LIMÃO SICILIANO

Citrus essential oils and four enantiomeric pinenes against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae).

Autores: Antonios Michaelakis, Dimitrios Papachristos, Athanasios Kimbaris, George Koliopoulos, Athanasios Giatropoulos, Moschos G Polissiou | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of pinenes (enantiomers of alpha- and beta-) and essential oils from Greek plants of the Rutaceae family against the mosquito larvae of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation from fruit peel of orange (Citrus sinensis L.), lemon (Citrus limon L.), and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.). The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Citrus essential oils contained in high proportion limonene and in lower quantities p-menthane molecules and pinenes. The insecticidal action of these essential oils and enantiomers of their pinenes on mosquito larvae was evaluated. Plant essential oils exhibited strong toxicity against larvae with the LC(50) values ranging from 30.1 (lemon) to 51.5 mg/L (orange) depending on Citrus species and their composition. Finally, the LC(50) value of pinenes ranging from 36.53 to 66.52 mg/L indicated an enantioselective toxicity only for the beta-pinene enantiomer.

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Constituintes químicos e estudos toxicológicos do óleo essencial extraído das folhas de Citrus limon Burn (Rutaceae)/ Chemical constituents and toxicological studies of the essential oil extracted from Citrus limon Burn (Rutaceae)

Autores: Campelo, L.M.L.; Sá, C.G.; Feitosa, C.M.; Sousa, G.F.; Freitas, R.M. | Ano: 2013 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: A caracterização química do óleo essencial de folhas de Citrus limon (Rutaceae) resultou na identificação de mistura de monoterpenos (limoneno, linalol, cis-óxido de limoneno, trans-óxido de limoneno, citronelal, neral, geranial, nerol e acetato de geranil). As estruturas dos compostos do óleo essencial foram identificadas por GC/MS, por comparação com dados da literatura. Os efeitos da administração crônica oral do óleo essencial de folhas de Citrus limon foram investigados sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos em camundongos Swiss machos. Os animais (n = 10/grupo) foram tratados por via oral diariamente durante 30 dias com óleo essencial de folhas de Citrus limon, nas doses de 50, 100 ou 150 mg kg-1 de massa corporal e os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos avaliados. O tratamento não causou nenhuma morte ou toxicidade nos animais. A administração do óleo essencial não alterou os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos e a massa dos órgãos, exceto por diminuição de 21 e 11% em uréia e ácido úrico, respectivamente, e 9%, nos níveis plasmáticos de aspartato transaminase (AST). Para os parâmetros hematológicos, houve pequenas mudanças nas contagens de neutrófilos, linfócitos, eosinófilos e monócitos, mas estes não foram diferentes dos valores de referência. Além disso, houve diminuição significativa nos triglicerídeos detectado nos animais tratados com dose de 150 mg kg-1 de óleo essencial. Em conclusão, a administração crônica de óleo essencial não induziu nenhum efeito de risco na maioria dos parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos estudados em camundongos Swiss machos. No entanto, a diminuição dos níveis de uréia e ácido úrico em doses elevadas, sugere um possível efeito de insuficiência renal e aumento no teor de AST, sugerindo possível sobrecarga hepática que deve ser investigada com mais detalhe.

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In vitro effect of essential oils from Cinnamomum aromaticum, Citrus limon and Allium sativum on two intestinal flagellates of poultry, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis.

Autores: L Zenner, M P Callait, C Granier, C Chauve | Ano: 2003 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oils may be effective preventive or curative treatments against several flagelated poultry parasites and may become primordial either to organic farms, or as more drugs are bannished. The anti-flagellate activity of essential oils obtained from fresh leaves of Cinnamomum aromaticum, Citrus limon pericarps and Allium sativum bulbs was investigated in vitro on Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis. On T. gallinarum, the minimal lethal concentration (MLC) at 24 hours was 0.25 microliter/ml for C. aromaticum oil, and 0.125 microliter/ml for C. limon and A. sativum oils. On H. meleagridis, MLC was 0.5 microliter/ml for C. aromaticum oil and 1 microliter/ml for C. limon and A. sativum oils at 24 and 48 hours. Moreover, no synergistic effects were evidenced in vitro. The essential oil constituents, based on their GC retention times have been also identified. The major component is trans-cinnamaldehyde (79%) for C. aromaticum; limonene for C. limon (71%) and diallyl tri- and disulfide (79%) for A. sativum. Even if concentration and protocol adaptations are required for successful in vivo treatments, it appears that these oils may be useful as chemotherapeutic agents against several poultry parasites.

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A Comparative Study on Relieving Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Inhalation of Different Citrus Essential Oils.

Autores: Lei Tian, Tan Hu, Shanshan Zhang, Hongyan Zhang, Chenxi Yang, Guiting Chen, Siyi Pan | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Citrus essential oils (CEOs) possess physiological functions due to diverse aroma components. However, evidence for the effects of CEOs on exercise performance and exercise-induced fatigue is limited. The CEOs with discrepancies in components may exert different effects on the amelioration of exercise-induced fatigue. In this study, sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) essential oil (SEO), lemon (Citrus limon Osbeck) essential oil (LEO), and bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso and Poit) essential oil (BEO) were chosen to explore the effect on amelioration of exercise-induced fatigue. Our results demonstrated that SEO and LEO increased the swimming time by 276% and 46.5%, while BEO did not. Moreover, the three CEOs exerted varying effects on mitigating exercise-induced fatigue via inhibiting oxidative stress, protecting muscle injury, and promoting glucose-dependent energy supply. Accordingly, BEO showed the best efficiency. Moreover, the GC-MS and Pearson correlation analysis of BEO showed that the contents of the major components, such as (±)-limonene (32.9%), linalyl butyrate (17.8%), and linalool (7.7%), were significantly positively correlated with relieving exercise-induced fatigue.

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Citrus limon (L.) Burm f. Essential Oil Has Anxiolytic and Sedative Properties by Modulating GABAA-Receptors

Autores: Viana, Max Denisson Mauricio; Silva Neto, Geraldo Jose da; Lima, Alyne Almeida de; Leite, Anderson Brandão; Souza, Isis Torres; Santana, Antônio Euzébio Goulart; Campesatto, Eliane Aparecida; Moreira, Magna Suzana Alexandre | Ano: 2020 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Abstract The high prevalence of anxiety disorders associated with pharmacotherapy side effects have motivated the search for new pharmacological agents. Species from Citrus genus, such as Citrus limon (sicilian lemon), have been used in folk medicine as a potential therapy to minimize emotional disorders. In order to searching for new effective treatments with fewer side effects, the present study evaluated the anxiolytic mechanism of action and the hypnotic-sedative activity from the Citrus limon fruit's peels essential oil (CLEO). Adults male Swiss mice were submitted to barbiturate-induced sleep test; elevated plus-maze (EPM) and light-dark box (LDB) (evaluation of the mechanism of action); rotarod; and catalepsy tests. CLEO oral treatment decreased latency and increased the sleep total time; moreover it induced in animals an increased the number of entries and percentage of time spent into open arms of the EPM; an increased the number of transitions and the percentage of time into light compartment in the LDB; which were only antagonized by flumazenil pretreatment, with no injury at motor function. Thus, results suggest that CLEO treatment induced an anxiolytic behavior suggestively modulated by the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor or by an increase of GABAergic neurotransmission, without cause impairment in the motor coordination.

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The potency of lemon (Citrus limon L.) essential oil to control some fungal diseases of grapevine wood.

Autores: Faiza Ammad, Oussama Moumen, Abdelbaset Gasem, Salam Othmane, Kato-Noguchi Hisashi, Bachar Zebib, Othmane Merah | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity (AA) of the essential oil (EO) of lemon (Citrus limon L.) against three pathogenic fungi attacking grapevine wood. The composition of the EO was also studied. Ten volatile components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the EO consists of volatile components where monoterpene hydrocarbons are the most abundant ones. Four major components were identified, which represent 99.9% of the total EO (limonene, neral, β-pinene, and γ-terpinene). The AA of the EO was evaluated against three pathogenic fungi attacking grapevine wood (Eutypa sp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Fomitiporia mediterranea). The results showed that the EO exerts AA against all tested fungi and significantly inhibits their growth. Eutypa sp. is the most sensitive fungus. These results show, for the first time, a new use for the EO of lemon (C. limon L.) to control fungal diseases of grapevine wood.

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The potency of lemon (Citrus limon L.) essential oil to control some fungal diseases of grapevine wood.

Autores: Faiza Ammad, Oussama Moumen, Abdelbaset Gasem, Salam Othmane, Kato-Noguchi Hisashi, Bachar Zebib, Othmane Merah | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity (AA) of the essential oil (EO) of lemon (Citrus limon L.) against three pathogenic fungi attacking grapevine wood. The composition of the EO was also studied. Ten volatile components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the EO consists of volatile components where monoterpene hydrocarbons are the most abundant ones. Four major components were identified, which represent 99.9% of the total EO (limonene, neral, β-pinene, and γ-terpinene). The AA of the EO was evaluated against three pathogenic fungi attacking grapevine wood (Eutypa sp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Fomitiporia mediterranea). The results showed that the EO exerts AA against all tested fungi and significantly inhibits their growth. Eutypa sp. is the most sensitive fungus. These results show, for the first time, a new use for the EO of lemon (C. limon L.) to control fungal diseases of grapevine wood.

