CARDAMOMO

Acaricidal, Larvacidal, and Repellent Activity of Elettaria cardamomum Essential Oil against Hyalomma anatolicum Ticks Infesting Saudi Arabian Cattle.

Autores: Abdullah D Alanazi, Mourad Ben Said, Abdullah F Shater, Mohammad Nafi Solaiman Al-Sabi | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Background: In this experimental study, we aimed to assess the acaricidal effects of Elettaria cardamomum L. essential oil (ECEO) against Hyalomma anatolicum tick in cattle from Saudi Arabia. Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to identify the chemical composition of ECEO. The acaricidal, larvicidal, and repellent activity of ECEO against H. anatolicum was studied through the adult immersion test (AIT), the larval packet test (LPT), the vertical movement behavior of tick’s larvae technique, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and oxidative enzyme activity. Results: By GC/MS, the most compounds were 1,8-cineole (34.3%), α-terpinyl acetate (23.3%), and α-pinene (17.7%), respectively. ECEO significantly (p < 0.001) increased the mortality rate as a dose-dependent response. After ECEO Treatment, number of eggs, egg weight, and hatchability significantly declined as a dose-dependent response. ECEO at concentrations of 5 µL/mL and above completely killed the larva. The LC50 and LC90 values for ECEO were 1.46 and 2.68 µL/mL, respectively. ECEO at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 µL/mL showed 100% repellency activity up to 60, 120, and 360 min incubation, respectively. ECEO, especially at ½ LC50 and LC50, significantly inhibited GST and AChE activities of H. anatolicum larvae compared to the control group. Conclusions: We found promising adulticidal, larvicidal, and repellent effects of ECEO against H. anatolicum as a vector of theileriosis in Saudi Arabia. We also found that ECEO displayed these activities through inhibiting AChE and GST. Nevertheless, additional investigations are required to confirm the accurate mechanisms and the relevance of ECEO in practical application.

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Activity of essential oils against Bacillus subtilis spores.

Autores: Hayley A Lawrence, Enzo A Palombo | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Alternative methods for controlling bacterial endospore contamination are desired in a range of industries and applications. Attention has recently turned to natural products, such as essential oils, which have sporicidal activity. In this study, a selection of essential oils was investigated to identify those with activity against Bacillus subtilis spores. Spores were exposed to thirteen essential oils, and surviving spores were enumerated. Cardamom, tea tree, and juniper leaf oils were the most effective, reducing the number of viable spores by 3 logs at concentrations above 1%. Sporicidal activity was enhanced at high temperatures (60 degrees C) or longer exposure times (up to one week). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the components of the active essential oils. However, none of the major oil components exhibited equivalent activity to the whole oils. The fact that oil components, either alone or in combination, did not show the same level of sporicidal activity as the complete oils suggested that minor components may be involved, or that these act synergistically with major components. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine spores after exposure to essential oils and suggested that leakage of spore contents was the likely mode of sporicidal action. Our data have shown that essential oils exert sporicidal activity and may be useful in applications where bacterial spore reduction is desired.

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Application of mixture design methodology for development of high antioxidant fruity functional beverage.

Autores: Samar Sahraee, Babak Ghanbarzadeh, Pasquale M Falcone | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Three red color fruit juice (pomegranate (PJ), barberry (BJ), and grape juice (GJ)) and three plant extracts (cardamom essential oil (CE), ginger extract (GE), and hibiscus solution (HS)) were used for the development of different functional beverages. Organoleptic analysis was done to detect the most acceptable fruit juice blend. The physicochemical properties of the samples including total phenols, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition percent, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and vitamin C content of optimum fruit juice blend (60% PJ/20% BJ/20% GJ) were 121.57 µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ml, 80.28%, 4.03 mg/L, 64.87 mg/100 ml, and 51.10 mg/100 ml, respectively. To determine the optimum level of extracts and essential oil (GE, CE, and HS) in fruit juice blends, the mixture design method was used and 14 runs (formulations) were obtained. In all formulations, samples containing HS had the highest content of antioxidant and active components and the statistical analysis indicated that the sample containing 0.5 CE/0.5 GE/1 HS (ml/100 ml) had the optimum content of antioxidant components. Thus, the results of this study introduce a functional drink possessing high polyphenols, antioxidants, anthocyanin, and vitamin C content.

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Pharmacological studies of cardamom oil in animals.

Autores: H al-Zuhair, B el-Sayeh, H A Ameen, H al-Shoora | Ano: 1996 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom seeds are widely used for flavouring purposes in food and as carminative. Little information has been reported on their pharmacological and toxicological properties or, for their volatile oil which constitutes about 5% of the seed's total weight. A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory activity of the oil extracted from commercial Elettaria cardamomum seeds, in doses of 175 and 280 microliters/kg and indomethacin in a dose of 30 mg/kg against acute carrageenan-induced planter oedema in male albino rats was performed, which proved to be marked. Moreover, investigation of the analgesic activity using p-benzoquinone as a chemical stimulus proved that a dose of 233 microliters/kg of the oil produced 50% protection against the writhing (stretching syndrome) induced by intraperitoneal administration of a 0.02% solution of p-benzoquinone in mice. In addition the antispasmodic activity was determined on a rabbit intestine preparation using acetylcholine as agonist, the results proving that cardamom oil exerts its antispasmodic action through muscarinic receptor blockage.

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Pharmacological studies of cardamom oil in animals.

Autores: H al-Zuhair, B el-Sayeh, H A Ameen, H al-Shoora | Ano: 1996 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom seeds are widely used for flavouring purposes in food and as carminative. Little information has been reported on their pharmacological and toxicological properties or, for their volatile oil which constitutes about 5% of the seed's total weight. A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory activity of the oil extracted from commercial Elettaria cardamomum seeds, in doses of 175 and 280 microliters/kg and indomethacin in a dose of 30 mg/kg against acute carrageenan-induced planter oedema in male albino rats was performed, which proved to be marked. Moreover, investigation of the analgesic activity using p-benzoquinone as a chemical stimulus proved that a dose of 233 microliters/kg of the oil produced 50% protection against the writhing (stretching syndrome) induced by intraperitoneal administration of a 0.02% solution of p-benzoquinone in mice. In addition the antispasmodic activity was determined on a rabbit intestine preparation using acetylcholine as agonist, the results proving that cardamom oil exerts its antispasmodic action through muscarinic receptor blockage.

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Decoding antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of cinnamon and cardamom essential oils: a combined molecular docking and experimental study.

Autores: Elahe Pourkhosravani, Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri, Mitra Mohammadi Bazargani | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study sets out to compare the antibacterial and antibiofilm profiles of Ci/Ca EOs alone and in combination together against infectious bacterial strains. MIC assay was carried out to survey the effectiveness of prepared EOs by two-fold serial dilution method and MTT evaluation. Synergic antibacterial properties of EOs against target strains were studied by using checkerboard titration method. Biofilm growth and development were evaluated using CV and XTT reduction assays. Antibacterial activity was observed for EOs against both bacterial strains with stronger activity for CiEO against both bacteria. The synergistic antibacterial effect was observed only against B. subtilis. Based on the FIC index, combinations could not inhibit the growth of E. coli. The pure EOs and their combination inhibited cell attachment for both studied bacteria with stronger effect on E. coli. CV and XTT reduction assays results showed that Ci EO and its combination with CaEO had the highest antibiofilm activity at lowest MIC value 0.08% and 0.04/0.02% against biofilm formed by E. coli and B. subtilis respectively, indicating a high antibiofilm potential. Computational docking analyses also postulated that the active constituents of evaluated EOs have the potential to interact with different bacterial targets, suggested binding mode of action of EOs metabolites. By and large, synergistic anti-biofilm properties of EOs may provide further options for developing novel formula to inhibit a variety of infectious clinical and industrial strains without (or less) toxicity effects on human body.

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Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) extracts: Potential therapeutic benefits for periodontal infections.

Autores: Mariem Souissi, Jabrane Azelmat, Kamel Chaieb, Daniel Grenier | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is a traditional aromatic plant for which several pharmacological properties have been associated. In this study, the antibacterial activity of two cardamom extracts (fruit and seeds), rich in volatile compounds, against major periodontal pathogens was evaluated. Moreover, the ability of the extracts to exert anti-inflammatory activity was tested. Both cardamom fruit and seed extracts exerted an antibacterial effect against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia (minimum inhibitory concentrations: 0.5% [v/v], 0.25%, 0.062%, 0.125%, respectively and minimum bactericidal concentrations: 1%, 0.25%, 0.062%, 0.25%, respectively). The cell membrane of P. gingivalis was disrupted by a treatment with cardamom extracts suggesting the bactericidal mode of action. The extracts also inhibited biofilm formation although it correlated with a growth reduction. Moreover, the cardamom extracts significantly decreased the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8 by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Evidence were brought that the anti-inflammatory activity may result from inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study is the first to provide evidence that cardamom fruit and seed extracts through their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties may be therapeutic agents of interest against periodontal infections.

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Decoding antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of cinnamon and cardamom essential oils: a combined molecular docking and experimental study.

Autores: Elahe Pourkhosravani, Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri, Mitra Mohammadi Bazargani | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study sets out to compare the antibacterial and antibiofilm profiles of Ci/Ca EOs alone and in combination together against infectious bacterial strains. MIC assay was carried out to survey the effectiveness of prepared EOs by two-fold serial dilution method and MTT evaluation. Synergic antibacterial properties of EOs against target strains were studied by using checkerboard titration method. Biofilm growth and development were evaluated using CV and XTT reduction assays. Antibacterial activity was observed for EOs against both bacterial strains with stronger activity for CiEO against both bacteria. The synergistic antibacterial effect was observed only against B. subtilis. Based on the FIC index, combinations could not inhibit the growth of E. coli. The pure EOs and their combination inhibited cell attachment for both studied bacteria with stronger effect on E. coli. CV and XTT reduction assays results showed that Ci EO and its combination with CaEO had the highest antibiofilm activity at lowest MIC value 0.08% and 0.04/0.02% against biofilm formed by E. coli and B. subtilis respectively, indicating a high antibiofilm potential. Computational docking analyses also postulated that the active constituents of evaluated EOs have the potential to interact with different bacterial targets, suggested binding mode of action of EOs metabolites. By and large, synergistic anti-biofilm properties of EOs may provide further options for developing novel formula to inhibit a variety of infectious clinical and industrial strains without (or less) toxicity effects on human body.

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Antibiofilm Potential and Exoenzyme Inhibition by Elattaria cardamomum Essential Oil in Candida spp. Strains.

