins, as compared to the hydrodistillates of the herbal drug and the infusion. In addition to the previously known guaianolides matricarin and achillin, acetoxyachillin and leucodin (= desacetoxymatricarin), corresponding C-11 stereoisomers with various biological activities typically occurring in Achillea species, were identified in the dichloromethane extract of chamomile tea for the first time.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

The effects of Lavender and Chamomile essential oil inhalation aromatherapy on depression, anxiety and stress in older community-dwelling people: A randomized controlled trial.

Autores: Hossein Ebrahimi, Abbas Mardani, Mohammad Hasan Basirinezhad, Azam Hamidzadeh, Fatemeh Eskandari | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Considering the prevalence of mental health problems in older adults, this study aims to investigate the effect of inhalation aromatherapy using lavender and chamomile essential oils on depression, anxiety, and stress of community-dwelling older people.

Resultados: Statistically significant improvement occurred in depression, anxiety, and stress levels immediately and one month after the intervention in lavender and chamomile groups compared to the control group (p < 0.01).

Conclusão: Inhalation aromatherapy with both lavender and chamomile essential oils helped decrease depression, anxiety, and stress levels in community-dwelling older adults.

The effects of Lavender and Chamomile essential oil inhalation aromatherapy on depression, anxiety and stress in older community-dwelling people: A randomized controlled trial.

Autores: Hossein Ebrahimi, Abbas Mardani, Mohammad Hasan Basirinezhad, Azam Hamidzadeh, Fatemeh Eskandari | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Considering the prevalence of mental health problems in older adults, this study aims to investigate the effect of inhalation aromatherapy using lavender and chamomile essential oils on depression, anxiety, and stress of community-dwelling older people.

Resultados: Statistically significant improvement occurred in depression, anxiety, and stress levels immediately and one month after the intervention in lavender and chamomile groups compared to the control group (p < 0.01).

Conclusão: Inhalation aromatherapy with both lavender and chamomile essential oils helped decrease depression, anxiety, and stress levels in community-dwelling older adults.

Effect of (-)-α-Bisabolol on the Inflammatory Response in Systemic Infection Experimental Model in C57BL/6 Mice.

Autores: Heitor Augusto Otaviano Cavalcante, Saulo Euclides Silva-Filho, Luiz Alexandre Marques Wiirzler, Gabriel Fernando Esteves Cardia, Nancy Sayuri Uchida, Francielli Maria de Souza Silva-Comar, Ciomar Aparecida Bersani-Amado, Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: (-)-α-Bisabolol (BISA) is an unsaturated monocyclic sesquiterpenes compound, mainly found in the essential oil of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). It has been reported that this compound has several biological activities, but there are few studies evaluating the activity of this compound in the systemic inflammatory response in infectious processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BISA on the inflammatory response and survival rate in a systemic infection model, and in vitro neutrophils phagocytic activity. BISA at concentration of 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/ml did not presented in vitro cytotoxicity in MTT assay, and at concentrations of 1 and 3 μg/ml the BISA treatment increased in vitro phagocytic neutrophil activity. For the inflammatory response study, we verified the BISA treatment effect in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced systemic infection model in mice; in this model, we demonstrate that BISA at dose of 100 mg/kg reduced the leukocyte recruitment in peritoneal cavity; at dose of 200 mg/kg, the NO concentration was increased in the peritoneal cavity. The bacteria CFU number was reduced in mice blood in the BISA treatment, at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The BISA treatment at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg increased the myeloperoxidase activity and reduction NO production in lung tissue of mice in CLP model. At dose of 100 mg/kg, the BISA treatment was able to reduce the mortality rate of mice submitted to CLP-induced sepsis and observed for 7 days. The results suggest an effect of BISA on inflammatory response, with activity on leukocyte chemotactic and NO production, in addition to increasing the survival rate of animals submitted to CLP model.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Inhibitory effect of chamomile essential oil on the sister chromatid exchanges induced by daunorubicin and methyl methanesulfonate in mouse bone marrow.

Autores: A Hernández-Ceruelos, E Madrigal-Bujaidar, C de la Cruz | Ano: 2002 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Different preparations of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) are used to treat various diseases, including inflammation and cancer; however, no studies on the plant's antigenotoxic capacity have been made. The aim of the present work was to determine the inhibitory effect of the chamomile essential oil (CO), on the sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) produced by daunorubicin and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in mouse bone marrow cells. CO was analyzed and was found to contain 13 compounds, mainly bisabolol and its oxides, chamazulene, farnesene, germacrene and other sesquiterpenes. Initially, a toxic and a genotoxic analysis of CO were made; both showed negative results. To determine whether CO can inhibit the mutagenic effects induced by daunorubicin, one group of mice was administered corn oil, another group was treated with the mutagen (10 mg/kg), a third group was treated with 500 mg/kg of CO; three other groups were treated first with CO (5, 50 and 500 mg/kg) and then with 10 mg/kg of daunorubicin. In the case of MMS, the experimental groups consisted of the following: the negative control group which was administered corn oil, a group treated with 25 mg/kg of MMS, a group treated with 1000 mg/kg of CO, and three groups treated first with CO (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) and then with MMS (25 mg/kg). The results indicated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the SCEs formed by both mutagens. In the case of daunorubicin, a statistically significant result was observed in the three tested doses: from the lowest to the highest dose, the inhibitory values corresponded to 25.7, 63.1 and 75.5%. No alterations were found with respect to the cellular proliferation kinetics, but a reduction in the mitotic index was detected. As regards MMS, the inhibitory values were 24.8, 45.8 and 60.6%; no alterations were found in either the cellular proliferation kinetics or in the mitotic indices. Our results suggest that CO may be an effective antimutagen that could be considered for further study.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2.