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Antifungal Effect of Essential Oils against Fusarium Keratitis Isolates.

Autores: Mónika Homa, Ildikó Pálma Fekete, Andrea Böszörményi, Yendrembam Randhir Babu Singh, Kanesan Panneer Selvam, Coimbatore Subramanian Shobana, Palanisamy Manikandan, László Kredics, Csaba Vágvölgyi, László Galgóczy | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study was carried out to investigate the antifungal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus limon, Juniperus communis, Eucalyptus citriodora, Gaultheria procumbens, Melaleuca alternifolia, Origanum majorana, Salvia sclarea, and Thymus vulgaris essential oils against Fusarium species, the most common etiologic agents of filamentous fungal keratitis in South India. C. zeylanicum essential oil showed strong anti-Fusarium activity, whereas all the other tested essential oils proved to be less effective. The main component of C. zeylanicum essential oil, trans-cinnamaldehyde, was also tested and showed a similar effect as the oil. The in vitro interaction between trans-cinnamaldehyde and natamycin, the first-line therapeutic agent of Fusarium keratitis, was also investigated; an enhanced fungal growth inhibition was observed when these agents were applied in combination. Light and fluorescent microscopic observations revealed that C. zeylanicum essential oil/trans-cinnamaldehyde reduces the cellular metabolism and inhibits the conidia germination. Furthermore, necrotic events were significantly more frequent in the presence of these two compounds. According to our results, C. zeylanicum essential oil/trans-cinnamaldehyde provides a promising basis to develop a novel strategy for the treatment of Fusarium keratitis.

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Investigation of the Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limonum, Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum cassia, Ocimum basilicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus Essential Oils.

Autores: Katarzyna Gucwa, Sławomir Milewski, Tomasz Dymerski, Piotr Szweda | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. In this study the activity of Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limonum, Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum cassia, Ocimumbasilicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus essential oils (EOs) distributed by Pollena Aroma (Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, Poland) was investigated against a group of 183 clinical isolates of C. albicans and 76 isolates of C. glabrata. All of the oils exhibited both fungistatic and fungicidal activity toward C. albicans and C. glabrata isolates. The highest activity was observed for cinnamon oil, with MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values in the range 0.002⁻0.125% (v/v). The MIC values of the rest of the oils were in the range 0.005% (or less) to 2.5% (v/v). In most cases MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) values were equal to MIC or twice as high. Additionally, we examined the mode of action of selected EOs. The effect on cell wall components could not be clearly proved. Three of the tested EOs (thyme, lemon, and clove) affected cell membranes. At the same time, thyme, cinnamon, and clove oil influenced potassium ion efflux, which was not seen in the case of lemon oil. All of the tested oils demonstrated the ability to inhibit the transition of yeast to mycelium form, but the effect was the lowest in the case of cinnamon oil.

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Efeito inibitório de óleos essenciais do gênero Citrus sobre o crescimento de micro-organismos/ Inhibitory effect of essential oils from the genus Citrus on the microorganisms growth

Autores: Pires, Tamara Cubiaki; Piccoli, Roberta Hilsdorf | Ano: 2012 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Os óleos essenciais encontrados em plantas medicinais, aromáticas e condimentares têm interessado às indústrias alimentícias, pelas suas propriedades antimicrobianas contra bactérias deteriorantes e/ou patogênicas. No intuito de avaliar o efeito inibitório dos óleos essenciais da casca e da folha de Citruslimonia Osbeck (limão-cravo), Citrus aurantifolia (Chrst.) Swingle (limão-galego) e Citrus latifolia Tanaka(limão-tahiti), foram realizados experimentos, utilizando-se a técnica de cultura de difusão em placa de ágar com as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa e levedura Candida utilis. Para o fungo Penicillium expansum, foram realizadas culturas em placas-padrão com e sem a presença dos óleos. Nos ensaios in vitro, os óleos essenciais testados promoveram inibição de todos os micro-organismos testados, e os maiores halos ocorreram sobre a levedura C. utilis. Nas bactérias, os óleos induziram melhor inibição sobre S. aureus do que em E. coli e P. aeruginosa. O efeito inibitório dos óleos de citros foi eficaz sobre o fungo P. expansum, exceto o óleo de limão-cravo, que mostrou efeito estimulante de crescimento. Os óleos essenciais analisados demonstraram efeito inibitório sobre os microorganismos avaliados.

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Effects of different levels of dietary Citrus Limon essential oil on some blood parameters and antioxidant status in Afshari Ewes.

Autores: Ali Mojtahedin, Jamal Seifdavati, Reza Seyedsharifi | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Citrus Limon Oil (CLO) is known as antioxidant resource and contains limonoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of CLO on blood parameters and antioxidant status in Afshari ewes. Six adults Afshari ewes (3-4 years old and 51±5 kg) were randomly allocated to 33 Latin square design with three diets in 21 days period. Dietary treatments included:1) control diet, 2) control diet with 200 mg/day CLO, and 3) control diet with 400 mg/day CLO. To evaluate the antioxidant effect of the CLO, sustainable elimination of free radicals by DPPH and ABTS methods were used. The antioxidant activity of essential oils in DPPH method at doses of 32.5, 45, 130, 260 and 520 mg/ml were 9, 16, 31, 49 and 89%, respectively. Also, antioxidant activity of essential oils in ABTS method at doses of 32.5, 45, 130, 260 and 520 mg/ml were 49, 73, 81, 89 and 95%, respectively. CLO treatments did not affect glucose, blood urea nitrogen, albumin, total protein, low density lipoprotein, while improved the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (P>0.01). Results showed that supplementation with CLO significantly decreased (P<0.01) cholesterol, triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein concentrations compared with control. There was no significant difference in analyzed blood bio-chemicals and serum enzymes level between different antioxidant activity methods and groups, suggesting general well-being of ewes. These results suggest that, CLO supplementation had a positive impact on blood traits and antioxidant status of the Afshari ewes.

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Comparative study of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of six essential oils and their components.

Autores: Seun-Ah Yang, Sang-Kyung Jeon, Eun-Jung Lee, Chang-Hyun Shim, In-Seon Lee | Ano: 2010 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The antioxidant activities and the determined major components of six popular and commercially available herb essential oils, including lavender (Lavendular angustifolia), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarius officinalis), lemon (Citrus limon), grapefruit (Citrus paradise), and frankincense (Boswellia carteri), were compared. The essential oils were analysed by GC-MS and their antioxidant activities were determined by testing free radical-scavenging capacity and lipid peroxidation in the linoleic acid system. The major components of the essential oils of lavender, peppermint, rosemary, lemon, grapefruit, and frankincense were linalyl acetate (28.2%), menthol (33.4%), 1,8-cineole (46.1%), limonene (64.5 and 94.2%), and p-menth-2-en-ol (34.5%), respectively. The highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity was obtained by the lavender essential oil and limonene, with RC50 values of 2.1 +/- 0.23% and 2.1 +/- 0.04%, respectively. Radical-scavenging activity against the ABTS radical was highest in peppermint essential oil (1.6 +/- 0.09). Lavender oil was most effective for inhibiting linoleic acid peroxidation after 10 days.

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[Antioxidant properties of essential oils from lemon, grapefruit, coriander, clove, and their mixtures].

Autores: T A Misharina, A L Samusenko | Ano: 2008 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Antioxidant properties of individual essential oils from lemon (Citrus limon L.), pink grapefruit (Citrus paradise L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus L.) buds and their mixtures were studied by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was assessed by oxidation of the aliphatic aldehyde hexanal to the carboxylic acid. The lowest and highest antioxidant activities were exhibited by grapefruit and clove bud essential oils, respectively. Mixtures containing clove bud essential oil also strongly inhibited oxidation of hexanal. Changes in the composition of essential oils and their mixtures in the course of long-term storage in the light were studied. The stability of components of lemon and coriander essential oils in mixtures increased compared to individual essential oils.

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Antiviral Activity of Essential Oils Against Hepatitis A Virus in Soft Fruits.

Autores: Roberta Battistini, Irene Rossini, Carlo Ercolini, Maria Goria, Maria Rita Callipo, Cristiana Maurella, Enrico Pavoni, Laura Serracca | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Berries have repeatedly been associated with outbreaks of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. The fruits are usually minimally processed in the food industry due to their delicate nature. While washing treatments partially remove enteric viruses, the commonly used chemical additives produce toxic by-products. A valid alternative to preserve the food safety of these products could be the use of essential oils (EOs). EOs exert antimicrobial activity and do not interfere with the nutritional characteristics of food products. We investigated the efficacy of four essential oils, lemon (Citrus limon), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), and rosemary cineole (Rosmarinus officinalis chemotype 1.8 cineole) in reducing viral loads of HAV in soft fruits. Mixed fruit berries were inoculated with 106.74 TCID50/ml of HAV, and treated with four different EOs (0.5% lemon, 0.1% sweet orange and grapefruit, and 0.05% rosemary) for 1 h at room temperature. Virus infectivity was then assessed by titration assays for its ability to grow on cell cultures. A statistically significant reduction in HAV titer on the fruit surface was observed after treating the berries with EOs of lemon (2.84 log TCID50/ml), grapefruit (2.89 log TCID50/ml), and rosemary cineole (2.94 log TCID50/ml). Rosemary cineole was the most effective EO in reducing viral titer on berries, followed by grapefruit EO. These results improve our knowledge about the antiviral activity of these EOs and highlight their potential use in fresh produce sanitation.