Autores: Emira Noumi, Ghada Salamah Alshammari, Tarek Zmantar, Abdulrahman S Bazaid, Khulood Fahad Alabbosh, Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali, Waleed Abu Al-Soud, Sami Ghazi Alrashidi, Mejdi Snoussi | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Fungal infections caused by Candida species have attracted great interest due to their resistance to commercial antifungal agents. Essential oils from aromatic and medicinal plants have many bioactive compounds that are known for their important biological activities, mainly their antimicrobial effects. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the antifungal ability of Elettaria cardamomum essential oil (EO) against different clinical Candida isolates. Then, we investigated the anti-phospholipase, anti-protease, and anti-biofilm activity of E. cardamomum EO against the selected isolates. Twenty-four Candida strains (clinical and reference) were tested for virulence factors such as biofilm formation, protease, and phospholipase activity. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and fungicidal (MFC) concentrations of E. cardamomum were determined, and their effects were tested against all Candida strains. Our results revealed that E. cardamomum EO was rich in α-terpinyl acetate (56.5%), limonene (12.6%), and mentha-2.4(8)-diene (7.65%). The tested EO showed activity against all tested Candida strains in their planktonic form and against exoenzymes and biofilm production. Based on our findings, we promote the use of E. cardamomum EO as a treatment against clinical Candida isolates active on the virulence factors of this fungus.

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Effects of Essential Oils of Elettaria cardamomum Grown in India and Guatemala on Gram-Negative Bacteria and Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Autores: Aftab Alam, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Mohd Nazam Ansari, Amber Hanif Palla | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study examined the chemical composition and antimicrobial and gastrointestinal activity of the essential oils of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton harvested in India (EC-I) and Guatemala (EC-G). Monoterpenes were present in higher concentration in EC-I (83.24%) than in EC-G (73.03%), whereas sesquiterpenes were present in a higher concentration in EC-G (18.35%) than in EC-I (9.27%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.5 and 0.25 mg/mL were demonstrated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in EC-G and EC-I, respectively, whereas MICs of 1 and 0.5 mg/mL were demonstrated against Escherichia coli in EC-G and EC-I, respectively. The treatment with control had the highest kill-time potential, whereas the treatment with oils had shorter kill-time. EC-I was observed to be more potent in the castor oil-induced diarrhea model than EC-G. At 100 and 200 mg/kg, P.O., EC-I exhibited 40% and 80% protection, respectively, and EC-G exhibited 20% and 60% protection, respectively, in mice, whereas loperamide (10 mg/kg, i.p., positive control) exhibited 100% protection. In the in vitro experiments, EC-I inhibited both carbachol (CCh, 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions at significantly lower concentrations than EC-G. Thus, EC-I significantly inhibited P. aeruginosa and E. coli and exhibited more potent antidiarrheal and antispasmodic effects than EC-G.

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Application of mixture design methodology for development of high antioxidant fruity functional beverage.

Autores: Samar Sahraee, Babak Ghanbarzadeh, Pasquale M Falcone | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Three red color fruit juice (pomegranate (PJ), barberry (BJ), and grape juice (GJ)) and three plant extracts (cardamom essential oil (CE), ginger extract (GE), and hibiscus solution (HS)) were used for the development of different functional beverages. Organoleptic analysis was done to detect the most acceptable fruit juice blend. The physicochemical properties of the samples including total phenols, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition percent, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and vitamin C content of optimum fruit juice blend (60% PJ/20% BJ/20% GJ) were 121.57 µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ml, 80.28%, 4.03 mg/L, 64.87 mg/100 ml, and 51.10 mg/100 ml, respectively. To determine the optimum level of extracts and essential oil (GE, CE, and HS) in fruit juice blends, the mixture design method was used and 14 runs (formulations) were obtained. In all formulations, samples containing HS had the highest content of antioxidant and active components and the statistical analysis indicated that the sample containing 0.5 CE/0.5 GE/1 HS (ml/100 ml) had the optimum content of antioxidant components. Thus, the results of this study introduce a functional drink possessing high polyphenols, antioxidants, anthocyanin, and vitamin C content.

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Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Profile of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Essential Oil Obtained by a Combined Extraction Method-Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Technology Coupled with Sonication.

Autores: Nora E Torres Castillo, Giselle D Teresa-Martínez, Maritza Alonzo-Macías, Carmen Téllez-Pérez, José Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Roberto Parra-Saldívar, Elda M Melchor-Martínez, Anaberta Cardador-Martínez | Ano: 2023 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom Essential oils are highly demanded because of their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Nonetheless, retrieving quality extracts quickly with efficient energy savings has been challenging. Therefore, green technologies are emerging as possible alternatives. Thus, this study evaluates the yield and quality of the instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) process coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of cardamom essential oil (CEO). Likewise, the antioxidant activity, chemical profile of CEO, and microstructure of seeds were analyzed. This study analyzed 13 different treatments with varying saturated steam processing temperatures (SSPT), thermal processing times (TPT), and 1 control. The results showed that CEO yield increased significantly by DIC (140 °C and 30 s) and UAE compared to the control (22.53% vs. 15.6%). DIC 2 (165 °C, 30 s) showed the highest DPPH inhibition (79.48%) and the best Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) by the control with 0.60 uMTE/g. The GC/MS analysis showed 28 volatile constituents, withα-Terpinyl acetate, geranyl oleate, and oleic acid being the most abundant. DIC (140 °C and 30 s) and UAE showed the best yield and chemical profile. The SEM microscopy of untreated seeds revealed collapsed structures before the oil cell layer, which reduced the extraction yield, contrary to DIC-treated seeds, with more porous structures. Therefore, combining innovative extraction methods could solve the drawbacks of traditional extraction methods.

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Chemical Profile, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton Essential Oils and Extracts.

Autores: Kelthoum Tarfaoui, Najiba Brhadda, Rabea Ziri, Asmaa Oubihi, Hamada Imtara, Sara Haida, Omkulthom M Al Kamaly, Asmaa Saleh, Mohammad Khalid Parvez, Saad Fettach, Mohammed Ouhssine | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this work was to study the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and cardamom seeds (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton). Using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), a total of 43 compounds were identified in ginger essential oil and 17 compounds in cardamom. The most abundant components, respectively, were zingiberene (22.18%) and 1.8-cinéol (43.47%). Essential oils, methanol, ethanol and chloroform extracts for both plants were tested against nine bacteria and yeast. The highest sensitivity was noticed against Staphylococcus aureus with a 25 mm inhibition zone. The antioxidant potency of both oils and extracts were measured using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) free radical scavenging and the ferric reducing power (FRP) method; the ethanolic extract of cardamom fruits exhibited the best results for both tests, with an IC 50 = 0.423 ± 0.015 mg/mL and 95.03 ± 0.076 FRP mg AAE/g.

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Electrospun chia seed mucilage/PVA encapsulated with green cardamonmum essential oils: Antioxidant and antibacterial property.

Autores: Samira Dehghani, Mohammad Noshad, Saadat Rastegarzadeh, Mohammad Hojjati, Ali Fazlara | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In this work, the potential of chia seed mucilage (CSM) as a new source of carbohydrate for encapsulation of green cardamonmum Essential oils (GCEOs) was evaluated. 1H NMR spectrum, FTIR spectrum and, SEM image has confirmed the existence of the GCEOs in the nanofibers. The nanofibers of CSM and polyvinyl alcohol have not antibacterial property, while nanofibers containing GCEOs show antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Incorporating GCEOs in CSM nanofibers improved the antioxidant of the generated nanofibers. The amount of radical scavenging for the nanofibers containing 16 (mg/ml) of GCEOs was 18% and increasing the GCEOs concentration up to 64 (mg/ml) leads to grow the activity up to 41%. Thus, our studies indicate that nanofiber can be used as a novel antioxidant and antibacterial agent in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

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Developing three-component ginger-cinnamon-cardamom composite essential oil nanoemulsion as natural food preservatives.

Autores: Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, Navideh Anarjan, Aydin Berenjian | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Plant-based functional lipid ingredients, such as essential oils, with antioxidant and antibacterial activities, have gained substantial attention in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical formulations due to the increasing disquiet about the risks of artificial preservatives. However, similar to other lipid-based bioactives, their application in water-based products is challenging owing to their low water solubility and high chemical instability, especially during exposure to light, heat, moisture, and oxygen. Hence, the incorporation of essential oils into water-dispersible nanoemulsion systems can effectively address these issues. Moreover, combining various essential oils can synergistically enhance their chemical and biological properties. Consequently, the objective of this study was to develop different composite nanoemulsion systems using ginger, cinnamon, and cardamom essential oils, which were considered individually and in binary and ternary combinations. Empirical models to predict the response characteristics based on the proportions of oil phase components were also derived. The numerical multi-goal optimisation analysis suggested that 10 % ginger, 68 % cinnamon, and 22 % cardamom essential oil is the ideal oil phase combination to achieve nanoemulsions with the smallest average particle size and size distribution and the highest zeta potential and antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

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Analysis of the essential oil of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) growing in different agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Autores: Robin Joshi, Poonam Sharma, Virbala Sharma, Ramdeen Prasad, R K Sud, Ashu Gulati | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of the present study was to investigate variations in the chemical composition of the essential oil from seeds of large cardamom grown at different altitudes in Himachal Pradesh, India. The composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O).

Resultados: The oil components showed qualitative and quantitative variations in the composition. GC and GC-MS analysis led to the identification of 55 compounds representing 98% of total oil. Major components in the oil were 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, DL-limonene, nerolidol, 4-terpineol, δ-terpineol, δ-3-carene, β-myrcene, germacrene D, α-terpinene and longifolenaldehyde. The oil yields obtained were 9.8-19.5 g kg(-1). Cardamom oil from Himachal Pradesh was found to contain new compounds, viz. 4-terpineol, δ-3-carene, trans-sabinene hydrate, 1-phellandrene, α-terpinene, bicyclo-germacrene, isopinocarveol and ledenoxid-II. α-Terpenyl acetate, the major constituent of small cardamom, was also detected in the oil of large cardamom grown in Himachal Pradesh. Application of aroma extract dilution analysis revealed 35 compounds having aroma impact with the flavour dilution factor ranging from 2 to 1024, and 34 of these compounds were identified. The five most intense aromatic components are dl-limonene, 1,8-cineole, β-myrcene, α-pinene, α-basabolol. This is the first time that the characterisation of odour-active compounds has been carried out on large cardamom.

Conclusão: The presence of 4-terpineol, δ-3-carene, trans-sabinene hydrate, 1-phellandrene, α-terpinene, 1-terpineol, bicyclogermacrene, isopinocarveol, ledenoxid-II, longifolenaldehyde and α-terpenyl acetate make the aroma of the oil different from large cardamom oil of Sikkim and could offer potential as a new food flavour.