Autores: C Koch, J Reichling, J Schneele, P Schnitzler | Ano: 2008 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oils from anise, hyssop, thyme, ginger, camomile and sandalwood were screened for their inhibitory effect against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro on RC-37 cells using a plaque reduction assay. Genital herpes is a chronic, persistent infection spreading efficiently and silently as sexually transmitted disease through the population. Antiviral agents currently applied for the treatment of herpesvirus infections include acyclovir and its derivatives. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined at 0.016%, 0.0075%, 0.007%, 0.004%, 0.003% and 0.0015% for anise oil, hyssop oil, thyme oil, ginger oil, camomile oil and sandalwood oil, respectively. A clearly dose-dependent virucidal activity against HSV-2 could be demonstrated for all essential oils tested. In order to determine the mode of the inhibitory effect, essential oils were added at different stages during the viral infection cycle. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the essential oils, plaque formation was significantly reduced by more than 90% when HSV-2 was preincubated with hyssop oil, thyme oil or ginger oil. However, no inhibitory effect could be observed when the essential oils were added to the cells prior to infection with HSV-2 or after the adsorption period. These results indicate that essential oils affected HSV-2 mainly before adsorption probably by interacting with the viral envelope. Camomile oil exhibited a high selectivity index and seems to be a promising candidate for topical therapeutic application as virucidal agents for treatment of herpes genitalis.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

The Impact of Selected Essential Oils Applied to Non-Woven Viscose on Bacteria That Cause Lower Urinary Tract Infections-Preliminary Studies.

Autores: Emilia Frydrysiak, Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska, Krzysztof Śmigielski, Michał Frydrysiak | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Inflammation of the lower urinary tract is a very common problem, which occurs particularly in women. A concept of a biotextronics system for preventive and support treatment of lower urinary tract inflammations was presented. The system includes a non-woven viscose insert for essential oils application. The oils were deposited on the non-woven viscose and incubated in the temperature of 37 °C and served a model for their action in the vapor phase as the element of the biotextronics system. The essential oils used in the research were the following: chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia lavandulaefolia), juniper (Juniperus communis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and mixtures of chamomile oil with oils of each sage species in a 1:1 ratio. The oils were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The best inhibitory effect in vapor phase was noted for chamomile essential oil at the lowest concentration (0.054 µL/cm3). Both mixtures of chamomile and sage acted antagonistically, lowering the antibacterial activity of the individual oils applied solely. Juniper and Salvia officinalis essential oils at the concentrations tested increased the growth of at least one of the bacteria tested. Salvia lavandulaefolia Vahl. essential oil inhibited all bacteria, only at the concentration 0.214 µL/cm3. The thyme oil, at the concentration 0.054 µL/cm3, reduced the growth of all bacterial species tested. Chamomile and thyme essential oils were chosen for further research in the biotextronics pantiliner system.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effects of Olfactory Stimulation with Aroma Oils on Psychophysiological Responses of Female Adults.

Autores: Na-Yoon Choi, Yu-Tong Wu, Sin-Ae Park | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study investigated the effects of olfactory stimulation with aroma oils on the psychophysiological responses in women. Ten aromatic oils (lavender, rosemary, rose, eucalyptus, jasmine, geranium, chamomile, clary sage, thyme, and peppermint) were used on 23 women aged between 20 and 60 years. They inhaled the scent for 90 s through a glass funnel attached to their lab apron, 10 cm below their nose, while the pump was activated. Electroencephalography, blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured before and during inhalation of the aroma oils. The relative alpha (RA) power spectrums indicating relaxation and resting state of the brain significantly increased when lavender, rosemary, eucalyptus, jasmine, chamomile, clary sage, and thyme oils were inhaled compared to those of before olfactory stimulation. The ratio of alpha to high beta (RAHB), an indicator of brain stability and relaxation, significantly increased when rosemary, jasmine, clary sage, and peppermint oils were inhaled. The relative low beta (RLB) power spectrum, an indicator of brain activity in the absence of stress, significantly increased when stimulated with lavender, rosemary, rose, and geranium scents. Further, systolic blood pressure significantly decreased after introduction of all 10 types of aromatic oils, which indicates stress reduction. Thus, olfactory stimulation with aroma oil had a stabilizing effect on the prefrontal cortex and brain activity and decreased systolic blood pressure.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effects of Olfactory Stimulation with Aroma Oils on Psychophysiological Responses of Female Adults.

Autores: Na-Yoon Choi, Yu-Tong Wu, Sin-Ae Park | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study investigated the effects of olfactory stimulation with aroma oils on the psychophysiological responses in women. Ten aromatic oils (lavender, rosemary, rose, eucalyptus, jasmine, geranium, chamomile, clary sage, thyme, and peppermint) were used on 23 women aged between 20 and 60 years. They inhaled the scent for 90 s through a glass funnel attached to their lab apron, 10 cm below their nose, while the pump was activated. Electroencephalography, blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured before and during inhalation of the aroma oils. The relative alpha (RA) power spectrums indicating relaxation and resting state of the brain significantly increased when lavender, rosemary, eucalyptus, jasmine, chamomile, clary sage, and thyme oils were inhaled compared to those of before olfactory stimulation. The ratio of alpha to high beta (RAHB), an indicator of brain stability and relaxation, significantly increased when rosemary, jasmine, clary sage, and peppermint oils were inhaled. The relative low beta (RLB) power spectrum, an indicator of brain activity in the absence of stress, significantly increased when stimulated with lavender, rosemary, rose, and geranium scents. Further, systolic blood pressure significantly decreased after introduction of all 10 types of aromatic oils, which indicates stress reduction. Thus, olfactory stimulation with aroma oil had a stabilizing effect on the prefrontal cortex and brain activity and decreased systolic blood pressure.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Evidence Supports Tradition: The in Vitro Effects of Roman Chamomile on Smooth Muscles.

Autores: Zsolt Sándor, Javad Mottaghipisheh, Katalin Veres, Judit Hohmann, Tímea Bencsik, Attila Horváth, Dezső Kelemen, Róbert Papp, Loránd Barthó, Dezső Csupor | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The dried flowers of Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. have been used in traditional medicine for different conditions related to the spasm of the gastrointestinal system. However, there have been no experimental studies to support the smooth muscle relaxant effect of this plant. The aim of our research was to assess the effects of the hydroethanolic extract of Roman chamomile, its fractions, four of its flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, hispidulin, and eupafolin), and its essential oil on smooth muscles. The phytochemical compositions of the extract and its fractions were characterized and quantified by HPLC-DAD, the essential oil was characterized by GC and GC-MS. Neuronally mediated and smooth muscle effects were tested in isolated organ bath experiments on guinea pig, rat, and human smooth muscle preparations. The crude herbal extract induced an immediate, moderate, and transient contraction of guinea pig ileum via the activation of cholinergic neurons of the gut wall. Purinoceptor and serotonin receptor antagonists did not influence this effect. The more sustained relaxant effect of the extract, measured after pre-contraction of the preparations, was remarkable and was not affected by an adrenergic beta receptor antagonist. The smooth muscle-relaxant activity was found to be associated with the flavonoid content of the fractions. The essential oil showed only the relaxant effect, but no contracting activity. The smooth muscle-relaxant effect was also detected on rat gastrointestinal tissues, as well as on strip preparations of human small intestine. These results suggest that Roman chamomile extract has a direct and prolonged smooth muscle-relaxant effect on guinea pig ileum which is related to its flavonoid content. In some preparations, a transient stimulation of enteric cholinergic motoneurons was also detected. The essential oil also had a remarkable smooth muscle relaxant effect in this setting. Similar relaxant effects were also detected on other visceral preparations, including human jejunum. This is the first report on the activity of Roman chamomile on smooth muscles that may reassure the rationale of the traditional use of this plant in spasmodic gastrointestinal disorders.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Repellent and Toxicant Effects of Eight Essential Oils against the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