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In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Candida spp. Activity of Plant-Derived Products.

Autores: Reginaldo Dos Santos Pedroso, Brenda Lorena Balbino, Géssica Andrade, Maria Cecilia Pereira Sacardo Dias, Tavane Aparecida Alvarenga, Rita Cássia Nascimento Pedroso, Letícia Pereira Pimenta, Rodrigo Lucarini, Patrícia Mendonça Pauletti, Ana Helena Januário, Marco Túlio Menezes Carvalho, Mayker Lazaro Dantas Miranda, Regina Helena Pires | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Candidiasis therapy, especially for candidiasis caused by Candida non-albicans species, is limited by the relatively reduced number of antifungal drugs and the emergence of antifungal tolerance. This study evaluates the anticandidal activity of 41 plant-derived products against Candida species, in both planktonic and biofilm cells. This study also evaluates the toxicity and the therapeutic action of the most active compounds by using the Caenorhabditis elegans-Candida model. The planktonic cells were cultured with various concentrations of the tested agents. The Cupressus sempervirens, Citrus limon, and Litsea cubeba essential oils as well as gallic acid were the most active anticandidal compounds. Candida cell re-growth after treatment with these agents for 48 h demonstrated that the L. cubeba essential oil and gallic acid displayed fungistatic activity, whereas the C. limon and C. sempervirens essential oils exhibited fungicidal activity. The C. sempervirens essential oil was not toxic and increased the survival of C. elegans worms infected with C. glabrata or C. orthopsilosis. All the plant-derived products assayed at 250 µg/mL affected C. krusei biofilms. The tested plant-derived products proved to be potential therapeutic agents against Candida, especially Candida non-albicans species, and should be considered when developing new anticandidal agents.

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Chemical constituents, biological activities and anti-rheumatoid arthritic properties of four citrus essential oils.

Autores: Chunlian Li, Haiping Zhu, Kai Zhao, Xuetong Li, Zekai Tan, Weicheng Zhang, Qiuyang Cai, Xianyi Wu, Jinzhe Mo, Lanyue Zhang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease with predominant synovitis that has no complete cure or preventive treatment. Citrus essential oils, used in natural fragrances, contain a variety of functional ingredients that are worthy of investigation for their potential as natural anti-inflammatory drug sources. In this study, essential oils were hydro distilled from the peels of four citrus species: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (CSEOs), Citrus paradisi Macfad. (CPEOs), Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (CLEOs) and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CREOs). Altogether, 81 compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which d-limonene (17.96%-94.66%) was an abundant component of all four oils. The stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-pyrrole hydrazine (DPPH) free radical test showed that all four essential oils had excellent antioxidant properties (IC50 , 0.76-13.86 μg/mL). Furthermore, the oils remarkably increased the first G1 phase of the cell cycle, which inhibited the pro-inflammatory factor expression. An immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the four essential oils inhibited the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 and they exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model that was similar to that of the common drug, Ibuprofen. These results show that the CSEOs, CPEOs, CLEOs, and CREOs have significant antirheumatic activities and thus have great potential in developing functional food or drugs for treating RA.

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Chemical constituents, biological activities and anti-rheumatoid arthritic properties of four citrus essential oils.

Autores: Chunlian Li, Haiping Zhu, Kai Zhao, Xuetong Li, Zekai Tan, Weicheng Zhang, Qiuyang Cai, Xianyi Wu, Jinzhe Mo, Lanyue Zhang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease with predominant synovitis that has no complete cure or preventive treatment. Citrus essential oils, used in natural fragrances, contain a variety of functional ingredients that are worthy of investigation for their potential as natural anti-inflammatory drug sources. In this study, essential oils were hydro distilled from the peels of four citrus species: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (CSEOs), Citrus paradisi Macfad. (CPEOs), Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (CLEOs) and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CREOs). Altogether, 81 compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which d-limonene (17.96%-94.66%) was an abundant component of all four oils. The stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-pyrrole hydrazine (DPPH) free radical test showed that all four essential oils had excellent antioxidant properties (IC50 , 0.76-13.86 μg/mL). Furthermore, the oils remarkably increased the first G1 phase of the cell cycle, which inhibited the pro-inflammatory factor expression. An immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the four essential oils inhibited the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 and they exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model that was similar to that of the common drug, Ibuprofen. These results show that the CSEOs, CPEOs, CLEOs, and CREOs have significant antirheumatic activities and thus have great potential in developing functional food or drugs for treating RA.

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Caracterização química e atividade antibacteriana de óleos essenciais de plantas condimentares e medicinais contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli/ Chemical characterization and antibacterial activity of essential oils from medicinal and condiment plants against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Autores: Millezi, A.F.; Baptista, N.N.; Caixeta, D.S.; Rossoni, D.F.; Cardoso, M.G.; Piccoli, R.H. | Ano: 2014 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Os óleos essenciais são metabólitos secundários dos vegetais com propriedades biológicas diferenciadas, dentre elas, a atividade contra microrganismos, sendo de interesse da indústria de alimentos as concentrações mínimas inibitórias (CMI) desses óleos para diversas bactérias. As CMI variam em função dos compostos majoritários e da espécie de bactéria. Nesta pesquisa, os óleos essenciais das plantas Satureja montana L., Cymbopogon nardus L. e Citrus limonia Osbeck foram caracterizados quimicamente e se determinou a CMI sobre as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592 e Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. A CMI dos óleos testados contra E. coli e S. aureus foi de 1,5%, exceto para o óleo essencial de S. montana sobre S. aureus, a qual foi sensível a este óleo a partir da concentração de 5,0%. Sobre a constituição química, os componentes majoritários dos óleos de S. montana, C. narduse C. limonia Osbeck foram respectivamente o timol, citronelal e limoneno.

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Caracterização e atividade antibacteriana de óleos essenciais de plantas condimentares e medicinais contra Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli/ Essential oil characterization and its antibacterial activity from culinary and medicinal plants against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Autores: Millezi, A. F; Baptista, N. N; Caixeta, D. S; Rossoni, D. F; Cardoso, M. G; Piccoli, R. H | Ano: 2013 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Os óleos essenciais são metabólitos secundários vegetais com propriedades biológicas diferenciadas, dentre elas a atividade contra microrganismos, sendo de importante interesse para a indústria de alimentos. As concentrações mínimas inibitórias (CMI) desses óleos para diversas bactérias devem ser determinadas. As CMI variam de acordo com o óleo utilizado, dos compostos majoritários e do tipo de bactéria. Nesta pesquisa, os óleos essenciais das plantas Satureja montana L., Cymbopogon nardus L. e Citrus limonia Osbeck foram caracterizados quimicamente e determinada a CMI sobre as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592 e Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. A CMI para todos os óleos contra E. coli foi 1,5%, já S. aureus foi sensível a partir da concentração de 5,0% do óleo essencial de S. montana e 1,5% foi a CMI obtida quando utilizados os óleos essenciais das outras espécies estudadas. Na constituição química os componentes majoritários para os óleos de S. montana, C. narduse C. limonia Osbeck foram respectivamente o timol, citronelal e limoneno.

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Propriedades antibacterianas de óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais/ Antibacterial properties of essential oils from medicinal plants

Autores: Lima, Edeltrudes de Oliveira; Farias, Nilma Maria Porto; Souza, Evandro Leite; Santos, Bernadete Helena Cavalcante | Ano: 2003 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Objetivo: Realizar o estudo in vitro da atividade antibacteriana de óleos essenciais obtidos das seguintes plantas medicinais: Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela), Citrus limonium (limoeiro), Cymbopogom citratus (Capim-santo), Eucaliptus globulus (eucalipto), Eugenia caryophillus (cravo da índia), E. uniflora (pitanga), Lippia alba (erva-cidreira), Matricaria chamomilla (camomila), Pneumus boldus (boldo), Ruta graveolens (arruda) e Zingiber officinalis (gengibre) sobre cepas de bactérias Gram negativas. Material e Métodos: Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos pela técnica de destilação por arraste com vapor de gua. Os ensaios das propriedades antibacterianas dos óleos essenciais, foram executados pela técnica de difusão em meio sólido. Resultados: Cinco dos nove óleos essenciais analisados apresentaram poder de inibição do crescimento de uma ou mais cepas de bactérias Gram negativas. Somente os óleos essenciais de R. graveolens e Z. officinalis não apresentaram ação inibitória sobre nenhuma cepa testada. Entretanto, o óleo essencial C. citratus obteve destaque entre os produtos analisados, o qual apresentou uma concentração inibitória mínima de 8 por cento para as cepas analisadas. Conclusão: Os óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais apresentam-se como agentes potencialmente efetivos na inibição do crescimento de bactérias Gram negativas, sendo destacada a ação do óleo essencial de C. citratus.