Cardamom--production, technology, chemistry, and quality.

Autores: V S Govindarajan, S Narasimhan, K G Raghuveer, Y S Lewis | Ano: 1982 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton var. Miniscula Burkill (Fam. Zingiberaceae) known as true or lesser cardamom is the widely cultivated variety and important in the world trade. It occupies a high second or third place in world trade, being a high priced spice. It belongs to the sweet spices group and is used predominantly to flavor sweets, baked goods, and coffee, particularly in the Arab countries. This monograph critically reviews the post-harvest handling and processing and the chemistry of the volatiles. The components contributing to the characteristic aroma for which the spice is valued are specifically considered. Gas chromatographic analysis for quality control and attempts are evaluating the aroma quality by sensory profile are discussed in relation to regional varieties, and processing variables. The areas in which further research is required are indicated. The botanical and cultivation aspects and production and trade of the different growing and consuming regions are briefly considered. Available information on other "cardamoms" from related species and genera are summarized.

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Cardamom--production, technology, chemistry, and quality.

Autores: V S Govindarajan, S Narasimhan, K G Raghuveer, Y S Lewis | Ano: 1982 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton var. Miniscula Burkill (Fam. Zingiberaceae) known as true or lesser cardamom is the widely cultivated variety and important in the world trade. It occupies a high second or third place in world trade, being a high priced spice. It belongs to the sweet spices group and is used predominantly to flavor sweets, baked goods, and coffee, particularly in the Arab countries. This monograph critically reviews the post-harvest handling and processing and the chemistry of the volatiles. The components contributing to the characteristic aroma for which the spice is valued are specifically considered. Gas chromatographic analysis for quality control and attempts are evaluating the aroma quality by sensory profile are discussed in relation to regional varieties, and processing variables. The areas in which further research is required are indicated. The botanical and cultivation aspects and production and trade of the different growing and consuming regions are briefly considered. Available information on other "cardamoms" from related species and genera are summarized.

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In vitro cytotoxicity of cardamom oil, lemon oil, and jasmine oil on human skin, gastric, and brain cancer cell line.

Autores: Chetan Manjunath, Nitin Mahurkar | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of selected essential oils on human skin, gastric, and brain cancer cell lines using microculture tetrazolium test.

Resultados: Phytochemical analysis has shown the presence of carbohydrates and flavonoids in cardamom oil. While lemon oil has shown the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins, jasmine oil has shown the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Toxicity studies showed that cardamom oil, lemon oil, and jasmine oil were all found to be safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. Results have shown that lemon oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity toward three human cancer cell lines, namely skin cancer (A431), gastric cancer (MKN-45), and brain cancer (U-87 MG) cell lines, with higher IC50 values of 62.82 μg/ml, 220.9 μg/ml, and 440.1 μg/ml compared to standard. Jasmine oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity toward skin cancer and brain cancer cell lines, whereas cardamom oil has shown stronger cytotoxicity only toward skin cancer cell line but did not show any level of inhibition of growth of brain and gastric cancer cells.

Conclusão: Our study reveals that lemon oil, jasmine oil, and cardamom oil possess potent antitumor activity compared to standard. At different concentrations, lemon oil has shown statistically significant (***P < 0.0001) anticancer activity toward all the three human cancer cell lines. While jasmine oil has shown statistically significant (***P < 0.0001) anticancer activity toward skin and brain cancer cell line, cardamom oil has also shown statistically significant (***P < 0.0001) anticancer activity but only toward skin cancer cell line.

Cardamom, Cumin, and Dill Weed Essential Oils: Chemical Compositions, Antimicrobial Activities, and Mechanisms of Action against Campylobacter spp.

Autores: Aysegul Mutlu-Ingok, Funda Karbancioglu-Guler | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Natural antimicrobials as well as essential oils (EOs) have gained interest to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and to control food borne diseases. Campylobacter spp. are one of the most common causative agents of gastroenteritis. In this study, cardamom, cumin, and dill weed EOs were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by using agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution methods, along with the mechanisms of antimicrobial action. Chemical compositions of EOs were also tested by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that cardamom and dill weed EOs possess greater antimicrobial activity than cumin with larger inhibition zones and lower minimum inhibitory concentrations. The permeability of cell membrane and cell membrane integrity were evaluated by determining relative electric conductivity and release of cell constituents into supernatant at 260 nm, respectively. Moreover, effect of EOs on the cell membrane of Campylobacter spp. was also investigated by measuring extracellular ATP concentration. Increase of relative electric conductivity, extracellular ATP concentration, and cell constituents' release after treatment with EOs demonstrated that tested EOs affected the membrane integrity of Campylobacter spp. The results supported high efficiency of cardamom, cumin, and dill weed EOs to inhibit Campylobacter spp. by impairing the bacterial cell membrane.

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Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) extracts: Potential therapeutic benefits for periodontal infections.

Autores: Mariem Souissi, Jabrane Azelmat, Kamel Chaieb, Daniel Grenier | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is a traditional aromatic plant for which several pharmacological properties have been associated. In this study, the antibacterial activity of two cardamom extracts (fruit and seeds), rich in volatile compounds, against major periodontal pathogens was evaluated. Moreover, the ability of the extracts to exert anti-inflammatory activity was tested. Both cardamom fruit and seed extracts exerted an antibacterial effect against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia (minimum inhibitory concentrations: 0.5% [v/v], 0.25%, 0.062%, 0.125%, respectively and minimum bactericidal concentrations: 1%, 0.25%, 0.062%, 0.25%, respectively). The cell membrane of P. gingivalis was disrupted by a treatment with cardamom extracts suggesting the bactericidal mode of action. The extracts also inhibited biofilm formation although it correlated with a growth reduction. Moreover, the cardamom extracts significantly decreased the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8 by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Evidence were brought that the anti-inflammatory activity may result from inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. This study is the first to provide evidence that cardamom fruit and seed extracts through their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties may be therapeutic agents of interest against periodontal infections.

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Effects of Essential Oils of Elettaria cardamomum Grown in India and Guatemala on Gram-Negative Bacteria and Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Autores: Aftab Alam, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Mohd Nazam Ansari, Amber Hanif Palla | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study examined the chemical composition and antimicrobial and gastrointestinal activity of the essential oils of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton harvested in India (EC-I) and Guatemala (EC-G). Monoterpenes were present in higher concentration in EC-I (83.24%) than in EC-G (73.03%), whereas sesquiterpenes were present in a higher concentration in EC-G (18.35%) than in EC-I (9.27%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.5 and 0.25 mg/mL were demonstrated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in EC-G and EC-I, respectively, whereas MICs of 1 and 0.5 mg/mL were demonstrated against Escherichia coli in EC-G and EC-I, respectively. The treatment with control had the highest kill-time potential, whereas the treatment with oils had shorter kill-time. EC-I was observed to be more potent in the castor oil-induced diarrhea model than EC-G. At 100 and 200 mg/kg, P.O., EC-I exhibited 40% and 80% protection, respectively, and EC-G exhibited 20% and 60% protection, respectively, in mice, whereas loperamide (10 mg/kg, i.p., positive control) exhibited 100% protection. In the in vitro experiments, EC-I inhibited both carbachol (CCh, 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions at significantly lower concentrations than EC-G. Thus, EC-I significantly inhibited P. aeruginosa and E. coli and exhibited more potent antidiarrheal and antispasmodic effects than EC-G.

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In vitro cytotoxicity of cardamom oil, lemon oil, and jasmine oil on human skin, gastric, and brain cancer cell line.

Autores: Chetan Manjunath, Nitin Mahurkar | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of selected essential oils on human skin, gastric, and brain cancer cell lines using microculture tetrazolium test.

Resultados: Phytochemical analysis has shown the presence of carbohydrates and flavonoids in cardamom oil. While lemon oil has shown the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins, jasmine oil has shown the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Toxicity studies showed that cardamom oil, lemon oil, and jasmine oil were all found to be safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. Results have shown that lemon oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity toward three human cancer cell lines, namely skin cancer (A431), gastric cancer (MKN-45), and brain cancer (U-87 MG) cell lines, with higher IC50 values of 62.82 μg/ml, 220.9 μg/ml, and 440.1 μg/ml compared to standard. Jasmine oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity toward skin cancer and brain cancer cell lines, whereas cardamom oil has shown stronger cytotoxicity only toward skin cancer cell line but did not show any level of inhibition of growth of brain and gastric cancer cells.

Conclusão: Our study reveals that lemon oil, jasmine oil, and cardamom oil possess potent antitumor activity compared to standard. At different concentrations, lemon oil has shown statistically significant (***P < 0.0001) anticancer activity toward all the three human cancer cell lines. While jasmine oil has shown statistically significant (***P < 0.0001) anticancer activity toward skin and brain cancer cell line, cardamom oil has also shown statistically significant (***P < 0.0001) anticancer activity but only toward skin cancer cell line.

GC, GC/MS Analysis, and Biological Effects of Essential Oils from Thymus mastchina and Elettaria cardamomum.

Autores: Nenad L Vukovic, Milena D Vukic, Ana D Obradovic, Milos M Matic, Lucia Galovičová, Miroslava Kačániová | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Spanish marjoram (Thymus mastichina) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) are traditional aromatic plants with which several pharmacological properties have been associated. In this study, the volatile composition, antioxidative and antimigratory effects on human breast cancer (MDA-MB-468 cell line), antimicrobial activity, and antibiofilm effect were evaluated. Results obtained via treatment of human breast cancer cells generally indicated an inhibitory effect of both essential oils (EOs) on cell viability (after long-term treatment) and antioxidative potential, as well as the reduction of nitric oxide levels. Antimigratory effects were revealed, suggesting that these EOs could possess significant antimetastatic properties and stop tumor progression and growth. The antimicrobial activities of both EOs were determined using the disc diffusion method and minimal inhibition concentration, while antibiofilm activity was evaluated by means of mass spectrometry. The best antimicrobial effects of T. mastichina EO were found against the yeast Candida glabrata and the G+ bacterium Listeria monocytogenes using the disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration methods. E. cardamomum EO was found to be most effective against Pseudomas fluorescens biofilm using both methods. Similarly, better effects of this oil were observed on G- compared to G+ bacterial strains. Our study confirms that T. mastichina and E. cardamomum EOs act to change the protein structure of older P. fluorescens biofilms. The results underline the potential use of these EOs in manufactured products, such as foodstuffs, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

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Effects of Essential Oils of Elettaria cardamomum Grown in India and Guatemala on Gram-Negative Bacteria and Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Autores: Aftab Alam, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Mohd Nazam Ansari, Amber Hanif Palla | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study examined the chemical composition and antimicrobial and gastrointestinal activity of the essential oils of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton harvested in India (EC-I) and Guatemala (EC-G). Monoterpenes were present in higher concentration in EC-I (83.24%) than in EC-G (73.03%), whereas sesquiterpenes were present in a higher concentration in EC-G (18.35%) than in EC-I (9.27%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.5 and 0.25 mg/mL were demonstrated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in EC-G and EC-I, respectively, whereas MICs of 1 and 0.5 mg/mL were demonstrated against Escherichia coli in EC-G and EC-I, respectively. The treatment with control had the highest kill-time potential, whereas the treatment with oils had shorter kill-time. EC-I was observed to be more potent in the castor oil-induced diarrhea model than EC-G. At 100 and 200 mg/kg, P.O., EC-I exhibited 40% and 80% protection, respectively, and EC-G exhibited 20% and 60% protection, respectively, in mice, whereas loperamide (10 mg/kg, i.p., positive control) exhibited 100% protection. In the in vitro experiments, EC-I inhibited both carbachol (CCh, 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions at significantly lower concentrations than EC-G. Thus, EC-I significantly inhibited P. aeruginosa and E. coli and exhibited more potent antidiarrheal and antispasmodic effects than EC-G.