Autores: El-Said M Elnabawy, Sabry Hassan, El-Kazafy A Taha | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was conducted to compare the repellent effect and contact toxicity of eight essential oils (EOs), including Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Lavandula officinalis, Simmondsia chinensis, Matricaria chamomilla, Citrus limon, and Prunus dulcis, against adults of Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Four concentrations (1, 5, 10, and 15% in acetone solvent) of each EO were tested. The 5, 10, and 15% concentrations of S. aromaticum EO had a high repellency effect against T. castaneum compared with A. sativum, E. camaldulensis, L. officinalis, S. chinensis, M. chamomilla, C. limon, and P. dulcis after 30 min of exposure. The repellency test of the S. aromaticum, E. camaldulensis, L. officinalis, M. chamomilla, C. limon, and P. dulcis EOs on T. castaneum has shown that the mortality percentages enhanced with the increase in the EOs concentration and also with the exposure time. The 15% concentration of P. dulcis and M. chamomilla EOs have a significant impact on the mortality rate of T. castaneum compared with S. aromaticum, A. sativum, E. camaldulensis, L. officinalis, and S. chinensis after the 24 h of contact test. Moreover, the 15% concentration of the C. limon EO caused a greater mortality percentage compared with S. aromaticum, A. sativum, E. camaldulensis, and L. officinalis. It could be concluded that using the S. aromaticum EO as a repellent oil and using P. dulcis, M. chamomilla, and C. limon for contact toxicity to treat the flour infested by T. castaneum can play an important role in protecting stored grains and their products.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Toxicological deteriorations of two volatile oils of Matricaria chamomilla and Clerodendron inerme on the adult house fly Musca domestica L.

Autores: I F Shoukry | Ano: 1997 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The adult stage of the house fly Musca domestica L. was treated topically with the sublethal doses of LD25, LD50 and LD75 of chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla L. flowers and jasmine, Clerodendron inerme G. leaves oils. Various biological activities of adult stage as well as the amino acids of the treated adults ovaries were determined. Amino acids determinations were achieved on newly emerged flies and on the three and four days old flies. The LD50s. of 76 and 84 ug/fly of the two oils were used for Matricaria chamomilla and Clerodendron inerme oil, respectively. Treatment with the two volatile oils induced serious effects on the biology and biotic potential of Musca domestica. Treatment was significantly increased the acidic and the aromatic amino acids during oogenesis. In contrast the quantity of aliphatic amino acids was significantly decreased while the hydroxy amino acids have inconsistent results. The hydroxy amino acids were remarkably increased in the ovaries during three days of development, and then decreased in the fourth day. Moreover, the concentration of basic and the sulfur amino acids were varied with the two treatments and the amino acid was completely disappeared in the ovaries of the treated flies.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Lousicidal, ovicidal and repellent efficacy of some essential oils against lice and flies infesting water buffaloes in Egypt.

Autores: Hanem F Khater, Mohamed Y Ramadan, Reham S El-Madawy | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The lousicidal and repellent effects of five essential oils were investigated for the first time against the buffalo louse, Haematopinus tuberculatus, and flies infesting water buffaloes in Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. For the in vitro studies, filter paper contact bioassays were used to test the oils and their lethal activities were compared with that of d-phenothrin. Four minutes post-treatment, the median lethal concentration, LC50, values were 2.74, 7.28, 12.35, 18.67 and 22.79% for camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), onion (Allium cepa), peppermint (Mentha piperita), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and rosemary oils (Rosmarinus officinalis), respectively, whereas for d-phenothrin, it was 1.17%. The lethal time (50) (LT50) values were 0.89, 2.75, 15.39, 21.32, 11.60 and 1.94 min after treatment with 7.5% camphor, onion, peppermint, chamomile, rosemary and d-phenothrin, respectively. All the materials used except rosemary, which was not applied, were ovicidal to the eggs of H. tuberculatus. Despite the results of the in vitro assays, the in vivo treatments revealed that the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced with oils. All treated lice were killed after 0.5-2 min, whereas with d-phenothrin, 100% mortality was reached only after 120 min. The number of lice infesting buffaloes was significantly reduced 3, 6, 4, 6 and 9 days after treatment with camphor, peppermint, chamomile, onion, and d-phenothrin, respectively. Moreover, the oils and d-phenothrin significantly repelled flies, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematobia irritans and Hippobosca equina, for 6 and 3 days post-treatment, respectively. No adverse effects were noted on either animals or pour-on operators after exposure to the applied materials. Consequently, some Egyptian essential oils show potential for the development of new, speedy and safe lousicides and insect repellents for controlling lice and flies which infest water buffaloes.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Fast gas chromatography characterisation of purified semiochemicals from essential oils of Matricaria chamomilla L. (Asteraceae) and Nepeta cataria L. (Lamiaceae).