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Anticandidial activity of some essential oils of a mega biodiversity hotspot in India.

Autores: B K Dutta, S Karmakar, A Naglot, J C Aich, M Begam | Ano: 2007 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Six essential oils viz. Eucalyptus citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus, Callistemon lanceolatus, Cinnamomum camphora, Citrus limon, Tagetes petula, as well as two standard antibiotics, miconazole and clotrimazole, were tested in vitro for their anticandidial activity. All these essential oils exhibited higher activity than the two synthetic antibiotics. Highest zone of inhibition was recorded in E. citriodora (8.50 mm microl-1) followed by C. lanceolatus (5.63 mm microl-1) establishing their promising anticandidial potential.

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Investigation of the Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limonum, Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum cassia, Ocimum basilicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus Essential Oils.

Autores: Katarzyna Gucwa, Sławomir Milewski, Tomasz Dymerski, Piotr Szweda | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. In this study the activity of Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limonum, Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum cassia, Ocimumbasilicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus essential oils (EOs) distributed by Pollena Aroma (Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, Poland) was investigated against a group of 183 clinical isolates of C. albicans and 76 isolates of C. glabrata. All of the oils exhibited both fungistatic and fungicidal activity toward C. albicans and C. glabrata isolates. The highest activity was observed for cinnamon oil, with MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values in the range 0.002⁻0.125% (v/v). The MIC values of the rest of the oils were in the range 0.005% (or less) to 2.5% (v/v). In most cases MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) values were equal to MIC or twice as high. Additionally, we examined the mode of action of selected EOs. The effect on cell wall components could not be clearly proved. Three of the tested EOs (thyme, lemon, and clove) affected cell membranes. At the same time, thyme, cinnamon, and clove oil influenced potassium ion efflux, which was not seen in the case of lemon oil. All of the tested oils demonstrated the ability to inhibit the transition of yeast to mycelium form, but the effect was the lowest in the case of cinnamon oil.

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The potency of lemon (Citrus limon L.) essential oil to control some fungal diseases of grapevine wood.

Autores: Faiza Ammad, Oussama Moumen, Abdelbaset Gasem, Salam Othmane, Kato-Noguchi Hisashi, Bachar Zebib, Othmane Merah | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity (AA) of the essential oil (EO) of lemon (Citrus limon L.) against three pathogenic fungi attacking grapevine wood. The composition of the EO was also studied. Ten volatile components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the EO consists of volatile components where monoterpene hydrocarbons are the most abundant ones. Four major components were identified, which represent 99.9% of the total EO (limonene, neral, β-pinene, and γ-terpinene). The AA of the EO was evaluated against three pathogenic fungi attacking grapevine wood (Eutypa sp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Fomitiporia mediterranea). The results showed that the EO exerts AA against all tested fungi and significantly inhibits their growth. Eutypa sp. is the most sensitive fungus. These results show, for the first time, a new use for the EO of lemon (C. limon L.) to control fungal diseases of grapevine wood.

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Atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais sobre espécies de Candida/ Antifungal activity from essential oils on Candida species

Autores: Lima, Igara de Oliveira; Oliveira, Rinalda de Araújo Guerra; Lima, Edeltrudes de Oliveira; Farias, Nilma Maria Porto; Souza, Evandro Leite de | Ano: 2006 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: A candidíase apresenta-se como uma infecção fúngica superficial ou profunda causada por leveduras pertencentes ao gênero Candida, sendo considerada a principal infecção micótica em ambiente nosocomial. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a concentração inibitória mínima - CIM do óleo essencial de Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Citrus limon Risso, Eucalyptus citriodora HK, Eugenia uniflora L., Peumus boldus Benth e de Rosmarinus officinialis L. sobre cepas de Candida albicans, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. stellatoidea e C. tropicalis. Os ensaios de atividade antifúngica foram realizados através da técnica de difusão em meio sólido. Os óleos essenciais de C. zeylanicum e P. boldus mostraram os mais destacáveis resultados, visto que inibiram o crescimento de 58 por cento das cepas ensaiadas e apresentaram CIM de 4 por cento.

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In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of some essential oils against feline isolates of Microsporum canis.

Autores: L Mugnaini, S Nardoni, L Pinto, L Pistelli, M Leonardi, F Pisseri, F Mancianti | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The treatment of dermatophytoses due to Microsporum canis is cumbersome and relapses can occur. Volatile essential oils (EOs) obtained from plants would seem to represent suitable tools to contrast mycoses both in human and animals. The anti-M. canis activity of some EOs chemically characterized was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Eleven feline isolates of M. canis were tested by microdilution against EOs extracted from Thymus serpillum, Origanum vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis, Illicium verum and Citrus limon. A mixture composed by 5% O. vulgare, 5% R. officinalis and 2% T. serpillum, in sweet almond oil was administered to seven infected, symptomatic cats. T. serpillum and O. vulgare showed the lowest MICs, followed by I. verum, R. officinalis and C. limon. The assay performed on mixture showed that antimycotic activity of each component was enhanced. Four out of seven treated cats recovered both clinically and culturally. T. serpillum and O. vulgare EOs showed a strong antifungal activity. Preliminary data suggest a possible application in managing feline microsporiasis. Considering the potential zoonotic impact of this infection, the use of alternative antimycotic compounds would be of aid to limit the risk of environmental spreading of arthrospores.

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The in vitro effect of selected essential oils on the growth and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus species.

Autores: Miroslava Císarová, Dana Tančinová, Juraj Medo, Miroslava Kačániová | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of the present study was to assess the antifungal and anti-toxinogenic activity of 15 essential oils (EOs) against three fungi of the genus Aspergillus (A. parasiticus KMi-227-LR, A. parasiticus KMi-220-LR and A. flavus KMi-202-LR). The minimum inhibitory doses (MIDs) of the tested essential oils and their antifungal activity were determined using the micro-atmosphere method. The original commercial essential oil samples of Jasminum officinale L., Thymus vulgaris L., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Ocimum basilicum L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Salvia officinalis L., Citrus limon (L.) Burm, Origanum vulgare L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Carum carvi L., Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck., Zingiber officinalis Rosc., Mentha piperita L. and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. (C. verum J.S.Presl.) were produced in Slovakia (Calendula a.s., Nová Ľubovňa, Slovakia). All essential oils exhibited activity against all tested strains of fungi. After 14 days of incubation, A. flavus (KMi-202-LR) showed the highest susceptibility with a growth inhibition percentage (GIP) of 18.70% to C. limon and 5.92% to C. sinensis, while A. parasiticus (KMi-220-LR) exhibited a GIP of 20.56% to J. officinale. The minimum inhibitory doses (MIDs) of EOs with the most significant activity were recorded. The best antifungal activity, using the micro-atmosphere method was found in S. aromaticum with an MID of 62.5 μL L-1 air, T. vulgaris (MID of 62.5 μL L-1 air) and O. vulgare (MID of 31.5 μL L-1 air) against all tested strains. Mycotoxin production of the tested strains was evaluated by the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Mycotoxin production of AFB1 and AFG1 was inhibited following all treatments with C. carvi, R. officinale and S. officinale, Eucalyptus globulus L. and O. basilicum L. Essential oils exhibited a potential inhibition activity against toxic fungi, although, these affected only the production of AFB1.

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Antimicrobial activity of gaseous Citrus limon var pompia leaf essential oil against Listeria monocytogenes on ricotta salata cheese.

Autores: Francesco Fancello, Giacomo L Petretto, Salvatore Marceddu, Tullio Venditti, Giorgio Pintore, Giacomo Zara, Ilaria Mannazzu, Marilena Budroni, Severino Zara | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Contamination by Listeria monocytogenes is a particularly challenging problem in the food industry due to the ability of the bacterium to develop under conditions normally used for food preservation. Here, we show that the gaseous phase of Citrus limon var pompia leaf essential oil (hereafter PLEO) exerts specific anti-Listeria activity on ricotta salata cheese stored at 5 °C. The synergic effect of gaseous PLEO treatment and refrigeration was first confirmed in vitro on L. monocytogenes strains treated for 3 h with gaseous PLEO and then stored at 5 °C. Ricotta cheese was then inoculated with L. monocytogenes strains and subjected to hurdle technology with different concentrations of gaseous PLEO. Cell counts revealed gaseous PLEO to exert a bactericidal effect on L. monocytogenes 20600 DSMZ and a bacteriostatic effect on a mix of L. monocytogenes strains. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses of L. monocytogenes cells suggested that gaseous PLEO targets the bacterial cell wall and plasma membrane. Chemical analyses of the liquid and vapor phases of PLEO indicated linalyl acetate to be the predominant compound, followed by limonene and the two isomers of citral, whereas EO composition analysis, although generally in line with previous findings, showed the presence of linalyl acetate for the first time. Solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography confirmed the presence of all crude oil components in the headspace of the box.