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Cardamom, Cumin, and Dill Weed Essential Oils: Chemical Compositions, Antimicrobial Activities, and Mechanisms of Action against Campylobacter spp.

Autores: Aysegul Mutlu-Ingok, Funda Karbancioglu-Guler | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Natural antimicrobials as well as essential oils (EOs) have gained interest to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and to control food borne diseases. Campylobacter spp. are one of the most common causative agents of gastroenteritis. In this study, cardamom, cumin, and dill weed EOs were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by using agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution methods, along with the mechanisms of antimicrobial action. Chemical compositions of EOs were also tested by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that cardamom and dill weed EOs possess greater antimicrobial activity than cumin with larger inhibition zones and lower minimum inhibitory concentrations. The permeability of cell membrane and cell membrane integrity were evaluated by determining relative electric conductivity and release of cell constituents into supernatant at 260 nm, respectively. Moreover, effect of EOs on the cell membrane of Campylobacter spp. was also investigated by measuring extracellular ATP concentration. Increase of relative electric conductivity, extracellular ATP concentration, and cell constituents' release after treatment with EOs demonstrated that tested EOs affected the membrane integrity of Campylobacter spp. The results supported high efficiency of cardamom, cumin, and dill weed EOs to inhibit Campylobacter spp. by impairing the bacterial cell membrane.

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Inativação termoquímica de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella enterica Enteritidis por óleos essenciais/ Thermochemical inactivation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica Enteritidis by essencial oils

Autores: Pereira, Alcilene de Abreu; Piccoli, Roberta Hilsdorf; Batista, Nádia Nara; Camargos, Natália Gonçalves; Oliveira, Maíra Maciel Mattos de | Ano: 2014 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: O controle do crescimento microbiano tanto na indústria de alimentos quanto em ambientes hospitalares é de extrema importância. Entretanto, observa-se aumento da resistência dos microrganismos aos desinfetantes mais empregados, observando-se a necessidade de estudos com novos antimicrobianos. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e a curva de morte termoquímica de soluções desinfetantes de óleos essenciais sobre Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella Enteritidis. Foram utilizados os óleos essenciais de Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Elettaria cardamomum (cardamomo), Eugenia caryophyllus (cravo botão) e Foeniculum vulgare dulce (funcho doce). As concentrações mínimas inibitórias foram determinadas utilizando-se a técnica de diluição em placas. As concentrações testadas foram de (%): 0,00; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5; 4,0; 4,5; e 5,0. Escherichia coli foi a única bactéria sensível a todos os óleos em concentrações abaixo de 5%. Cravo da índia não inibiu o crescimento de S. aureus nas concentrações testadas. Somente o óleo essencial de tomilho inibiu o crescimento de Salmonella Enteritidis. Observando-se as curvas de morte termoquímica de S. aureus, nota-se que a solução desinfetante contendo óleo essencial de tomilho foi a mais eficiente, tanto a 25 quanto a 40°C, sendo necessário apenas 10min. de contato para não serem mais detectadas células viáveis. A solução desinfetante contendo 0,25% de óleo essencial de tomilho, tanto a 25 quanto a 40°C, eliminou as células de S. Enteritidis após10min. de contato. Já pra E. coli , os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as soluções desinfetantes contendo óleos essenciais de funcho doce e cravo da índia ...

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Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Essential Oils from Cardamom Species.

Autores: Emira Noumi, Mejdi Snoussi, Mousa M Alreshidi, Punchappady-Devasya Rekha, Kanekar Saptami, Lucia Caputo, Laura De Martino, Lucéia Fatima Souza, Kamel Msaada, Emilia Mancini, Guido Flamini, Abdulbasit Al-Sieni, Vincenzo De Feo | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: To highlight the importance of the spices in the Mediterranean diet, the aim of the paper was to study the essential oil compositions and to clarify the potential differences in the biological activities of the three cardamom species. In the study, we compared the phytochemical profiles and biological activities of essential oils from Elettaria cardamomum, Aframomum corrorima and Amomum subulatum. The oils were analyzed using the GC and GC/MS techniques and were mainly constituted of the oxygenated monoterpenes which represents 71.4%, 63.0%, and 51.0% of all compounds detected in E. cardamomum, A. corrorima and A. subulatum essential oils, respectively, 1,8-cineole was the main common compound between the tree tested volatile oil. The essential oils showed significant antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms tested especially the fungal strains. The Ethiopian cardamom was the most active essential oil with fungal growth inhibition zone ranging from 12.67 to 34.33 mm, MICs values ranging from 0.048 to 0.19 mg/mL, and MBCs values from 0.19 to 1.75 mg/mL. The three tested essential oils and their main component (1,8-cineole) significantly increased the production of elastase and protease production, and motility in P. aeruginosa PAO1 in a dose dependent manner. In fact, at 10 mg/mL concentration, the three essential oils showed more than 50% of inhibition of elastolytic and proteolytic activities in P. aeruginosa PAO1. The same oils inhibited also the violacein production in C. violaceum strain. It was also noticed that at high concentrations, the A. corrorima essential oil significantly inhibited the germination of radish. A thorough knowledge of the biological and safety profiles of essential oils can produce applications of economic importance.

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Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Profile of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Essential Oil Obtained by a Combined Extraction Method-Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Technology Coupled with Sonication.

Autores: Nora E Torres Castillo, Giselle D Teresa-Martínez, Maritza Alonzo-Macías, Carmen Téllez-Pérez, José Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Roberto Parra-Saldívar, Elda M Melchor-Martínez, Anaberta Cardador-Martínez | Ano: 2023 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom Essential oils are highly demanded because of their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Nonetheless, retrieving quality extracts quickly with efficient energy savings has been challenging. Therefore, green technologies are emerging as possible alternatives. Thus, this study evaluates the yield and quality of the instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) process coupled with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of cardamom essential oil (CEO). Likewise, the antioxidant activity, chemical profile of CEO, and microstructure of seeds were analyzed. This study analyzed 13 different treatments with varying saturated steam processing temperatures (SSPT), thermal processing times (TPT), and 1 control. The results showed that CEO yield increased significantly by DIC (140 °C and 30 s) and UAE compared to the control (22.53% vs. 15.6%). DIC 2 (165 °C, 30 s) showed the highest DPPH inhibition (79.48%) and the best Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) by the control with 0.60 uMTE/g. The GC/MS analysis showed 28 volatile constituents, withα-Terpinyl acetate, geranyl oleate, and oleic acid being the most abundant. DIC (140 °C and 30 s) and UAE showed the best yield and chemical profile. The SEM microscopy of untreated seeds revealed collapsed structures before the oil cell layer, which reduced the extraction yield, contrary to DIC-treated seeds, with more porous structures. Therefore, combining innovative extraction methods could solve the drawbacks of traditional extraction methods.

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Essential Oils from Spices Inhibit Cholinesterase Activity and Improve Behavioral Disorder in AlCl3 Induced Dementia.

Autores: Shu-Xia Chen, Jia-Yao Xiang, Jia-Xin Han, Yang-Feng, Hai-Zhou Li, Hao Chen, Min Xu | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The chemical compositions of essential oils (EOs) prepared from six spices including cinnamon, amomum tsao-ko, cardamom, amomum, black pepper and white pepper were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which led to identify almost 200 volatile compounds. All EOs of spices showed cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among them, pepper EO showed most potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 8.54 μg/mL (black pepper EO) and 5.02 μg/mL (white pepper EO). Molecular docking and in vitro validation suggested that 3-carene, α-pinene and β-pinene with IC50 value of 1.73, 2.66, and 14.75 μg/mL, respectively, might be active constituents of spices oil in inhibiting AChE. Furthermore, amomum tsao-ko EO and amomum EO can improve behavioral disorder in dementia zebrafish induced by aluminum trichloride (AlCl3 ).

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Effect of the Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Technology in Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Essential Oil Extraction and Antioxidant Activity.

Autores: Giselle Dení Teresa-Martínez, Anaberta Cardador-Martínez, Carmen Téllez-Pérez, Karim Allaf, Cristian Jiménez-Martínez, Maritza Alonzo-Macías | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) is an outspread spice native to Asia, which is well appreciated for its sensory characteristics, delicate aroma, and unique taste. Currently, the main cardamom extracts are essential oils (EOs), and regarding current market tendencies, this market is in high growth. For this reason, technologies such as the instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) have been applied to reach higher yields and better quality of EO. Then, this study explores the impact of DIC as a pretreatment before hydrodistillation (HD) on the EO yield and their antioxidant activity. Obtained results showed that the coupling of DIC-HD increased the yield of essential oil and also had a positive impact on their antioxidant capacity. The EO yield of DIC-HD (140 °C and 30 s) was 4.43% vs. 2.52% for control; the AOX of DIC-HD (165 °C and 30 s) was 86% inhibition vs. 57.02% for control, and the TEAC of DIC-HD (140 °C and 30 s) was 1.44 uMTE/g EO vs. 13.66 uMTE/g EO.

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Acaricidal, Larvacidal, and Repellent Activity of Elettaria cardamomum Essential Oil against Hyalomma anatolicum Ticks Infesting Saudi Arabian Cattle.