Autores: Stéphanie Heuskin, Bruno Godin, Pascal Leroy, Quentin Capella, Jean-Paul Wathelet, François Verheggen, Eric Haubruge, Georges Lognay | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The chemical composition of Matricaria chamomilla L. and Nepeta cataria L. essential oils was determined by GC-MS on an apolar stationary phase by comparison of the characteristic fragmentation patterns with those of the Wiley 275L database. The GC-MS chromatograms were compared with those obtained by fast GC equipped with a direct resistively heated column (Ultra Fast Module 5% phenyl, 5 mx 0.1 mm, 0.1 microm film thickness). Analytical conditions were optimised to reach a good peak resolution (split ratio=1:100), with analysis time lower than 5 min versus 35-45 min required by conventional GC-MS. The fast chromatographic method was completely validated for the analysis of mono- and sesquiterpene compounds. Essential oils were then fractionated by column chromatography packed with silica gel. Three main fractions with high degree of purity in E-beta-farnesene were isolated from the oil of M. chamomilla. One fraction enriched in (Z,E)-nepetalactone and one enriched in beta-caryophyllene were obtained from the oil of N. cataria. These semiochemical compounds could act as attractants of aphid's predators and parasitoids.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effects of essential oils from herbal plants and citrus fruits on DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activities.

Autores: Mai Mitoshi, Isoko Kuriyama, Hiroto Nakayama, Hironari Miyazato, Keiichiro Sugimoto, Yuko Kobayashi, Tomoko Jippo, Kazuki Kanazawa, Hiromi Yoshida, Yoshiyuki Mizushina | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In this study, the biological activity of 20 essential oils (EOs) from herbal plants and citrus fruits were investigated in terms of mammalian DNA polymerase (pol) inhibitory activity, cancer cell (human colon carcinoma, HCT116) growth inhibitory activity, antiallergic activity, as anti-β-hexosaminidase release activity in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells treated with calcium ionophore A23187, and antioxidant activity by a lipophilic-oxygen radical absorbance capacity method. These EOs showed patterns of inhibition of pol α, a DNA replicative pol, similar to their cancer cell growth inhibitory activity, and their inhibitory activity on pol λ, a DNA repair/recombination pol, by the EOs showed correlation with anti-β-hexosaminidase release activity. Among these EOs, chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) was the strongest inhibitor of pols α and λ and showed significant effects on both cancer cell growth and mast cell degranulation. On the basis of these results, chamomile EO can be recommended as a potentially useful, bioactive candidate for therapeutic applications.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Inhibitory effects of the essential oil of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and its major constituents on human cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Autores: M Ganzera, P Schneider, H Stuppner | Ano: 2006 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Chamomile extracts and tea are widely used herbal preparations for the treatment of minor illnesses (e.g. indigestion, inflammation). In this study the inhibitory effect of chamomile essential oil and its major constituents on four selected human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) was investigated. Increasing concentrations of the test compounds were incubated with individual, recombinant CYP isoforms and their effect on the conversion of surrogate substances was measured fluorometrically in 96-well plates; enzyme inhibition was expressed as IC50 and Ki value in relation to positive controls. Crude essential oil demonstrated inhibition of each of the enzymes, with CYP1A2 being more sensitive than the other isoforms. Three constituents of the oil, namely chamazulene (IC50 = 4.41 microM), cis-spiroether (IC50 = 2.01 microM) and trans-spiroether (IC50 = 0.47 microM) showed to be potent inhibitors of this enzyme, also being active towards CYP3A4. CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 were less inhibited, only chamazulene (IC50 = 1.06 microM) and alpha-bisabolol (IC50 = 2.18 microM) revealed a significant inhibition of the latter. As indicated by these in vitro data, chamomile preparations contain constituents inhibiting the activities of major human drug metabolizing enzymes; interactions with drugs whose route of elimination is mainly via cytochromes (especially CYP1A2) are therefore possible.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

The Impact of Selected Essential Oils Applied to Non-Woven Viscose on Bacteria That Cause Lower Urinary Tract Infections-Preliminary Studies.

Autores: Emilia Frydrysiak, Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska, Krzysztof Śmigielski, Michał Frydrysiak | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Inflammation of the lower urinary tract is a very common problem, which occurs particularly in women. A concept of a biotextronics system for preventive and support treatment of lower urinary tract inflammations was presented. The system includes a non-woven viscose insert for essential oils application. The oils were deposited on the non-woven viscose and incubated in the temperature of 37 °C and served a model for their action in the vapor phase as the element of the biotextronics system. The essential oils used in the research were the following: chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia lavandulaefolia), juniper (Juniperus communis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and mixtures of chamomile oil with oils of each sage species in a 1:1 ratio. The oils were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The best inhibitory effect in vapor phase was noted for chamomile essential oil at the lowest concentration (0.054 µL/cm3). Both mixtures of chamomile and sage acted antagonistically, lowering the antibacterial activity of the individual oils applied solely. Juniper and Salvia officinalis essential oils at the concentrations tested increased the growth of at least one of the bacteria tested. Salvia lavandulaefolia Vahl. essential oil inhibited all bacteria, only at the concentration 0.214 µL/cm3. The thyme oil, at the concentration 0.054 µL/cm3, reduced the growth of all bacterial species tested. Chamomile and thyme essential oils were chosen for further research in the biotextronics pantiliner system.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Activity of Matricaria chamomilla essential oil against anisakiasis.

Autores: Maria del Carmen Romero, Adela Valero, Joaquina Martín-Sánchez, María Concepción Navarro-Moll | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The increase in diagnosed cases of anisakiasis and the virtual absence of effective treatments have prompted the search for new active compounds against Anisakis L(3) larvae. The biocidal efficacy against different pathogens shown by various essential oils (EO) led us to study the Matricaria chamomilla EO and two of its main components (chamazulene and α-bisabolol) against the L(3) larvae of Anisakis type I. The activity of M. chamomilla EO, chamazulene and α-bisabolol was established by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The EO (125μg/ml) caused the death of all nematodes, which showed cuticle changes and intestinal wall rupture. In the in vivo assays, only 2.2%±1.8 of infected rats treated with M. chamomilla EO showed gastric wall lesions in comparison to 93.3%±3.9 of control. Chamazulene was ineffective, while α-bisabolol showed a high activity to that of the EO in vitro tests but proved less active in vivo. These findings suggest that the larvicidal activity may result from the synergistic action of different compounds of M. chamomilla EO. Neither of the tested products induces irritative damage in the intestinal tissues. In conclusion, M. chamomilla EO is a good candidate for further investigation as a biocidal agent against Anisakis type I.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview.