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Antimicrobial activity of gaseous Citrus limon var pompia leaf essential oil against Listeria monocytogenes on ricotta salata cheese.

Autores: Francesco Fancello, Giacomo L Petretto, Salvatore Marceddu, Tullio Venditti, Giorgio Pintore, Giacomo Zara, Ilaria Mannazzu, Marilena Budroni, Severino Zara | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Contamination by Listeria monocytogenes is a particularly challenging problem in the food industry due to the ability of the bacterium to develop under conditions normally used for food preservation. Here, we show that the gaseous phase of Citrus limon var pompia leaf essential oil (hereafter PLEO) exerts specific anti-Listeria activity on ricotta salata cheese stored at 5 °C. The synergic effect of gaseous PLEO treatment and refrigeration was first confirmed in vitro on L. monocytogenes strains treated for 3 h with gaseous PLEO and then stored at 5 °C. Ricotta cheese was then inoculated with L. monocytogenes strains and subjected to hurdle technology with different concentrations of gaseous PLEO. Cell counts revealed gaseous PLEO to exert a bactericidal effect on L. monocytogenes 20600 DSMZ and a bacteriostatic effect on a mix of L. monocytogenes strains. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses of L. monocytogenes cells suggested that gaseous PLEO targets the bacterial cell wall and plasma membrane. Chemical analyses of the liquid and vapor phases of PLEO indicated linalyl acetate to be the predominant compound, followed by limonene and the two isomers of citral, whereas EO composition analysis, although generally in line with previous findings, showed the presence of linalyl acetate for the first time. Solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography confirmed the presence of all crude oil components in the headspace of the box.

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Protective effects of essential oil of Citrus limon against aspirin-induced toxicity in IEC-6 cells.

Autores: Hafsia Bouzenna, Najla Hfaiedh, Marie-Agnès Giroux-Metges, Abdelfattah Elfeki, Hélène Talarmin | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Aspirin, one of the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is the most highly consumed pharmaceutical product in the world. However, it has several side effects in cells. This study was designed to investigate the antioxidative activity and cytoprotective effects of essential oil of Citrus limon (EOC) extracted from leaves against aspirin-induced damages in the rat small intestine epithelial cells (IEC-6). Biochemical indicators were used to assess cytotoxicity and oxidative damages caused by aspirin treatment on IEC-6. Our results showed that the chemical characterization of EOC identified 25 compounds representing 98.19% of the total oil. The major compounds from this oil were z-citral (53.21%), neryl acetate (13.06%), geranyl acetate (10.33%), and limonene (4.23%). Aspirin induced a decrease in cell viability as well as an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Contrariwise, the co-exposure of cells to aspirin and EOC alleviated every above syndrome by an increase in cell survival and decrease in SOD and CAT activities. In conclusion, the essential oil of C. limon has a potent cytoprotective effect against aspirin-induced toxicity in IEC-6 cells.

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Protective effect of essential oil from Citrus limon against aspirin-induced toxicity in rats.

Autores: H Bouzenna, N Samout, S Dhibi, S Mbarki, S Akermi, A Khdhiri, A Elfeki, N Hfaiedh | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study is planned to examine the antioxidant activity (AA) and the protective effect of the essential oil of Citrus limon (EOC) against aspirin-induced histopathological changes in the brain, lung, and intestine of female rats. For this purpose, 28 albino rats were classified to control group (group C), aspirin group (group A), EOC group (group EOC), and pretreatment with EOC and treated with aspirin group (group EOC + A). The antioxidant activities of EOC were evaluated by three different assays including reducing power, β-carotene, and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Our results found that EOC represents, respectively (0.064 ± 0.013 and 0.027 ± 00 mg Quer E/100 µL), of flavonoid and flavonol. Then, it exhibited a potential activity of reducing power (at 300 mg/mL, which was found to be 0.82 ± 0.07), β-carotene-linoleic acid (AA% = 69.28 ± 3.5%), and scavenging of H2O2 (IC50 = 0.23 ± 0.008 mg/mL). In vivo, aspirin given to rats at the dose of 600 mg/kg body weight induced histomorphological damage in brain, lung, and intestine. However, our data found that the pretreatment with EOC offered a significant protection against the injury induced by aspirin. It can be concluded that the protective effect of EOC can be due to its antioxidant activities.

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Antiviral Activity of Essential Oils Against Hepatitis A Virus in Soft Fruits.

Autores: Roberta Battistini, Irene Rossini, Carlo Ercolini, Maria Goria, Maria Rita Callipo, Cristiana Maurella, Enrico Pavoni, Laura Serracca | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Berries have repeatedly been associated with outbreaks of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. The fruits are usually minimally processed in the food industry due to their delicate nature. While washing treatments partially remove enteric viruses, the commonly used chemical additives produce toxic by-products. A valid alternative to preserve the food safety of these products could be the use of essential oils (EOs). EOs exert antimicrobial activity and do not interfere with the nutritional characteristics of food products. We investigated the efficacy of four essential oils, lemon (Citrus limon), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), and rosemary cineole (Rosmarinus officinalis chemotype 1.8 cineole) in reducing viral loads of HAV in soft fruits. Mixed fruit berries were inoculated with 106.74 TCID50/ml of HAV, and treated with four different EOs (0.5% lemon, 0.1% sweet orange and grapefruit, and 0.05% rosemary) for 1 h at room temperature. Virus infectivity was then assessed by titration assays for its ability to grow on cell cultures. A statistically significant reduction in HAV titer on the fruit surface was observed after treating the berries with EOs of lemon (2.84 log TCID50/ml), grapefruit (2.89 log TCID50/ml), and rosemary cineole (2.94 log TCID50/ml). Rosemary cineole was the most effective EO in reducing viral titer on berries, followed by grapefruit EO. These results improve our knowledge about the antiviral activity of these EOs and highlight their potential use in fresh produce sanitation.

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Variation in Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Four Citrus Species: Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, and Citrus reticulata.

Autores: Chunlian Li, Qiuyang Cai, Xianyi Wu, Zekai Tan, Shiyuan Huang, Chuqi Wei, Weicheng Zhang, Zhuoyu Chen, Lanyue Zhang, Hongping Xiang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Species of the genus Citrus are cultivated in many regions of China and are widely used for medicinal purposes. In the present study, essential oils (EOs) were extracted from four different Citrus species using steam distillation. The chemical components of these four essential oils were separated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 52 compounds were confirmed. D-limonene was found to be the most abundant compound. All four essential oils demonstrated varied but remarkable radical scavenging capacity (IC50 ; 0.77-13.9 %). Citrus paradisi essential oil exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. Compared to ibuprofen, topical application of the four Citrus spp. essential oils significantly inhibited ear edema formation in mice. Furthermore, essential oils from the four Citrus species reduced the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB) to different degrees. The cytotoxicity of the four essential oils on BV2 microglial cells was determined using the MTT assay (IC50 ; 321.37-1558.87 μg/mL), wherein Citrus limon essential oil showed the lowest cytotoxicity. The essential oils of Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus paradisi had an inhibitory effect on the lung cancer cell lines H1299 by inducing a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Cluster and principal component analyses were used to determine the relationship among the Citrus species. These results suggest that the four Citrus essential oils have potential for use as active ingredients in functional foods or cosmeceutical products.

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Schistosomicidal Effects of the Essential Oils of Citrus limonia and Citrus reticulata Against Schistosoma mansoni.

Autores: Moara H G Martins, Letícia Fracarolli, Tatiana M Vieira, Herbert J Dias, Michele G Cruz, Cássia C H Deus, Heloiza D Nicolella, Ricardo Stefani, Vanderlei Rodrigues, Denise C Tavares, Lizandra G Magalhães, Antônio E M Crotti | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: We report the in vitro schistosomicidal effects of the essential oil obtained from Citrus limonia leaves (CL-EO) and C. reticulata fruit peels (CR-EO), cultivated in Brazil, against Schistosoma mansoni worms. Limonene (29.9%), β-pinene (12.0%), sabinene (9.0%), citronellal (9.0%), and citronellol (5.8%) are the major constituents of CL-EO; limonene (26.5%), γ-terpinene (17.2%), linalool (11.1%), octanal (8.0%), myrcene (6.2%), and capraldehyde (3.9%) predominate in CR-EO. CL-EO displayed moderate lethal concentration 50% (LC50 ) of 81.7 and 38.9 μg/ml against male and female worms at 24 and 72 h, respectively. At concentrations of 25 and 100 μg/ml, CL-EO separated between 50 and 75% of the coupled worm pairs during the evaluated period. CR-EO presented moderate LC50 of 81.7 μg/ml against male and female worms at 24 and 72 h. However, this oil separated coupled worm pairs more effectively than CL-EO and displayed lower cytotoxicity to GM07492-A cells (IC50 = 987.7 ± 88.9 μg/ml) as compared to CL-EO (IC50 = 187.8 ± 2.9 μg/ml). The enantiomers (+)-(R)-limonene and (-)-(S)-limonene did not affect S. mansoni adult worm pairs significantly. Taken together, these data indicate that CL-EO and CR-EO exhibit moderate in vitro schistosomicidal activity against adult S. mansoni worms.