Autores: Abdullah D Alanazi, Mourad Ben Said, Abdullah F Shater, Mohammad Nafi Solaiman Al-Sabi | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Background: In this experimental study, we aimed to assess the acaricidal effects of Elettaria cardamomum L. essential oil (ECEO) against Hyalomma anatolicum tick in cattle from Saudi Arabia. Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to identify the chemical composition of ECEO. The acaricidal, larvicidal, and repellent activity of ECEO against H. anatolicum was studied through the adult immersion test (AIT), the larval packet test (LPT), the vertical movement behavior of tick’s larvae technique, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and oxidative enzyme activity. Results: By GC/MS, the most compounds were 1,8-cineole (34.3%), α-terpinyl acetate (23.3%), and α-pinene (17.7%), respectively. ECEO significantly (p < 0.001) increased the mortality rate as a dose-dependent response. After ECEO Treatment, number of eggs, egg weight, and hatchability significantly declined as a dose-dependent response. ECEO at concentrations of 5 µL/mL and above completely killed the larva. The LC50 and LC90 values for ECEO were 1.46 and 2.68 µL/mL, respectively. ECEO at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 µL/mL showed 100% repellency activity up to 60, 120, and 360 min incubation, respectively. ECEO, especially at ½ LC50 and LC50, significantly inhibited GST and AChE activities of H. anatolicum larvae compared to the control group. Conclusions: We found promising adulticidal, larvicidal, and repellent effects of ECEO against H. anatolicum as a vector of theileriosis in Saudi Arabia. We also found that ECEO displayed these activities through inhibiting AChE and GST. Nevertheless, additional investigations are required to confirm the accurate mechanisms and the relevance of ECEO in practical application.

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Cardamom, Cumin, and Dill Weed Essential Oils: Chemical Compositions, Antimicrobial Activities, and Mechanisms of Action against Campylobacter spp.

Autores: Aysegul Mutlu-Ingok, Funda Karbancioglu-Guler | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Natural antimicrobials as well as essential oils (EOs) have gained interest to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and to control food borne diseases. Campylobacter spp. are one of the most common causative agents of gastroenteritis. In this study, cardamom, cumin, and dill weed EOs were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by using agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution methods, along with the mechanisms of antimicrobial action. Chemical compositions of EOs were also tested by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that cardamom and dill weed EOs possess greater antimicrobial activity than cumin with larger inhibition zones and lower minimum inhibitory concentrations. The permeability of cell membrane and cell membrane integrity were evaluated by determining relative electric conductivity and release of cell constituents into supernatant at 260 nm, respectively. Moreover, effect of EOs on the cell membrane of Campylobacter spp. was also investigated by measuring extracellular ATP concentration. Increase of relative electric conductivity, extracellular ATP concentration, and cell constituents' release after treatment with EOs demonstrated that tested EOs affected the membrane integrity of Campylobacter spp. The results supported high efficiency of cardamom, cumin, and dill weed EOs to inhibit Campylobacter spp. by impairing the bacterial cell membrane.

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Preservative of Essential Oil Blends: Control of Clostridium perfringens Type a in Mortadella

Autores: Martins, Heloísa Helena de Abreu; Simões, Luara Aparecida; Isidoro, Silas Rodrigo; Nascimento, Sabrina de Souza; Alcântara, João Paulo; Ramos, Eduardo Mendes; Piccoli, Roberta Hilsdorf | Ano: 2021 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the essential oils of cinnamon, cardamom, clove, oregano, and thyme and their synergism on vegetative cells and endospores of Clostridium perfringens type A inoculated in meat sausage (mortadella), as well as the influence of blends on the color, and lipid oxidation through the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS index). The anticlostridial action of the oil blends was established. The two added oil blends (Treat. 1: oregano, clove, and thyme; Treat. 2: oregano, clove, and cinnamon) in combination with reduced nitrite content (75 ppm) promoted a lower growth of C. perfringens in mortadella stored at 15 °C for 21 days in comparison to treatments containing only 75 ppm of nitrite. The essential oil blends showed antioxidant action and did not alter food color, thus possessing potential application as a preservative for the meat products industry.

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The effect of chitosan coatings enriched with the extracts and essential oils of Elettaria Cardamomum on the shelf-life of chicken drumsticks vacuum-packaged at 4 °C.

Autores: Sonia Khorshidi, Tooraj Mehdizadeh, Mahdi Ghorbani | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was conducted to investigate the microbial, chemical, and sensory quality of chicken drumsticks vacuum-packaged at 4 °C, using chitosan (CH) coating containing ethanol extracts and the essential oils (EO) of Elettaria Cardamomum. The treatments were stored for 16 days in cold conditions and investigated in three-day intervals. Total volatile base nitrogen analysis showed that, on the 6th day, the uncoated treatment showed unacceptable values, while treatments containing the EO and extracts stayed below the specified level even on the 16th day. In addition, during storage, the Peroxide values for the uncoated sample were higher than the documented for the coated groups. Results of the Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances index revealed that the sample containing the EO of E. Cardamomum is the best treatment. Regarding to pH on the 16th day, the microbial growth in the mixed sample was 0.46 units lower than the control group. Microbial analysis showed that coating significantly reduce the growth of all five groups of bacteria at 4 ± 1 °C; thus, on the 6th day, the differences between mesophiles, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophic, and H2S-producing bacteria with the control group were 4.5, 4.5, 2.5, and 2 logs Cfu/g, respectively (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lactic acid bacteria growth was completely stopped. Finally, it was found that adding EO and extracts could significantly preserve the sensory quality of the samples. Thus, it was concluded that vacuum-packaged CH coatings enriched with the extract and EO of E. Cardamomum can preserve the quality of chicken drumsticks during storage in refrigerators.

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Multivariate analysis of chemometric based aroma dynamics in small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) during drying.

Autores: Sushreesmita Mishra, Nikita Sanwal, Nitya Sharma, Jatindra K Sahu | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aroma compositions and essential oil contents extracted from small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) dried at three temperatures using a hot air convective dryer was studied by chromatographic methods. The major compounds in the dried samples were 1,8-cineole (7.23-11.76%) and α-Terpinyl acetate (61.65-68.19%) that were responsible for the specific aroma. The extracted essential oil was found to be majorly composed of alkenes (33-42%), alcohols (18-30%) and esters (18-22%) with acids, alkyls and ketones. The changes in esters and alcohols with drying time were more significant (p < 0.05) than acids, alkenes and aldehydes at all three temperatures. The data were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. The analyses indicated that the compounds varied significantly (p < 0.05) with drying temperatures. The PCA revealed that there was overall 66.47, 75.96 and 78.25% cumulative data variance among the constituents of essential oils of cardamom samples dried at 40, 50 and 60 °C respectively. The samples showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in aroma constituents after 26, 18 and 16 h of drying at 40, 50 and 60 °C respectively.

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Multivariate analysis of chemometric based aroma dynamics in small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) during drying.

Autores: Sushreesmita Mishra, Nikita Sanwal, Nitya Sharma, Jatindra K Sahu | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aroma compositions and essential oil contents extracted from small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) dried at three temperatures using a hot air convective dryer was studied by chromatographic methods. The major compounds in the dried samples were 1,8-cineole (7.23-11.76%) and α-Terpinyl acetate (61.65-68.19%) that were responsible for the specific aroma. The extracted essential oil was found to be majorly composed of alkenes (33-42%), alcohols (18-30%) and esters (18-22%) with acids, alkyls and ketones. The changes in esters and alcohols with drying time were more significant (p < 0.05) than acids, alkenes and aldehydes at all three temperatures. The data were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. The analyses indicated that the compounds varied significantly (p < 0.05) with drying temperatures. The PCA revealed that there was overall 66.47, 75.96 and 78.25% cumulative data variance among the constituents of essential oils of cardamom samples dried at 40, 50 and 60 °C respectively. The samples showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in aroma constituents after 26, 18 and 16 h of drying at 40, 50 and 60 °C respectively.

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Phytochemical variations among four distinct varieties of Indian cardamom Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton.

Autores: Kaliyaperumal Ashokkumar, Muthusamy Murugan, M K Dhanya, Surya Raj, D Kamaraj | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton prestigiously called as Indian cardamom and is mostly cultivated in south India at higher altitudes ranging from 900 to 1400 msl. The chemical composition of dry capsules essential oil of the four distinct varieties was chemo-profiled by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results revealed a higher concentration of major monoterpene 1, 8-Cineole ranging between 28.94% and 34.91% in PV 1 and PV 2 varieties respectively. Other monoterpenes like α-Pinene, Sabinene, Linalool, α-Terpineol and Nerol were present considerable quantities in all of the four cardamom varieties. Two sesquiterpenic constituents namely, ç-Elemene and 1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol (Nerolidol) were identified in all varieties. Three ester constituents were also obtained in PV 1 in which α-Terpinyl acetate (26.68%) exhibited as a major ester constituent followed by Ocimenyl acetate (0.80%) and E5-Dodecenyl acetate (0.30%). This is the first published report on the phytochemical concentration of recent varieties of Indian cardamom.[Formula: see text].

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The effect of chitosan coatings enriched with the extracts and essential oils of Elettaria Cardamomum on the shelf-life of chicken drumsticks vacuum-packaged at 4 °C.

Autores: Sonia Khorshidi, Tooraj Mehdizadeh, Mahdi Ghorbani | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was conducted to investigate the microbial, chemical, and sensory quality of chicken drumsticks vacuum-packaged at 4 °C, using chitosan (CH) coating containing ethanol extracts and the essential oils (EO) of Elettaria Cardamomum. The treatments were stored for 16 days in cold conditions and investigated in three-day intervals. Total volatile base nitrogen analysis showed that, on the 6th day, the uncoated treatment showed unacceptable values, while treatments containing the EO and extracts stayed below the specified level even on the 16th day. In addition, during storage, the Peroxide values for the uncoated sample were higher than the documented for the coated groups. Results of the Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances index revealed that the sample containing the EO of E. Cardamomum is the best treatment. Regarding to pH on the 16th day, the microbial growth in the mixed sample was 0.46 units lower than the control group. Microbial analysis showed that coating significantly reduce the growth of all five groups of bacteria at 4 ± 1 °C; thus, on the 6th day, the differences between mesophiles, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophic, and H2S-producing bacteria with the control group were 4.5, 4.5, 2.5, and 2 logs Cfu/g, respectively (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the lactic acid bacteria growth was completely stopped. Finally, it was found that adding EO and extracts could significantly preserve the sensory quality of the samples. Thus, it was concluded that vacuum-packaged CH coatings enriched with the extract and EO of E. Cardamomum can preserve the quality of chicken drumsticks during storage in refrigerators.