Autores: Ompal Singh, Zakia Khanam, Neelam Misra, Manoj Kumar Srivastava | Ano: 2011 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a well-known medicinal plant species from the Asteraceae family often referred to as the "star among medicinal species." Nowadays it is a highly favored and much used medicinal plant in folk and traditional medicine. Its multitherapeutic, cosmetic, and nutritional values have been established through years of traditional and scientific use and research. Chamomile has an established domestic (Indian) and international market, which is increasing day by day. The plant available in the market many a times is adulterated and substituted by close relatives of chamomile. This article briefly reviews the medicinal uses along with botany and cultivation techniques. Since chamomile is a rich source of natural products, details on chemical constituents of essential oil and plant parts as well as their pharmacological properties are included. Furthermore, particular emphasis is given to the biochemistry, biotechnology, market demand, and trade of the plant. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of chamomile and highlight the need for research and development.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Chemo-Diversity and Antiradical Potential of Twelve Matricaria chamomilla L. Populations from Iran: Proof of Ecological Effects.

Autores: Elahe Piri, Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani, Esmaeil Khaleghi, Javad Mottaghipisheh, Zoltán Péter Zomborszki, Judit Hohmann, Dezső Csupor | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Matricaria chamomilla L. is a popular medicinal herb that is used for healing various diseases and is widely distributed worldwide in temperate climate zones, and even in the subtropical climate of Southern and Western Iran. This study was aimed at comparing the volatile oil constituents, along with antiradical potential and HPLC analysis of methanolic extracts from twelve plant samples growing in Iran. The present research was carried out for the first time on these populations. Among seventeen identified volatile chemicals evaluated by GC/MS and GC/FID, representing 92.73-97.71% of the total oils, α-bisabolone oxide A (45.64-65.41%) was the major constituent, except in case of "Sarableh" as a new chemotype, where (E)- and (Z)-γ-bisabolene (42.76 and 40.08%, respectively) were the predominant components. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (53.31-74.52%) were the most abundant compounds in the samples excluding "Sarableh" with 91.3% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. "Sarableh" also exerted the most potent antioxidant capacity with EC50 = 7.76 ± 0.3 µg/mL and 6.51 ± 0.63 mmol TE (Trolox® equivalents)/g. In addition, populations "Lali" and "Bagh Malek" contained the highest amounts of apigenin and luteolin with 1.19 ± 0.01 mg/g and 2.20 ± 0.0 mg/g of plant material, respectively. Our findings depict a clear correlation between phytochemical profiles and antiradical potential of M. chamomilla and geographical factors.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Valorisation of Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile L.) herb by comprehensive evaluation of hydrodistilled aroma and residual non-volatile fractions.

Autores: Renata Baranauskienė, Petras Rimantas Venskutonis, Ona Ragažinskienė | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Valorization of botanicals for the development of natural food-grade ingredients is an important task in terms of sustainability and processing waste reduction. In this study, Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile L.) herb was collected at six different vegetation phases in the period 26 May - 23 August 2019 and subjected to biorefining into the several valuable fractions. The yield of hydro-distilled essential oil (EO) was in the range of 0.22% (intensive vegetative growth) to 0.80% (full flowering). Angelic, isobutyric, butyric and methacrylic acid esters and some monoterpene and sesquiterpene derivatives were the major EO constituents: 3-methylpentyl angelate (20.11-27.56%), methallyl angelate (7.28-10.33%), isoamyl angelate (5.57-9.02%), isobutyl angelate (4.84-6.79%), 2-methylbutyl angelate (3.11-6.32%), 3-methylamyl methacrylate (5.04-6.17%), 3-methylpentyl isobutyrate (4.29-6.64%), 3-methylamyl isobutyrate (4.29-6.64%), α-pinene (1.61-6.37%) and pinocarvone (1.46-4.67%). In order to valorize water soluble and solid EO distillation residues their antioxidant potential was evaluated by several in vitro assays: water extracts were considerably stronger antioxidants than acetone extracts isolated from the solid residues. Water extracts of the plants collected at flowering phases were the strongest antioxidants; their TPC, FRAP and ORAC values were up to 143.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, 650, and 5601 μmol TE/g dry extract, respectively, while effective concentrations (EC50) of DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging, were down to 0.59 and 0.49 mg/mL, respectively. Among 7 tentatively identified by UPLC/Q-TOF/MS phenolic constituents the intensity of molecular ion of 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid was the largest. The results obtained may assist for developing flavorings, antioxidants and health beneficial preparations from C. nobile extracts.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Chemo-Diversity and Antiradical Potential of Twelve Matricaria chamomilla L. Populations from Iran: Proof of Ecological Effects.

Autores: Elahe Piri, Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani, Esmaeil Khaleghi, Javad Mottaghipisheh, Zoltán Péter Zomborszki, Judit Hohmann, Dezső Csupor | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Matricaria chamomilla L. is a popular medicinal herb that is used for healing various diseases and is widely distributed worldwide in temperate climate zones, and even in the subtropical climate of Southern and Western Iran. This study was aimed at comparing the volatile oil constituents, along with antiradical potential and HPLC analysis of methanolic extracts from twelve plant samples growing in Iran. The present research was carried out for the first time on these populations. Among seventeen identified volatile chemicals evaluated by GC/MS and GC/FID, representing 92.73-97.71% of the total oils, α-bisabolone oxide A (45.64-65.41%) was the major constituent, except in case of "Sarableh" as a new chemotype, where (E)- and (Z)-γ-bisabolene (42.76 and 40.08%, respectively) were the predominant components. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (53.31-74.52%) were the most abundant compounds in the samples excluding "Sarableh" with 91.3% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. "Sarableh" also exerted the most potent antioxidant capacity with EC50 = 7.76 ± 0.3 µg/mL and 6.51 ± 0.63 mmol TE (Trolox® equivalents)/g. In addition, populations "Lali" and "Bagh Malek" contained the highest amounts of apigenin and luteolin with 1.19 ± 0.01 mg/g and 2.20 ± 0.0 mg/g of plant material, respectively. Our findings depict a clear correlation between phytochemical profiles and antiradical potential of M. chamomilla and geographical factors.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Dynamics of Phosphorus and Biostimulants on Agro-Morphology, Yield, and Essential Oil Profile of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Under Acidic Soil Conditions of the Western Himalaya.