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The Effect of Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Several Essential Oils on Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

Autores: Xuegui Wang, Qiang Hao, Yiqu Chen, Surong Jiang, Qunfang Yang, Qing Li | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The major chemical components of four essential oils (EOs) extracted from dry leaves of Citrus limonum, Cymbopogon citratus, Litsea cubeba, and Muristica fragrans were analyzed with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and their fumigant, contact, and repellent activities against 10th instar and adults of Tenebrio molitor were also assayed. The results indicated that the major constituents of C. limonum and Cy. citrates were D-limonene (38.22%) and 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal (26.21%), while which of L. cubeba and M. fragrans were (E)-3, 7-dimethyl-2, 6-octadienal (49.78%) and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (79.31%), respectively. Contact activities of L. cubeba and C. limonum with LC50 values of 21.2 and 13.9 µg/cm(2) at 48 h and repellence activities (>89.0% repellence indexes) (P < 0.05) at 12 h on 10th instar were better than those of the other two EOs. Nevertheless, the fumigation activities of L. cubeba on 10th instar and adults (LC50 = 2.7, 3.7 μl/liter) were stronger than those of C. limonum (LC50 = 10.9, 12.0 μl/liter) at 96 h and significant (not overlapping confidence intervals). The EOs of L. cubeba and C. limonum have clearly elongated the growth and development of larvae, egg, and slightly shorten pupae and adults of T. molitor compared with the control. The mainly active ingredients of L. cubeba and C. limonum, including D-limonene and β-pinene, were demonstrated to coinhibit the actives of AChE and enhance the toxicities on 10th instar of T. molitor. These results indicate that the EOs of L. cubeba and C. limonum could have great potential as botanical insecticides against T. molitor.

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Ação de óleos essenciais e do alfa-bisabolol em ensaios experimentais in vitro com Leishmania amazonensis/ Action of essential oils and alpha-bisabolol experimental studies in vitro with Leishmania amazonensis

Autores: Rottini, Mariana Margatto | Ano: 2011 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: As leishmanioses são um conjunto de doenças de natureza crônica provocadas por parasitos intracelulares obrigatórios do gênero Leishmania, que podem causar lesões dérmicas ou, dependendo da espécie do parasito, podem também acometer órgãos internos tais como fígado, baço e medula óssea. As opções de tratamento disponíveis para a leishmaniose apresentam problemas envolvendo a eficácia além de inúmeros efeitos colaterais e casos de resistência relacionados aos principais fármacos. Isso tem incentivado a pesquisa de novos agentes com características leishmanicidas, que apresentem menos efeitos colaterais. Assim, a utilização de produtos naturais,derivados de plantas medicinais, vem despertando o interesse de pesquisadores para a busca de tratamentos alternativos, principalmente, para a leishmaniose cutânea. Alguns óleos essenciais ou compostos isolados de plantas, têm mostrado, em ensaios experimentais, efetiva ação leishmanicida, o que faz desses compostos opções promissoras no tratamento da leishmaniose cutânea. No presente trabalho avaliamos, in vitro, a atividade leishmanicida e a citotoxicidade de diferentes óleos essenciais como: Citrus limon, Citrus aurantim, Eucalyptus globulus, Endlicheria bracteolata e do alfa-bisabolol contra promastigotas e amastigotas intracelulares de L. amazonensis. Nossos resultados demonstraram que todos os óleos essenciais pesquisados apresentam atividade leishmanicida contra as formas promastigotas. Além disso, o óleo essencial de E. bracteolata e o alfa-bisabolol demonstraram uma excelente atividade contra as formas amastigotas intracelulares o que indica serem estes, compostos promissores para o desenvolvimento de um tratamento alternativo para a leishmaniose cutânea.

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"Singing in the Tube"--audiovisual assay of plant oil repellent activity against mosquitoes (Culex pipiens).

Autores: Temitope F Adams, Chatchawal Wongchai, Anchalee Chaidee, Wolfgang Pfeiffer | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Plant essential oils have been suggested as a promising alternative to the established mosquito repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). Searching for an assay with generally available equipment, we designed a new audiovisual assay of repellent activity against mosquitoes "Singing in the Tube," testing single mosquitoes in Drosophila cultivation tubes. Statistics with regression analysis should compensate for limitations of simple hardware. The assay was established with female Culex pipiens mosquitoes in 60 experiments, 120-h audio recording, and 2580 estimations of the distance between mosquito sitting position and the chemical. Correlations between parameters of sitting position, flight activity pattern, and flight tone spectrum were analyzed. Regression analysis of psycho-acoustic data of audio files (dB[A]) used a squared and modified sinus function determining wing beat frequency WBF ± SD (357 ± 47 Hz). Application of logistic regression defined the repelling velocity constant. The repelling velocity constant showed a decreasing order of efficiency of plant essential oils: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), lemon (Citrus limon), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), DEET, cedar wood (Cedrus atlantica). In conclusion, we suggest (1) disease vector control (e.g., impregnation of bed nets) by eight plant essential oils with repelling velocity superior to DEET, (2) simple mosquito repellency testing in Drosophila cultivation tubes, (3) automated approaches and room surveillance by generally available audio equipment (dB[A]: ISO standard 226), and (4) quantification of repellent activity by parameters of the audiovisual assay defined by correlation and regression analyses.

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Conclusão: N/A

Bio-preservation of chocolate mousse with free and immobilized cells of Lactobacillus plantarum D2 and lemon (Citrus lemon L.) or grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) zest essential oils.

Autores: Rositsa Stefanova Denkova-Kostova, Bogdan Georgiev Goranov, Desislava Georgieva Teneva, Teodora Georgieva Tomova, Zapryana Rangelova Denkova, Vesela Shopska, Yana Mihaylova-Ivanova | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The bio-preservation of food products using various natural ingredients and metabolites from various types of beneficial microorganisms released during targeted fermentation is a method that simultaneously has a preservative effect on the food product and provides a model of its composition in order to ensure its functional and health properties. This double effect can be achieved by incorporating ingredients with proven preservative and functional effects into the food product, such as essential oils from various plant species and probiotic bacteria. The aim of the present research was to study the synergistic effect of selected probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and essential oils with high antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms for the bio-preservation of chocolate mousse food emulsion.

Resultados: Concentrations of up to 1% lemon or grapefruit essential oil did not affect the growth of the probiotic strain L. plantarum D2, which revealed opportunities for their joint application for the bio-preservation of food emulsions. The obtained chocolate mousse variants were characterized by preserved organoleptic characteristics and microbiological safety. Free or immobilized probiotic L. plantarum D2 cells applied alone or in combination with lemon or grapefruit essential oils provided bio-preservation of the food emulsions, maintaining a high concentration of viable cells (106-107 cfu/g) during storage under refrigerated conditions for 20 days.

Conclusão: N/A

Bio-preservation of chocolate mousse with free and immobilized cells of Lactobacillus plantarum D2 and lemon (Citrus lemon L.) or grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) zest essential oils.

Autores: Rositsa Stefanova Denkova-Kostova, Bogdan Georgiev Goranov, Desislava Georgieva Teneva, Teodora Georgieva Tomova, Zapryana Rangelova Denkova, Vesela Shopska, Yana Mihaylova-Ivanova | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The bio-preservation of food products using various natural ingredients and metabolites from various types of beneficial microorganisms released during targeted fermentation is a method that simultaneously has a preservative effect on the food product and provides a model of its composition in order to ensure its functional and health properties. This double effect can be achieved by incorporating ingredients with proven preservative and functional effects into the food product, such as essential oils from various plant species and probiotic bacteria. The aim of the present research was to study the synergistic effect of selected probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and essential oils with high antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms for the bio-preservation of chocolate mousse food emulsion.

Resultados: Concentrations of up to 1% lemon or grapefruit essential oil did not affect the growth of the probiotic strain L. plantarum D2, which revealed opportunities for their joint application for the bio-preservation of food emulsions. The obtained chocolate mousse variants were characterized by preserved organoleptic characteristics and microbiological safety. Free or immobilized probiotic L. plantarum D2 cells applied alone or in combination with lemon or grapefruit essential oils provided bio-preservation of the food emulsions, maintaining a high concentration of viable cells (106-107 cfu/g) during storage under refrigerated conditions for 20 days.

Conclusão: N/A

Essential oils block cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant.