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A study of vegetable oil modified QCM sensor to detect β-pinene in Indian cardamom.

Autores: Nilava Debabhuti, Sumani Mukherjee, Swarnali Neogi, Prolay Sharma, Ugir Hossain Sk, Soumen Maiti, Mousumi Poddar Sarkar, Bipan Tudu, Nabarun Bhattacharyya, Rajib Bandyopadhyay | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor was developed in this study with the vegetable oil from olive (OLV-QCM) to detect an important volatile organic compound, β-pinene in Indian cardamom. Hydrophobic vegetable oil from olive, which contains oleic acid and omega-9, a monounsaturated fatty acid was found to be suitable for binding β-pinene through non-covalent bonds. The fabricated QCM sensor coating was examined with the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine its surface morphology and chemical compositions. The sensitivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and reusability were studied for the developed sensor. Notably, the sensor was observed to be highly selective towards β-pinene as compared to the other volatile components present in cardamom. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) parameters were determined as 5.57 mg L-1 and 18.57 mg L-1, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm models of the sensor were studied to validate the physical adsorption affinity towards β-pinene applying Langmuir, Freundlich, and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models. The sensor showed a correlation factor of 0.99 with the peak area percentage of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for β-pinene in cardamom samples. The sensor was prepared with natural vegetable oil, unlike health hazard chemicals. In addition to this, the low-cost, easy fabrication process ensured the suitability of the sensor for practical deployment.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

A study of vegetable oil modified QCM sensor to detect β-pinene in Indian cardamom.

Autores: Nilava Debabhuti, Sumani Mukherjee, Swarnali Neogi, Prolay Sharma, Ugir Hossain Sk, Soumen Maiti, Mousumi Poddar Sarkar, Bipan Tudu, Nabarun Bhattacharyya, Rajib Bandyopadhyay | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor was developed in this study with the vegetable oil from olive (OLV-QCM) to detect an important volatile organic compound, β-pinene in Indian cardamom. Hydrophobic vegetable oil from olive, which contains oleic acid and omega-9, a monounsaturated fatty acid was found to be suitable for binding β-pinene through non-covalent bonds. The fabricated QCM sensor coating was examined with the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine its surface morphology and chemical compositions. The sensitivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and reusability were studied for the developed sensor. Notably, the sensor was observed to be highly selective towards β-pinene as compared to the other volatile components present in cardamom. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) parameters were determined as 5.57 mg L-1 and 18.57 mg L-1, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm models of the sensor were studied to validate the physical adsorption affinity towards β-pinene applying Langmuir, Freundlich, and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models. The sensor showed a correlation factor of 0.99 with the peak area percentage of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for β-pinene in cardamom samples. The sensor was prepared with natural vegetable oil, unlike health hazard chemicals. In addition to this, the low-cost, easy fabrication process ensured the suitability of the sensor for practical deployment.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effects of Essential Oils of Elettaria cardamomum Grown in India and Guatemala on Gram-Negative Bacteria and Gastrointestinal Disorders.

Autores: Aftab Alam, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Mohd Nazam Ansari, Amber Hanif Palla | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study examined the chemical composition and antimicrobial and gastrointestinal activity of the essential oils of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton harvested in India (EC-I) and Guatemala (EC-G). Monoterpenes were present in higher concentration in EC-I (83.24%) than in EC-G (73.03%), whereas sesquiterpenes were present in a higher concentration in EC-G (18.35%) than in EC-I (9.27%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.5 and 0.25 mg/mL were demonstrated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in EC-G and EC-I, respectively, whereas MICs of 1 and 0.5 mg/mL were demonstrated against Escherichia coli in EC-G and EC-I, respectively. The treatment with control had the highest kill-time potential, whereas the treatment with oils had shorter kill-time. EC-I was observed to be more potent in the castor oil-induced diarrhea model than EC-G. At 100 and 200 mg/kg, P.O., EC-I exhibited 40% and 80% protection, respectively, and EC-G exhibited 20% and 60% protection, respectively, in mice, whereas loperamide (10 mg/kg, i.p., positive control) exhibited 100% protection. In the in vitro experiments, EC-I inhibited both carbachol (CCh, 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions at significantly lower concentrations than EC-G. Thus, EC-I significantly inhibited P. aeruginosa and E. coli and exhibited more potent antidiarrheal and antispasmodic effects than EC-G.

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Gastroprotective effect of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton. fruits in rats.

Autores: A Jamal, Kalim Javed, M Aslam, M A Jafri | Ano: 2006 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom, the fruits of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. (Zingiberaceae) commonly known as "Heel khurd" is used in Unani system of medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. A crude methanolic extract (TM), essential oil (EO), petroleum ether soluble (PS) and insoluble (PI) fractions of methanolic extract, were studied in rats at doses of 100-500, 12.5-50, 12.5-150 and 450 mg/kg, respectively for their ability to inhibit the gastric lesions induced by aspirin, ethanol and pylorous ligature. In addition their effects on wall mucus and gastric acid output were recorded. All fractions (TM, EO, PS, PI) significantly inhibited gastric lesions induced by ethanol and aspirin but not those induced by pylorus ligation. TM proved to be active reducing lesions by about 70% in the EtOH-induced ulcer model at 500 mg/kg. The PS fraction reduced the lesions by 50% at 50 and 100mg/kg (no dose response was observed) with similar effect than the PI fraction at 450 mg/kg. In the aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, the best gastroprotective effect was found in the PS fraction, which inhibited lesions by nearly 100% at 12.5mg/kg. In our experimental conditions, the PS extract at doses >or=12.5mg/kg proved to be more active than ranitidine at 50mg/kg.

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Conclusão: N/A

Gastroprotective effect of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton. fruits in rats.

Autores: A Jamal, Kalim Javed, M Aslam, M A Jafri | Ano: 2006 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom, the fruits of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. (Zingiberaceae) commonly known as "Heel khurd" is used in Unani system of medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. A crude methanolic extract (TM), essential oil (EO), petroleum ether soluble (PS) and insoluble (PI) fractions of methanolic extract, were studied in rats at doses of 100-500, 12.5-50, 12.5-150 and 450 mg/kg, respectively for their ability to inhibit the gastric lesions induced by aspirin, ethanol and pylorous ligature. In addition their effects on wall mucus and gastric acid output were recorded. All fractions (TM, EO, PS, PI) significantly inhibited gastric lesions induced by ethanol and aspirin but not those induced by pylorus ligation. TM proved to be active reducing lesions by about 70% in the EtOH-induced ulcer model at 500 mg/kg. The PS fraction reduced the lesions by 50% at 50 and 100mg/kg (no dose response was observed) with similar effect than the PI fraction at 450 mg/kg. In the aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, the best gastroprotective effect was found in the PS fraction, which inhibited lesions by nearly 100% at 12.5mg/kg. In our experimental conditions, the PS extract at doses >or=12.5mg/kg proved to be more active than ranitidine at 50mg/kg.

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Conclusão: N/A

Gastroprotective effect of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton. fruits in rats.

Autores: A Jamal, Kalim Javed, M Aslam, M A Jafri | Ano: 2006 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Cardamom, the fruits of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. (Zingiberaceae) commonly known as "Heel khurd" is used in Unani system of medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. A crude methanolic extract (TM), essential oil (EO), petroleum ether soluble (PS) and insoluble (PI) fractions of methanolic extract, were studied in rats at doses of 100-500, 12.5-50, 12.5-150 and 450 mg/kg, respectively for their ability to inhibit the gastric lesions induced by aspirin, ethanol and pylorous ligature. In addition their effects on wall mucus and gastric acid output were recorded. All fractions (TM, EO, PS, PI) significantly inhibited gastric lesions induced by ethanol and aspirin but not those induced by pylorus ligation. TM proved to be active reducing lesions by about 70% in the EtOH-induced ulcer model at 500 mg/kg. The PS fraction reduced the lesions by 50% at 50 and 100mg/kg (no dose response was observed) with similar effect than the PI fraction at 450 mg/kg. In the aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, the best gastroprotective effect was found in the PS fraction, which inhibited lesions by nearly 100% at 12.5mg/kg. In our experimental conditions, the PS extract at doses >or=12.5mg/kg proved to be more active than ranitidine at 50mg/kg.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Thymol, cardamom and Lactobacillus plantarum nanoparticles as a functional candy with high protection against Streptococcus mutans and tooth decay.

Autores: Nayyer Karimi, Vahid Jabbari, Aylar Nazemi, Khudaverdi Ganbarov, Nasrin Karimi, Asghar Tanomand, Samad Karimi, Amin Abbasi, Bahman Yousefi, Ehsaneh Khodadadi, Hossein Samadi Kafil | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Due to the increasing resistance of microorganisms against antibiotics, the use of natural bioactive substances for the prevention of pathogenic bacteria is considered in food products. In this study, thymol, cardamom essential oil, L. plantarum cell-free supernatant (ATCC 14917), and their nanoparticle candies prepared and inhibition activities against S. mutans (ATCC 25175), which is important in causing tooth decay, was investigated. Moisture content, pH, and sensory analyzes of candies measured. Also, SEM and FTIR of treated candy samples were performed. All examined bioactive substances and their nanoparticles showed an inhibitory effect against S. mutans with different minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The prepared candies had pH 5.5 represented a bactericidal effect against S. mutans. SEM and FTIR results approved the antibacterial effects of prepared candies. According to the results, all of the prepared candies significantly decreased S. mutans in saliva compared to the control candy and they are suitable agents for S. mutans growth-inhibiting. Also, cardamom essential oil candy showed the most general acceptance in a sensory analysis by panelists.

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The effect of Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) on the metabolic syndrome: Narrative review.

Autores: Roghayeh Yahyazadeh, Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, Bibi Marjan Razavi, Gholamreza Karimi, Hossein Hosseinzadeh | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), as a health-threatening factor, consists of various symptoms including insulin resistance, high blood sugar, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and abdominal obesity that raise the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases are important causes of mortality among the world population. Recently, there has been a growing interest in using phytomedicine and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The data was gathered by searching various standard electronic databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed) for English articles with no time limitations. All in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies were included. Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) is a rich source of phenolic compounds, volatile oils, and fixed oils. Cardamom and its pharmacologically effective substances have shown broad-spectrum activities including antihypertensive, anti-oxidant, lipid-modifying, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombotic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effects. This review aims to highlight the therapeutic effects of cardamom on MetS and its components including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and high blood pressure as well as the underlying mechanisms in the management of MetS. Finally, it can be stated that cardamom has beneficial effects on the treatment of MetS and its complications.