Autores: Shalika Rathore, Rakesh Kumar | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a promising and easy to cultivate crop under suitable nutrient supply conditions, but acidic soils of Indian western Himalayas limit the availability of phosphorus to the plant and reduce flower production. Thus, a field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) to study the effect of phosphorus dynamics and biostimulant application on the agro-morphological traits, essential oil (EO) yield, and chemical constituents of German chamomile in the mid hills of the western Himalayan region. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments, four phosphorus fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) and three biostimulants levels (control, amino acid at 5 mL L-1, and humic acid at 10 mL L-1). The experiment was replicated three times in a factorial complete randomized block design (FRBD). Agro-morphological and yield characteristics were significantly higher in phosphorus at 90 kg ha-1 and humic acid application compared to the control. Dry flower and EO yield was 17.87 and 26.76% higher with the 90 kg ha-1 phosphorus application while 2.45 and 5.79% higher in humic acid at 10 mL L-1 compared to the control. The EO constituents viz., chamazulene was 12.04 and 8.85% higher in phosphorus at 90 kg ha-1 and humic acid at 10 mL L-1 application compared to the control. On the other hand, α-bisabolol oxide B and α-bisabolol oxide A were decreased with increase in phosphorus application. This study presents novel facts, elucidation, and explanation for farmers and industrialists to produce German chamomile in acidic soils by integrating biostimulants with phosphorus fertilization and getting maximum yield and quality EO.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Dynamics of Phosphorus and Biostimulants on Agro-Morphology, Yield, and Essential Oil Profile of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Under Acidic Soil Conditions of the Western Himalaya.

Autores: Shalika Rathore, Rakesh Kumar | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a promising and easy to cultivate crop under suitable nutrient supply conditions, but acidic soils of Indian western Himalayas limit the availability of phosphorus to the plant and reduce flower production. Thus, a field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) to study the effect of phosphorus dynamics and biostimulant application on the agro-morphological traits, essential oil (EO) yield, and chemical constituents of German chamomile in the mid hills of the western Himalayan region. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments, four phosphorus fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) and three biostimulants levels (control, amino acid at 5 mL L-1, and humic acid at 10 mL L-1). The experiment was replicated three times in a factorial complete randomized block design (FRBD). Agro-morphological and yield characteristics were significantly higher in phosphorus at 90 kg ha-1 and humic acid application compared to the control. Dry flower and EO yield was 17.87 and 26.76% higher with the 90 kg ha-1 phosphorus application while 2.45 and 5.79% higher in humic acid at 10 mL L-1 compared to the control. The EO constituents viz., chamazulene was 12.04 and 8.85% higher in phosphorus at 90 kg ha-1 and humic acid at 10 mL L-1 application compared to the control. On the other hand, α-bisabolol oxide B and α-bisabolol oxide A were decreased with increase in phosphorus application. This study presents novel facts, elucidation, and explanation for farmers and industrialists to produce German chamomile in acidic soils by integrating biostimulants with phosphorus fertilization and getting maximum yield and quality EO.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

A study of the production of essential oils in chamomile hairy root cultures.

Autores: E Máday, E Szöke, Z Muskáth, E Lemberkovics | Ano: 1999 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The active substances in chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) belong to chemically different structural types. The largest group of medically important compounds forming the essential oils are primarily chamazulene, (-)-alpha-bisabolol, bisabololoxides, bisabolonoxide A, trans-beta-farnesene, alpha-farnesene, spathulenol and the cis/trans-en-in-dicycloethers. Flavonoids, coumarins, mucilages, mono- and oligosaccharides also have pharmacological effects. We studied the production of essential oils in genetically transformed cultures. Sterile juvenile chamomile plants were infected with A4-Y strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. They are known plant pathogens and are capable of inducing so-called hairy roots. The transfer DNA segment of the Ri-virulence plasmid of A. rhizogenes becomes integrated in the genome of the plant cells. The isolated hairy roots grow rapidly on hormone-free media. In order to obtain bacteria-free media, we cultured the transformed roots on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with carbenicillin (800 mg/l). To study the production of essential oils, the clones were propagated on liquid and solid MS and Gamborg (B5) media, respectively. According to gas chromatography, the composition of the essential oil of hairy root cultures on different media was found to be similar, but differing in proportion. The main component of the essential oil which was identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was trans-beta-farnesene, as in the intact roots.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Comparative Study on the Production and Accumulation of Essential Oil in the whole Plant and in the Callus Culture of Matricaria chamomilla.

Autores: J Reichling, W Bisson, H Becker | Ano: 1984 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Localisation, accumulation and composition of the essential oil in different plant parts of MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA L. were investigated. An organ specific distribution of individual components in the different essential oils could be shown. Only the essential oil of the roots contained the sesquiterpenes Chamomillol, Caryophyllen, Caryophyllenepoxide and the polyenes Chamomillaester I and II. The essential oil of MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA roots is accumulated in schizogenous oil passages and oil cells restricted to the roots. Callus surface cultures of MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA initiated from stems and flowerheads produced an essential oil similar to that of the root. It is exclusively accumulated in oil cells typical of the roots.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

The Effect of Music Therapy and Aromatherapy with Chamomile-Lavender Essential Oil on the Anxiety of Clinical Nurses: A Randomized and Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

Autores: Somayeh Zamanifar, Mohammad Iraj Bagheri-Saveh, Aram Nezakati, Rozhin Mohammadi, Jamal Seidi | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Nurses may be anxious due to critical and emergencies, and anxiety can affect their professional performance. Non-pharmacological interventions, as a safe method, can reduce anxiety. This study aimed to determine the effect of music therapy and aromatherapy with chamomile - lavender essential oil on the anxiety of clinical nurses. This was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. One hundred twenty nurses from clinical wards of Besat Hospital in Sanandaj, Iran, were selected between 2018 and 2019 by purposeful sampling. The samples were randomly assigned to three groups with different interventions, namely music therapy, both aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil and music therapy, and aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil, along with a control group as well. The anxiety of nurses was measured based on the Beck Anxiety Inventory before the intervention and after three work shifts. The data were analyzed using the SPSS v.22 software. One-way ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses. The findings showed that the mean scores of the anxiety of nurses after the intervention in the three groups namely the group for which music therapy was applied, the group for which aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil was used and the group for which both music therapy and aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil were applied, were (39.28), (37.82) and (40.03), respectively. Therefore, the obtained mean score of each group was significantly lower than that of the control group (56.08) (p < 0.0001). The results showed that the interventions of music therapy and aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil could reduce the anxiety of nurses. Therefore, it is recommended to use music therapy and aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil to reduce the anxiety of nurses in the clinical setting.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