Autores: Luiz Torres Neto, Maria Lúcia Guerra Monteiro, José Fernández-Romero, Natalia Teleshova, James Sailer, Carlos Adam Conte Junior | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Aiming to fill a gap in the literature, we aimed to identify the most promising EOs blocking in vitro cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant without conferring human cytotoxicity and provide insights into the influence of their composition on these activities. Twelve EOs were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antiviral and cytotoxicity activities were determined using the cell-based pseudoviral entry with SARS-CoV-2 delta pseudovirus and the XTT assay in HeLa cells expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (HeLa ACE-2), respectively. Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus limon, Pelargonium graveolens, Origanum vulgare, "Illicium verum", and Matricaria recutita showed EC50 lowered or close to 1 µg/mL but also the lowest CC50 (0.20-1.70 µg/mL), except "I. verum" (30.00 µg/mL). Among these, "I. verum", C. limon, P. graveolens and S. aromaticum proved to be promising alternatives for SARS-CoV-2 delta variant inhibition (therapeutic index above 4), which possibly was related to the compounds (E)-anetole, limonene and beta-pinene, citronellol, and eugenol, respectively.

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Conclusão: N/A

Variation in Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Four Citrus Species: Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, and Citrus reticulata.

Autores: Chunlian Li, Qiuyang Cai, Xianyi Wu, Zekai Tan, Shiyuan Huang, Chuqi Wei, Weicheng Zhang, Zhuoyu Chen, Lanyue Zhang, Hongping Xiang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Species of the genus Citrus are cultivated in many regions of China and are widely used for medicinal purposes. In the present study, essential oils (EOs) were extracted from four different Citrus species using steam distillation. The chemical components of these four essential oils were separated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 52 compounds were confirmed. D-limonene was found to be the most abundant compound. All four essential oils demonstrated varied but remarkable radical scavenging capacity (IC50 ; 0.77-13.9 %). Citrus paradisi essential oil exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. Compared to ibuprofen, topical application of the four Citrus spp. essential oils significantly inhibited ear edema formation in mice. Furthermore, essential oils from the four Citrus species reduced the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB) to different degrees. The cytotoxicity of the four essential oils on BV2 microglial cells was determined using the MTT assay (IC50 ; 321.37-1558.87 μg/mL), wherein Citrus limon essential oil showed the lowest cytotoxicity. The essential oils of Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus paradisi had an inhibitory effect on the lung cancer cell lines H1299 by inducing a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Cluster and principal component analyses were used to determine the relationship among the Citrus species. These results suggest that the four Citrus essential oils have potential for use as active ingredients in functional foods or cosmeceutical products.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Variation in Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Four Citrus Species: Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, and Citrus reticulata.

Autores: Chunlian Li, Qiuyang Cai, Xianyi Wu, Zekai Tan, Shiyuan Huang, Chuqi Wei, Weicheng Zhang, Zhuoyu Chen, Lanyue Zhang, Hongping Xiang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Species of the genus Citrus are cultivated in many regions of China and are widely used for medicinal purposes. In the present study, essential oils (EOs) were extracted from four different Citrus species using steam distillation. The chemical components of these four essential oils were separated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 52 compounds were confirmed. D-limonene was found to be the most abundant compound. All four essential oils demonstrated varied but remarkable radical scavenging capacity (IC50 ; 0.77-13.9 %). Citrus paradisi essential oil exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. Compared to ibuprofen, topical application of the four Citrus spp. essential oils significantly inhibited ear edema formation in mice. Furthermore, essential oils from the four Citrus species reduced the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB) to different degrees. The cytotoxicity of the four essential oils on BV2 microglial cells was determined using the MTT assay (IC50 ; 321.37-1558.87 μg/mL), wherein Citrus limon essential oil showed the lowest cytotoxicity. The essential oils of Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus paradisi had an inhibitory effect on the lung cancer cell lines H1299 by inducing a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Cluster and principal component analyses were used to determine the relationship among the Citrus species. These results suggest that the four Citrus essential oils have potential for use as active ingredients in functional foods or cosmeceutical products.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Changes of peel essential oil composition of four Tunisian citrus during fruit maturation.

Autores: Soumaya Bourgou, Fatma Zohra Rahali, Iness Ourghemmi, Moufida Saïdani Tounsi | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present work investigates the effect of ripening stage on the chemical composition of essential oil extracted from peel of four citrus: bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), lemon (Citrus limon), orange maltaise (Citrus sinensis), and mandarin (Citrus reticulate) and on their antibacterial activity. Essential oils yields varied during ripening from 0.46 to 2.70%, where mandarin was found to be the richest. Forty volatile compounds were identified. Limonene (67.90-90.95%) and 1,8-cineole (tr-14.72%) were the most represented compounds in bitter orange oil while limonene (37.63-69.71%), β-pinene (0.63-31.49%), γ-terpinene (0.04-9.96%), and p-cymene (0.23-9.84%) were the highest ones in lemon. In the case of mandarin, the predominant compounds were limonene (51.81-69.00%), 1,8-cineole (0.01-26.43%), and γ-terpinene (2.53-14.06%). However, results showed that orange peel oil was dominated mainly by limonene (81.52-86.43%) during ripening. The results showed that ripening stage influenced significantly the antibacterial activity of the oils against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This knowledge could help establish the optimum harvest date ensuring the maximum essential oil, limonene, as well as antibacterial compounds yields of citrus.

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Anxiolytic-like effect of Citrus limon (L. ) Burm f. essential oil inhalation on mice/ Efeito ansiolítico da inalação do óleo essencial de Citrus limon (L. ) Burm f. em camundongos.

Autores: VIANA, M.D.M.; CARDOSO, R.M.; SILVA, N.K.G.T.; FALCÃO, M.A.P.; VIEIRA, A.C.S.; ALEXANDRE-MOREIRA, M.S.; CAMPESATTO, E.A. | Ano: 2016 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: ABSTRACT Experimental in vivo study aimed to characterize the anxiolytic-like effect of the Citrus limon fruit peel’s essential oil (CLEO) in animal models of anxiety, besides evaluating the viability J774.A1 cells in vitro through the MTT reduction method at the concentrations of 10 and 100 µg/mL. The anxiolytic behavior was evaluated in Swiss mice (n = 8) using the methodology of Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) and Open-Field (OF). CLEO was tested by inhalation at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 µL, and as control, animals were subjected to inhalation of the vehicle (saline solution 0.9% + Tween80®) and intraperitoneal administration of diazepam (1.5 mg/kg). In the cell viability assay, it was observed that none of the concentrations showed cytotoxicity. OF test showed significant anxiolytic activity at all tested doses of OECL, compared to the control group, without changing the motor performance of the animals. Corroborating OF data, the EPM test confirmed anxiolytic activity in at least two doses of the tested oil (200 and 400 µL), justified by the number of entries and increase in the percentage of time in the open arms. The data analysis of this study evidenced that inhalation of OECL was able to induce an anxiolytic behavior in mice; however, further studies are required to ensure its safe use by the population.

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Conclusão: N/A

Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Chemical Characterization of the Essential Oils of Four Citrus Species.

Autores: Jorge Luis Amorim, Daniel Luiz Reis Simas, Mariana Martins Gomes Pinheiro, Daniela Sales Alviano Moreno, Celuta Sales Alviano, Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva, Patricia Dias Fernandes | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Citrus fruits have potential health-promoting properties and their essential oils have long been used in several applications. Due to biological effects described to some citrus species in this study our objectives were to analyze and compare the phytochemical composition and evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of essential oils (EO) obtained from four different Citrus species. Mice were treated with EO obtained from C. limon, C. latifolia, C. aurantifolia or C. limonia (10 to 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and their anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in chemical induced inflammation (formalin-induced licking response) and carrageenan-induced inflammation in the subcutaneous air pouch model. A possible antinociceptive effect was evaluated in the hot plate model. Phytochemical analyses indicated the presence of geranial, limonene, γ-terpinene and others. EOs from C. limon, C. aurantifolia and C. limonia exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by reducing cell migration, cytokine production and protein extravasation induced by carrageenan. These effects were also obtained with similar amounts of pure limonene. It was also observed that C. aurantifolia induced myelotoxicity in mice. Anti-inflammatory effect of C. limon and C. limonia is probably due to their large quantities of limonene, while the myelotoxicity observed with C. aurantifolia is most likely due to the high concentration of citral. Our results indicate that these EOs from C. limon, C. aurantifolia and C. limonia have a significant anti-inflammatory effect; however, care should be taken with C. aurantifolia.

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Antifungal Effect of Essential Oils against Fusarium Keratitis Isolates.

Autores: Mónika Homa, Ildikó Pálma Fekete, Andrea Böszörményi, Yendrembam Randhir Babu Singh, Kanesan Panneer Selvam, Coimbatore Subramanian Shobana, Palanisamy Manikandan, László Kredics, Csaba Vágvölgyi, László Galgóczy | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study was carried out to investigate the antifungal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus limon, Juniperus communis, Eucalyptus citriodora, Gaultheria procumbens, Melaleuca alternifolia, Origanum majorana, Salvia sclarea, and Thymus vulgaris essential oils against Fusarium species, the most common etiologic agents of filamentous fungal keratitis in South India. C. zeylanicum essential oil showed strong anti-Fusarium activity, whereas all the other tested essential oils proved to be less effective. The main component of C. zeylanicum essential oil, trans-cinnamaldehyde, was also tested and showed a similar effect as the oil. The in vitro interaction between trans-cinnamaldehyde and natamycin, the first-line therapeutic agent of Fusarium keratitis, was also investigated; an enhanced fungal growth inhibition was observed when these agents were applied in combination. Light and fluorescent microscopic observations revealed that C. zeylanicum essential oil/trans-cinnamaldehyde reduces the cellular metabolism and inhibits the conidia germination. Furthermore, necrotic events were significantly more frequent in the presence of these two compounds. According to our results, C. zeylanicum essential oil/trans-cinnamaldehyde provides a promising basis to develop a novel strategy for the treatment of Fusarium keratitis.