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Chitosan Nanoparticle Encapsulation of Antibacterial Essential Oils.

Autores: Arvind Negi, Kavindra Kumar Kesari | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Chitosan is the most suitable encapsulation polymer because of its natural abundance, biodegradability, and surface functional groups in the form of free NH2 groups. The presence of NH2 groups allows for the facile grafting of functionalized molecules onto the chitosan surface, resulting in multifunctional materialistic applications. Quaternization of chitosan's free amino is one of the typical chemical modifications commonly achieved under acidic conditions. This quaternization improves its ionic character, making it ready for ionic-ionic surface modification. Although the cationic nature of chitosan alone exhibits antibacterial activity because of its interaction with negatively-charged bacterial membranes, the nanoscale size of chitosan further amplifies its antibiofilm activity. Additionally, the researcher used chitosan nanoparticles as polymeric materials to encapsulate antibiofilm agents (such as antibiotics and natural phytochemicals), serving as an excellent strategy to combat biofilm-based secondary infections. This paper provided a summary of available carbohydrate-based biopolymers as antibiofilm materials. Furthermore, the paper focuses on chitosan nanoparticle-based encapsulation of basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum), mandarin essential oil (Citrus reticulata), Carum copticum essential oil ("Ajwain"), dill plant seed essential oil (Anethum graveolens), peppermint oil (Mentha piperita), green tea oil (Camellia sinensis), cardamom essential oil, clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata), cumin seed essential oil (Cuminum cyminum), lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon commutatus), summer savory essential oil (Satureja hortensis), thyme essential oil, cinnamomum essential oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and nettle essential oil (Urtica dioica). Additionally, chitosan nanoparticles are used for the encapsulation of the major essential components carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, the encapsulation of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus), the encapsulation of a mandarin essential oil nanoemulsion, and the electrospinning nanofiber of collagen hydrolysate-chitosan with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil.

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Stability of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) essential oil in microcapsules made of whey protein isolate, guar gum, and carrageenan.

Autores: Ghadeer F Mehyar, Khalid M Al-Ismail, Hana'a M Al-Ghizzawi, Richard A Holley | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effects of microencapsulating cardamom essential oil (CEO) in whey protein isolate (WPI) alone and combined with guar gum (GG) and carrageen (CG) on microencapsulation efficiency, oil chemical stability, and microcapsule structure were investigated. Freeze-dried microcapsules were prepared from emulsions containing (w/w): 15% and 30% WPI; 0.1% GG, and 0.2% CG as wall materials with CEO (at 10% of polymer concentration) as core material, and physical properties and chemical stability were compared. Bulk density of microcapsules was highest in WPI without GG or CG and in 30% WPI + GG microcapsules, and was more affected by moisture content (r = -0.6) than by mean particle diameter (d43 ; r = -0.2) and span (r = 0.1). Microcapsules containing only WPI had the highest entrapped oil (7.5%) and microencapsulation efficiency (98.5%). The concentrations of 1,8-cineole and d-limonene were used as indicators for microcapsule chemical stability since they were the main components of CEO. Microcapsules retained higher (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of both components than non-microencapsulated CEO during 16 wk storage at 20 ºC, but higher loss of both components was noted at 35 ºC. Microencapsulated d-limonene was reduced faster than 1,8-cineole regardless of temperature. The 30% WPI and 30% WPI + GG microcapsules retained CEO best throughout storage at both storage temperatures. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that WPI microcapsules had smooth surfaces, were relatively homogenous and regular in shape, whereas GG and CG addition increased visual surface porosity and reduced shape regularity. It was concluded that the best formulation for encapsulating CEO was 30% WPI.

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Conclusão: N/A

Stability of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) essential oil in microcapsules made of whey protein isolate, guar gum, and carrageenan.

Autores: Ghadeer F Mehyar, Khalid M Al-Ismail, Hana'a M Al-Ghizzawi, Richard A Holley | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effects of microencapsulating cardamom essential oil (CEO) in whey protein isolate (WPI) alone and combined with guar gum (GG) and carrageen (CG) on microencapsulation efficiency, oil chemical stability, and microcapsule structure were investigated. Freeze-dried microcapsules were prepared from emulsions containing (w/w): 15% and 30% WPI; 0.1% GG, and 0.2% CG as wall materials with CEO (at 10% of polymer concentration) as core material, and physical properties and chemical stability were compared. Bulk density of microcapsules was highest in WPI without GG or CG and in 30% WPI + GG microcapsules, and was more affected by moisture content (r = -0.6) than by mean particle diameter (d43 ; r = -0.2) and span (r = 0.1). Microcapsules containing only WPI had the highest entrapped oil (7.5%) and microencapsulation efficiency (98.5%). The concentrations of 1,8-cineole and d-limonene were used as indicators for microcapsule chemical stability since they were the main components of CEO. Microcapsules retained higher (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of both components than non-microencapsulated CEO during 16 wk storage at 20 ºC, but higher loss of both components was noted at 35 ºC. Microencapsulated d-limonene was reduced faster than 1,8-cineole regardless of temperature. The 30% WPI and 30% WPI + GG microcapsules retained CEO best throughout storage at both storage temperatures. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that WPI microcapsules had smooth surfaces, were relatively homogenous and regular in shape, whereas GG and CG addition increased visual surface porosity and reduced shape regularity. It was concluded that the best formulation for encapsulating CEO was 30% WPI.

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Bifunctional ultrasound assisted extraction and determination of Elettaria cardamomum Maton essential oil.

Autores: Hassan Sereshti, Ahmad Rohanifar, Sadjad Bakhtiari, Soheila Samadi | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: A new hyphenated extraction method composed of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)-optimized ultrasound assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of the essential oil of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and optimization was performed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Ultrasound played two different roles in the extraction of the essential oil. First, as a source of sufficient energy to break the oil-containing glands in order to release the oil, and second as an emulsifier to disperse the organic phase within water. The effective parameters (factors) of USAEME including volume of extraction solvent (C(2)H(4)Cl(2)), extraction temperature and ultrasonic time were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD). The optimal conditions were 120 μL for extraction solvent volume, 32.5 °C for temperature and 10.5 min for ultrasonic time. The linear dynamic ranges (LDRs) were 0.01-50 mg L(-1) with the determination coefficients in the range of 0.9990-0.9999. The limits of detection (LODs) and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.001-0.007 mg L(-1) and 3.6-6.3%, respectively. The enrichment factors were 93-98. The main components of the extracted essential oil were α-terpenyl acetate (46.0%), 1,8-cineole (27.7%), linalool (5.3%), α-terpineol (4.0%), linalyl acetate (3.5%).

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Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO2 extract of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton.

Autores: Bruno Marongiu, Alessandra Piras, Silvia Porcedda | Ano: 2004 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The volatile oil of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton seeds was obtained by supercritical CO(2) extraction (SC-CO(2)). The effect of the extraction conditions on the yield and composition of the resulting cardamom volatile oil was examined by testing two pressure values, 9.0 and 11.0 MPa; two temperatures, 40 and 50 degrees C; two flow rate values, 0.6 and 1.2 kg/h; and two particles size values, 250-425 and >850 microm. The extraction conditions that gave the highest yield, Y (grams of extract per gram of seeds), of 5.5%, were as follows: pressure, 9.0 MPa; temperature, 40 degrees C; carbon dioxide flow, phi = 1.2 kg/h; and particles sizes in the range of 250-425 microm. Waxes, recovered as traces, were entrapped in the first separator set at 9.0 MPa and -10 degrees C. The oil was recovered in the second separator working at 1.5 MPa and 10 degrees C. The main components were as follows: alpha-terpinyl acetate, 42.3%; 1,8-cineole, 21.4%; linalyl acetate, 8.2%; limonene, 5.6%; and linalool, 5.4%. A comparison with the hydrodistilled oil, obtained at a yield of 5.0%, did not reveal any consistent difference. In contrast, the extract obtained using hexane, Y = 7.6%, showed strong composition differences. Indeed, the volatile fraction of the extract was made up mainly of the following: limonene, 36.4%; 1,8-cineole, 23.5%; terpinolene, 8.6%; and myrcene, 6.6%.

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Conclusão: N/A

Bifunctional ultrasound assisted extraction and determination of Elettaria cardamomum Maton essential oil.

Autores: Hassan Sereshti, Ahmad Rohanifar, Sadjad Bakhtiari, Soheila Samadi | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: A new hyphenated extraction method composed of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE)-optimized ultrasound assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of the essential oil of Elettaria cardamomum Maton. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and optimization was performed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Ultrasound played two different roles in the extraction of the essential oil. First, as a source of sufficient energy to break the oil-containing glands in order to release the oil, and second as an emulsifier to disperse the organic phase within water. The effective parameters (factors) of USAEME including volume of extraction solvent (C(2)H(4)Cl(2)), extraction temperature and ultrasonic time were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD). The optimal conditions were 120 μL for extraction solvent volume, 32.5 °C for temperature and 10.5 min for ultrasonic time. The linear dynamic ranges (LDRs) were 0.01-50 mg L(-1) with the determination coefficients in the range of 0.9990-0.9999. The limits of detection (LODs) and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.001-0.007 mg L(-1) and 3.6-6.3%, respectively. The enrichment factors were 93-98. The main components of the extracted essential oil were α-terpenyl acetate (46.0%), 1,8-cineole (27.7%), linalool (5.3%), α-terpineol (4.0%), linalyl acetate (3.5%).

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Conclusão: N/A

Essential Oils from Spices Inhibit Cholinesterase Activity and Improve Behavioral Disorder in AlCl3 Induced Dementia.

Autores: Shu-Xia Chen, Jia-Yao Xiang, Jia-Xin Han, Yang-Feng, Hai-Zhou Li, Hao Chen, Min Xu | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The chemical compositions of essential oils (EOs) prepared from six spices including cinnamon, amomum tsao-ko, cardamom, amomum, black pepper and white pepper were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which led to identify almost 200 volatile compounds. All EOs of spices showed cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among them, pepper EO showed most potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 8.54 μg/mL (black pepper EO) and 5.02 μg/mL (white pepper EO). Molecular docking and in vitro validation suggested that 3-carene, α-pinene and β-pinene with IC50 value of 1.73, 2.66, and 14.75 μg/mL, respectively, might be active constituents of spices oil in inhibiting AChE. Furthermore, amomum tsao-ko EO and amomum EO can improve behavioral disorder in dementia zebrafish induced by aluminum trichloride (AlCl3 ).

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Antiparasitic effects of Elettaria cardamomum L. essential oil and its main compounds, 1-8 Cineole alone and in combination with albendazole against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces.