The Effect of Music Therapy and Aromatherapy with Chamomile-Lavender Essential Oil on the Anxiety of Clinical Nurses: A Randomized and Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

Autores: Somayeh Zamanifar, Mohammad Iraj Bagheri-Saveh, Aram Nezakati, Rozhin Mohammadi, Jamal Seidi | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Nurses may be anxious due to critical and emergencies, and anxiety can affect their professional performance. Non-pharmacological interventions, as a safe method, can reduce anxiety. This study aimed to determine the effect of music therapy and aromatherapy with chamomile - lavender essential oil on the anxiety of clinical nurses. This was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. One hundred twenty nurses from clinical wards of Besat Hospital in Sanandaj, Iran, were selected between 2018 and 2019 by purposeful sampling. The samples were randomly assigned to three groups with different interventions, namely music therapy, both aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil and music therapy, and aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil, along with a control group as well. The anxiety of nurses was measured based on the Beck Anxiety Inventory before the intervention and after three work shifts. The data were analyzed using the SPSS v.22 software. One-way ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses. The findings showed that the mean scores of the anxiety of nurses after the intervention in the three groups namely the group for which music therapy was applied, the group for which aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil was used and the group for which both music therapy and aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil were applied, were (39.28), (37.82) and (40.03), respectively. Therefore, the obtained mean score of each group was significantly lower than that of the control group (56.08) (p < 0.0001). The results showed that the interventions of music therapy and aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil could reduce the anxiety of nurses. Therefore, it is recommended to use music therapy and aromatherapy with chamomile-lavender essential oil to reduce the anxiety of nurses in the clinical setting.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effect of (-)-α-Bisabolol on the Inflammatory Response in Systemic Infection Experimental Model in C57BL/6 Mice.

Autores: Heitor Augusto Otaviano Cavalcante, Saulo Euclides Silva-Filho, Luiz Alexandre Marques Wiirzler, Gabriel Fernando Esteves Cardia, Nancy Sayuri Uchida, Francielli Maria de Souza Silva-Comar, Ciomar Aparecida Bersani-Amado, Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: (-)-α-Bisabolol (BISA) is an unsaturated monocyclic sesquiterpenes compound, mainly found in the essential oil of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). It has been reported that this compound has several biological activities, but there are few studies evaluating the activity of this compound in the systemic inflammatory response in infectious processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BISA on the inflammatory response and survival rate in a systemic infection model, and in vitro neutrophils phagocytic activity. BISA at concentration of 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/ml did not presented in vitro cytotoxicity in MTT assay, and at concentrations of 1 and 3 μg/ml the BISA treatment increased in vitro phagocytic neutrophil activity. For the inflammatory response study, we verified the BISA treatment effect in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced systemic infection model in mice; in this model, we demonstrate that BISA at dose of 100 mg/kg reduced the leukocyte recruitment in peritoneal cavity; at dose of 200 mg/kg, the NO concentration was increased in the peritoneal cavity. The bacteria CFU number was reduced in mice blood in the BISA treatment, at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The BISA treatment at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg increased the myeloperoxidase activity and reduction NO production in lung tissue of mice in CLP model. At dose of 100 mg/kg, the BISA treatment was able to reduce the mortality rate of mice submitted to CLP-induced sepsis and observed for 7 days. The results suggest an effect of BISA on inflammatory response, with activity on leukocyte chemotactic and NO production, in addition to increasing the survival rate of animals submitted to CLP model.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

The effects of Lavender and Chamomile essential oil inhalation aromatherapy on depression, anxiety and stress in older community-dwelling people: A randomized controlled trial.

Autores: Hossein Ebrahimi, Abbas Mardani, Mohammad Hasan Basirinezhad, Azam Hamidzadeh, Fatemeh Eskandari | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Considering the prevalence of mental health problems in older adults, this study aims to investigate the effect of inhalation aromatherapy using lavender and chamomile essential oils on depression, anxiety, and stress of community-dwelling older people.

Resultados: Statistically significant improvement occurred in depression, anxiety, and stress levels immediately and one month after the intervention in lavender and chamomile groups compared to the control group (p < 0.01).

Conclusão: Inhalation aromatherapy with both lavender and chamomile essential oils helped decrease depression, anxiety, and stress levels in community-dwelling older adults.

Evidence Supports Tradition: The in Vitro Effects of Roman Chamomile on Smooth Muscles.

Autores: Zsolt Sándor, Javad Mottaghipisheh, Katalin Veres, Judit Hohmann, Tímea Bencsik, Attila Horváth, Dezső Kelemen, Róbert Papp, Loránd Barthó, Dezső Csupor | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The dried flowers of Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. have been used in traditional medicine for different conditions related to the spasm of the gastrointestinal system. However, there have been no experimental studies to support the smooth muscle relaxant effect of this plant. The aim of our research was to assess the effects of the hydroethanolic extract of Roman chamomile, its fractions, four of its flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, hispidulin, and eupafolin), and its essential oil on smooth muscles. The phytochemical compositions of the extract and its fractions were characterized and quantified by HPLC-DAD, the essential oil was characterized by GC and GC-MS. Neuronally mediated and smooth muscle effects were tested in isolated organ bath experiments on guinea pig, rat, and human smooth muscle preparations. The crude herbal extract induced an immediate, moderate, and transient contraction of guinea pig ileum via the activation of cholinergic neurons of the gut wall. Purinoceptor and serotonin receptor antagonists did not influence this effect. The more sustained relaxant effect of the extract, measured after pre-contraction of the preparations, was remarkable and was not affected by an adrenergic beta receptor antagonist. The smooth muscle-relaxant activity was found to be associated with the flavonoid content of the fractions. The essential oil showed only the relaxant effect, but no contracting activity. The smooth muscle-relaxant effect was also detected on rat gastrointestinal tissues, as well as on strip preparations of human small intestine. These results suggest that Roman chamomile extract has a direct and prolonged smooth muscle-relaxant effect on guinea pig ileum which is related to its flavonoid content. In some preparations, a transient stimulation of enteric cholinergic motoneurons was also detected. The essential oil also had a remarkable smooth muscle relaxant effect in this setting. Similar relaxant effects were also detected on other visceral preparations, including human jejunum. This is the first report on the activity of Roman chamomile on smooth muscles that may reassure the rationale of the traditional use of this plant in spasmodic gastrointestinal disorders.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Cloning and functional analysis of three aphid alarm pheromone genes from German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.).