Autores: Hamdan I Almohammed, Abeer M Alkhaibari, Abdullah D Alanazi | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present investigation aims to determine the chemical structure and protoscolicidal effects of Elettaria cardamomum L. essential oil (ECEO) and its main compounds 1-8 cineole alone and along with albendazole (ALZ) against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces in vitro and ex vivo. We also decided to evaluate some cellular mechanisms such as the apoptotic activity and the permeability of plasma membrane of protoscoleces treated with ECEO and 1-8 cineole.

Resultados: The highest protoscolicidal effect of ECEO was observed at the dose of 200 µl/ml (T3). 1,8-Cineole alone and combined with ALZ, particularly at the dose of 200 µg/ml (T5 and T7), destroyed the 100% protoscolices after 10 min incubation. The ECEO (T1-T3) and 1-8 cineole alone (T4 and T5) and in combination with ALZ (T6 and T7) took longer to display their protoscolicidal effect ex vivo. The obtained results of relative fuorescent items exhibited that the protoscoleces incubated with ECEO and 1,8-Cineole, alter the permeability of plasma membrane by Sytox Green with increasing the concentration. The findings revealed exhibited that ECEO and 1,8-Cineole increasingly and dose-dependently induced activation of caspase-3 enzyme ranging from 6.8 to 23.3%.

Conclusão: Our obtained results revealed that ECEO and its main compound, 1,8-Cineole exhibited the potent protoscolicidal in vitro and ex vivo; and if more research is done on their efficacy and toxicity in animal models and even clinical setting, it can be suggested as a protoscolicidal agent to use during hydatid cyst surgery.

Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Aromatic Plants by Means of Dynamic Headspace Extraction and Multiple Headspace Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Autores: Jone Omar, Maitane Olivares, Ibone Alonso, Asier Vallejo, Oier Aizpurua-Olaizola, Nestor Etxebarria | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Seven monoterpenes in 4 aromatic plants (sage, cardamom, lavender, and rosemary) were quantified in liquid extracts and directly in solid samples by means of dynamic headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DHS-GC-MS) and multiple headspace extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MHSE), respectively. The monoterpenes were 1st extracted by means of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and analyzed by an optimized DHS-GC-MS. The optimization of the dynamic extraction step and the desorption/cryo-focusing step were tackled independently by experimental design assays. The best working conditions were set at 30 °C for the incubation temperature, 5 min of incubation time, and 40 mL of purge volume for the dynamic extraction step of these bioactive molecules. The conditions of the desorption/cryo-trapping step from the Tenax TA trap were set at follows: the temperature was increased from 30 to 300 °C at 150 °C/min, although the cryo-trapping was maintained at -70 °C. In order to estimate the efficiency of the SFE process, the analysis of monoterpenes in the 4 aromatic plants was directly carried out by means of MHSE because it did not require any sample preparation. Good linearity (r2) > 0.99) and reproducibility (relative standard deviation % <12) was obtained for solid and liquid quantification approaches, in the ranges of 0.5 to 200 ng and 10 to 500 ng/mL, respectively. The developed methods were applied to analyze the concentration of 7 monoterpenes in aromatic plants obtaining concentrations in the range of 2 to 6000 ng/g and 0.25 to 110 μg/mg, respectively.

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Conclusão: N/A

Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Aromatic Plants by Means of Dynamic Headspace Extraction and Multiple Headspace Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Autores: Jone Omar, Maitane Olivares, Ibone Alonso, Asier Vallejo, Oier Aizpurua-Olaizola, Nestor Etxebarria | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Seven monoterpenes in 4 aromatic plants (sage, cardamom, lavender, and rosemary) were quantified in liquid extracts and directly in solid samples by means of dynamic headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DHS-GC-MS) and multiple headspace extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MHSE), respectively. The monoterpenes were 1st extracted by means of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and analyzed by an optimized DHS-GC-MS. The optimization of the dynamic extraction step and the desorption/cryo-focusing step were tackled independently by experimental design assays. The best working conditions were set at 30 °C for the incubation temperature, 5 min of incubation time, and 40 mL of purge volume for the dynamic extraction step of these bioactive molecules. The conditions of the desorption/cryo-trapping step from the Tenax TA trap were set at follows: the temperature was increased from 30 to 300 °C at 150 °C/min, although the cryo-trapping was maintained at -70 °C. In order to estimate the efficiency of the SFE process, the analysis of monoterpenes in the 4 aromatic plants was directly carried out by means of MHSE because it did not require any sample preparation. Good linearity (r2) > 0.99) and reproducibility (relative standard deviation % <12) was obtained for solid and liquid quantification approaches, in the ranges of 0.5 to 200 ng and 10 to 500 ng/mL, respectively. The developed methods were applied to analyze the concentration of 7 monoterpenes in aromatic plants obtaining concentrations in the range of 2 to 6000 ng/g and 0.25 to 110 μg/mg, respectively.

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Effect of Cardamom Inhalation Therapy on Intra-and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting of Mothers Undergoing Spinal Anesthesia for Elective Cesarean Section.

Autores: Mahnaz Khatiban, Masoumeh Mirzaie, Akbar Fazeli, Leili Tapak, Zahra Khalili | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study aimed to determine the effect of cardamom inhalation on intra and postoperative nausea and vomiting (IONV/PONV) of mothers undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section.

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Safety and efficacy of an essential oil from Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton when used as a sensory additive in feed for all animal species.

Autores: , Vasileios Bampidis, Giovanna Azimonti, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Henrik Christensen, Maryline Kouba, Mojca Kos Durjava, Marta López-Alonso, Secundino López Puente, Francesca Marcon, Baltasar Mayo, Alena Pechová, Mariana Petkova, Fernando Ramos, Yolanda Sanz, Roberto Villa, Ruud Woutersen, Paul Brantom, Andrew Chesson, Boris Kolar, Patrick Van Beelen, Johannes Westendorf, Lucilla Gregoretti, Paola Manini, Birgit Dusemund | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil from the seeds of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. Characterisation of the essential oil identified 37 components accounting for > 99% of its composition, with terpineol acetate (> 35%) and 1,8-cineole (> 20%) being the most prevalent compounds. In the absence of toxicological data of the feed additive itself, a component-based approach was applied to assess the safety of the essential oil as a mixture. Based on structural and metabolic similarity, the components of cardamom oil were allocated to seven assessment groups. Assuming the absence of toxicologically relevant interactions among components, dose addition was applied within each assessment group by calculating the combined margin of exposure as a basis for risk characterisation. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive under assessment is safe at the proposed use level of 5 mg/kg in feed for all animal species. A concentration of 5 mg/L water for drinking is considered safe for all animal species. The use of cardamom essential oil in animal feed is considered safe for the consumer. In the absence of studies, the Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the users when handling the additive. The use of the essential oil under assessment in animal production is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the seeds of E. cardamomum and their preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary. The Panel made a recommendation to limit the content of methyleugenol in the oil.

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Fumigant toxicity and oviposition deterrency of the essential oil from cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum, against three stored–product insects.

Autores: Habib Abbasipour, Mohammad Mahmoudvand, Fahimeh Rastegar, Mohammad Hossein Hosseinpour | Ano: 2011 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Use of insecticides can have disruptive effects on the environment. Replacing the chemical compounds in these insecticides with plant materials, however, can be a safe method with low environmental risk. In the current study, chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oil from cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum L. (Maton) (Zingiberales: Zingiberaceae) on the adults of three stored product pests was investigated. Results indicated that essential oil of E. cardamomum toxic to the bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Adults of E. kuehniella were more sensitive than the Coleoptera. Also, the highest mortality of these insects was seen after 12 hours. Results of the LT₅₀ tests showed that the lethal time of mortality occurred between 10-20 hours in various test concentrations. Essential oil of E. cardamomum had a good efficacy on oviposition deterrence of C. maculatus females, too. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents of cardamom were identified as 1,8-cineol, α-terpinyl acetate, terpinene and fenchyl alcohol. These results suggest that essential oil of E. cardamomum is a good choice for control of stored product pests.

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The effect of Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) on the metabolic syndrome: Narrative review.

Autores: Roghayeh Yahyazadeh, Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, Bibi Marjan Razavi, Gholamreza Karimi, Hossein Hosseinzadeh | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), as a health-threatening factor, consists of various symptoms including insulin resistance, high blood sugar, hypertension, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and abdominal obesity that raise the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases are important causes of mortality among the world population. Recently, there has been a growing interest in using phytomedicine and natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The data was gathered by searching various standard electronic databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed) for English articles with no time limitations. All in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies were included. Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) is a rich source of phenolic compounds, volatile oils, and fixed oils. Cardamom and its pharmacologically effective substances have shown broad-spectrum activities including antihypertensive, anti-oxidant, lipid-modifying, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombotic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic effects. This review aims to highlight the therapeutic effects of cardamom on MetS and its components including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and high blood pressure as well as the underlying mechanisms in the management of MetS. Finally, it can be stated that cardamom has beneficial effects on the treatment of MetS and its complications.

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Safety and efficacy of an essential oil from Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton when used as a sensory additive in feed for all animal species.

Autores: , Vasileios Bampidis, Giovanna Azimonti, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Henrik Christensen, Maryline Kouba, Mojca Kos Durjava, Marta López-Alonso, Secundino López Puente, Francesca Marcon, Baltasar Mayo, Alena Pechová, Mariana Petkova, Fernando Ramos, Yolanda Sanz, Roberto Villa, Ruud Woutersen, Paul Brantom, Andrew Chesson, Boris Kolar, Patrick Van Beelen, Johannes Westendorf, Lucilla Gregoretti, Paola Manini, Birgit Dusemund | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil from the seeds of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. Characterisation of the essential oil identified 37 components accounting for > 99% of its composition, with terpineol acetate (> 35%) and 1,8-cineole (> 20%) being the most prevalent compounds. In the absence of toxicological data of the feed additive itself, a component-based approach was applied to assess the safety of the essential oil as a mixture. Based on structural and metabolic similarity, the components of cardamom oil were allocated to seven assessment groups. Assuming the absence of toxicologically relevant interactions among components, dose addition was applied within each assessment group by calculating the combined margin of exposure as a basis for risk characterisation. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive under assessment is safe at the proposed use level of 5 mg/kg in feed for all animal species. A concentration of 5 mg/L water for drinking is considered safe for all animal species. The use of cardamom essential oil in animal feed is considered safe for the consumer. In the absence of studies, the Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the users when handling the additive. The use of the essential oil under assessment in animal production is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the seeds of E. cardamomum and their preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary. The Panel made a recommendation to limit the content of methyleugenol in the oil.

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