Autores: Chengcheng Ling, Lujie Zheng, Xiaorui Yu, Huanhuan Wang, Chengxiang Wang, Haiyan Wu, Jie Zhang, Ping Yao, Yuling Tai, Yi Yuan | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is one of the most ancient medicinal species in the world and terpenoids from their flowers have important medicinal value. We cloned three sesquiterpene synthase genes, McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3, and performed sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The encoded proteins possess three conserved structural features: an RRxxxxxxxxW motif, an RxR motif, and a DDxxD motif. McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3 were confirmed to be (E)-farnesene synthase, germacrene D synthase, and germacrene A synthase, respectively. Subcellular localization revealed diffuse GFP reporter-gene signals in the cytoplasm and nucleus. qPCR indicated that McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3, were more highly expressed in young flowers than in old flowers and the expression was highly correlated with amounts of the end-product essential oils ((E)-β-farnesene, germacrene D and β-elemene), with coefficients of 0.76, 0.83 and 0.68, respectively. We also established a transformation system for chamomile hairy roots. The overexpression of McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3 resulted in γ-muurolene accumulation in hairy roots. The activity of three aphid alarm pheromones here forms the molecular basis for the study of the biosynthesis and regulation of volatile terpenes. Transformation of chamomile hairy roots provides a simple system in which to study terpene biosynthesis in chamomile.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Control of the myiasis-producing fly, Lucilia sericata, with Egyptian essential oils.

Autores: Hanem F Khater, Abeer Hanafy, Abla D Abdel-Mageed, Mohamed Y Ramadan, Reham S El-Madawy | Ano: 2011 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Myiasis caused by Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is widely distributed throughout the world and affects both humans and animals. In addition, L. sericata larvae and adults may play a role in spreading causal agents of mycobacterial infections. Therefore, it is important to establish new and safe alternative methods of controlling this blowfly.

Resultados: The oils were highly toxic to L. sericata larvae, with median lethal concentrations (LC(50) ) of 0.57%, 0.85%, 2.74%, and 6.77% for lettuce, chamomile, anise, and rosemary oils, respectively. Pupation rates were markedly decreased after treatment with 8% lettuce oil, and adult emergence was suppressed by 2% lettuce and chamomile oils. Morphological abnormalities were recorded after treatment with all tested oils, and lettuce was the major cause of deformation. There was a predomiN/Ace of males over females (4 : 1) after treatment with lower concentrations of chamomile and rosemary; such a skew toward males would lead to a population decline.

Conclusão: N/A

Toxicological deteriorations of two volatile oils of Matricaria chamomilla and Clerodendron inerme on the adult house fly Musca domestica L.

Autores: I F Shoukry | Ano: 1997 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The adult stage of the house fly Musca domestica L. was treated topically with the sublethal doses of LD25, LD50 and LD75 of chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla L. flowers and jasmine, Clerodendron inerme G. leaves oils. Various biological activities of adult stage as well as the amino acids of the treated adults ovaries were determined. Amino acids determinations were achieved on newly emerged flies and on the three and four days old flies. The LD50s. of 76 and 84 ug/fly of the two oils were used for Matricaria chamomilla and Clerodendron inerme oil, respectively. Treatment with the two volatile oils induced serious effects on the biology and biotic potential of Musca domestica. Treatment was significantly increased the acidic and the aromatic amino acids during oogenesis. In contrast the quantity of aliphatic amino acids was significantly decreased while the hydroxy amino acids have inconsistent results. The hydroxy amino acids were remarkably increased in the ovaries during three days of development, and then decreased in the fourth day. Moreover, the concentration of basic and the sulfur amino acids were varied with the two treatments and the amino acid was completely disappeared in the ovaries of the treated flies.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

In vitro study on the transfer of volatile oil components.

Autores: K Szentmihályi, E Forgács, M Hajdú, M Then | Ano: 2001 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The following volatile oils were tested in vitro: chamomile (Matricaria recutica L.), peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) to obtain information on which components of volatile oils or minerals are able to pass through the membranes under different conditions. The transfer of chamomile and peppermint oil from aqueous volatile oil to the stomach (pH=1.1) and then to the plasma (pH=7.5) was studied, and the transfer of sage oil through the skin (from pH=5.5 to pH=7.5) was examined. The transfer of some components was more favorable than that of others. The transfer of chamomile oil was faster to buffer pH=1.1 than from buffer pH=1.1 to buffer pH=7.5 and most of the components, except for chamazulene, passed through the membranes. In the case of peppermint the components went through the membranes in the first 15 min although the main components mostly remained in the initial solution. The sage oil transferred showed the same characteristics as the starting oil. A small amount of metal present in the volatile oils also passed through the membranes. The transfer of metals varied, depending on the time, type of the oil, metal quality and the conditions applied.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Investigation on pollination approaches, reproductive biology and essential oil variation during floral development in German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.).

Autores: Niketa Yadav, Pooja Shakya, Ajay Kumar, Rahul Dev Gautam, Ramesh Chauhan, Dinesh Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Sanatsujat Singh, Satbeer Singh | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: German chamomile is an important medicinal and aromatic herb known for its blue essential oil. It lacks studies on anthesis, breeding systems and floral development with their impact on the essential oil. Therefore, the study investigated floral development and divided it into six reproductive stages (RS-1 to RS-6). The first four stages (5-6 days long) were identified as the floral enlargement and differentiation, followed by the fifth stage (10 days long) of three anthesis flushes, i.e., anther dehiscence, ray and disc florets' style branches flush. Anther dehiscence started 1-2 days before style branches flushes showed protandry and overlapped later with style branches flushes. Pollen production started from RS-3 and showed maximum viability (89%) at anther dehiscence (RS-5.1). Pollen showed dispersal through the air up to 0.7 m distance. Seed setting in controlled pollination experiments showed that removing disc florets could be successfully used as the emasculation alternate in German chamomile. The maximum essential oil content (0.40%) at the full blossomed floral stage (RS-4 &-5) suggested the right time for capitula harvesting. The findings on reproductive biology and breeding systems would offer several tools and techniques to support future breeding programs for genetic improvement of German chamomile.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A