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Conclusão: N/A

Protective effects of essential oil of Citrus limon against aspirin-induced toxicity in IEC-6 cells.

Autores: Hafsia Bouzenna, Najla Hfaiedh, Marie-Agnès Giroux-Metges, Abdelfattah Elfeki, Hélène Talarmin | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Aspirin, one of the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is the most highly consumed pharmaceutical product in the world. However, it has several side effects in cells. This study was designed to investigate the antioxidative activity and cytoprotective effects of essential oil of Citrus limon (EOC) extracted from leaves against aspirin-induced damages in the rat small intestine epithelial cells (IEC-6). Biochemical indicators were used to assess cytotoxicity and oxidative damages caused by aspirin treatment on IEC-6. Our results showed that the chemical characterization of EOC identified 25 compounds representing 98.19% of the total oil. The major compounds from this oil were z-citral (53.21%), neryl acetate (13.06%), geranyl acetate (10.33%), and limonene (4.23%). Aspirin induced a decrease in cell viability as well as an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Contrariwise, the co-exposure of cells to aspirin and EOC alleviated every above syndrome by an increase in cell survival and decrease in SOD and CAT activities. In conclusion, the essential oil of C. limon has a potent cytoprotective effect against aspirin-induced toxicity in IEC-6 cells.

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Conclusão: N/A

Variation in Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Four Citrus Species: Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, and Citrus reticulata.

Autores: Chunlian Li, Qiuyang Cai, Xianyi Wu, Zekai Tan, Shiyuan Huang, Chuqi Wei, Weicheng Zhang, Zhuoyu Chen, Lanyue Zhang, Hongping Xiang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Species of the genus Citrus are cultivated in many regions of China and are widely used for medicinal purposes. In the present study, essential oils (EOs) were extracted from four different Citrus species using steam distillation. The chemical components of these four essential oils were separated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 52 compounds were confirmed. D-limonene was found to be the most abundant compound. All four essential oils demonstrated varied but remarkable radical scavenging capacity (IC50 ; 0.77-13.9 %). Citrus paradisi essential oil exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. Compared to ibuprofen, topical application of the four Citrus spp. essential oils significantly inhibited ear edema formation in mice. Furthermore, essential oils from the four Citrus species reduced the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB) to different degrees. The cytotoxicity of the four essential oils on BV2 microglial cells was determined using the MTT assay (IC50 ; 321.37-1558.87 μg/mL), wherein Citrus limon essential oil showed the lowest cytotoxicity. The essential oils of Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus paradisi had an inhibitory effect on the lung cancer cell lines H1299 by inducing a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Cluster and principal component analyses were used to determine the relationship among the Citrus species. These results suggest that the four Citrus essential oils have potential for use as active ingredients in functional foods or cosmeceutical products.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

In vitro and in vivo effect of Citrus limon essential oil against sarcoptic mange in rabbits.

Autores: S M Aboelhadid, Lilian N Mahrous, Shimaa A Hashem, E M Abdel-Kafy, Robert J Miller | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effect of lemon oil (Citrus limon) on Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The mite samples were collected from naturally infected rabbits. The lemon oil was prepared in six concentrations by dilution with distilled water (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 %). In vitro application was done in five replicates for each concentration in petri dishes in the laboratory. The treated mites were observed at 1, 12, and 24 h post application (PA) for lemon oil effect. In addition, oxidative stress profile was evaluated for the treated mite. Dependent on in vitro results, 20 % lemon oil was used in vivo trial. Twenty-four naturally infected rabbits were divided into three groups of eight: 20 % lemon oil, deltamethrin, and untreated control. The infected parts of rabbits were treated topically once a week for four successive weeks. In vitro application results showed that lemon oil 10 and 20 % diluted in water caused mortality to 100 % of mites after 24 h PA. The oxidative stress profile revealed that mites treated with 20 % lemon oil had significantly (P < 0.05) higher hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde when compared with mites treated with deltamethrin or distilled water. In vivo application of 20 % lemon oil on naturally infected rabbits showed complete recovery from clinical signs, absence of mite in microscopic examination from the second week of treatment. In addition, productive performance was significantly better than infected untreated group. Also, the treated tissue showed stoppage of scale formation and hair growth faster than deltamethrin-treated rabbits. Consequently, lemon oil has remarkable miticidal activity in vitro and in vivo applications.

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Conclusão: N/A

In vitro and in vivo effect of Citrus limon essential oil against sarcoptic mange in rabbits.

Autores: S M Aboelhadid, Lilian N Mahrous, Shimaa A Hashem, E M Abdel-Kafy, Robert J Miller | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The effect of lemon oil (Citrus limon) on Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The mite samples were collected from naturally infected rabbits. The lemon oil was prepared in six concentrations by dilution with distilled water (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 %). In vitro application was done in five replicates for each concentration in petri dishes in the laboratory. The treated mites were observed at 1, 12, and 24 h post application (PA) for lemon oil effect. In addition, oxidative stress profile was evaluated for the treated mite. Dependent on in vitro results, 20 % lemon oil was used in vivo trial. Twenty-four naturally infected rabbits were divided into three groups of eight: 20 % lemon oil, deltamethrin, and untreated control. The infected parts of rabbits were treated topically once a week for four successive weeks. In vitro application results showed that lemon oil 10 and 20 % diluted in water caused mortality to 100 % of mites after 24 h PA. The oxidative stress profile revealed that mites treated with 20 % lemon oil had significantly (P < 0.05) higher hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde when compared with mites treated with deltamethrin or distilled water. In vivo application of 20 % lemon oil on naturally infected rabbits showed complete recovery from clinical signs, absence of mite in microscopic examination from the second week of treatment. In addition, productive performance was significantly better than infected untreated group. Also, the treated tissue showed stoppage of scale formation and hair growth faster than deltamethrin-treated rabbits. Consequently, lemon oil has remarkable miticidal activity in vitro and in vivo applications.

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Conclusão: N/A

The protective effect of Citrus limon essential oil on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by aspirin in rats.

Autores: Hafsia Bouzenna, Sabah Dhibi, Noura Samout, Ilhem Rjeibi, Hélène Talarmin, Abdelfattah Elfeki, Najla Hfaiedh | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Citrus limon is a member of the large Rutaceae family characterized by its therapeutic proprieties and has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. This study investigates the protective effect of Citrus limon essential oil against a high dose of aspirin-induced acute liver and kidney damage in female Wistar albino rats. Twenty-eight adult female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 7 each: (1) a control group; (2) a group of rats which was kept untreated for 56days then treated with aspirin (A) (600mg/kg) for 4 days; (3) a group fed with essential oil of Citrus limon for 56days then (A) for 4 days; and (4) a group of rats receiving essential oil of Citrus limon for 56 days, then given NaCl for 4 days. Estimations of biochemical parameters in blood were determined. Lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidas (GPx) activities in liver and kidney was determined. A histopathological study was done. Under our experimental conditions, aspirin induced an increase of serum biochemical parameters and it resulted in an oxidative stress in both liver and kidney. This was evidenced by significant increase in TBARS in liver and kidney by 108% and 55%, respectively, compared to control. On the other hand, a decrease in the activities of SOD by 78% and 53%, CAT by 53% and 78%, and GPx by 78% and 51% in liver and kidney, respectively. Administration of EOC to rats attenuated the induced an effect of the high dose of aspirin induced in the afore mentioned serum biochemical parameters. In conclusion, our data suggest that treatment with essential oil of Citrus limon prevented the liver and kidney damage induced by aspirin.

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Conclusão: N/A

The protective effect of Citrus limon essential oil on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by aspirin in rats.

Autores: Hafsia Bouzenna, Sabah Dhibi, Noura Samout, Ilhem Rjeibi, Hélène Talarmin, Abdelfattah Elfeki, Najla Hfaiedh | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Citrus limon is a member of the large Rutaceae family characterized by its therapeutic proprieties and has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. This study investigates the protective effect of Citrus limon essential oil against a high dose of aspirin-induced acute liver and kidney damage in female Wistar albino rats. Twenty-eight adult female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 7 each: (1) a control group; (2) a group of rats which was kept untreated for 56days then treated with aspirin (A) (600mg/kg) for 4 days; (3) a group fed with essential oil of Citrus limon for 56days then (A) for 4 days; and (4) a group of rats receiving essential oil of Citrus limon for 56 days, then given NaCl for 4 days. Estimations of biochemical parameters in blood were determined. Lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidas (GPx) activities in liver and kidney was determined. A histopathological study was done. Under our experimental conditions, aspirin induced an increase of serum biochemical parameters and it resulted in an oxidative stress in both liver and kidney. This was evidenced by significant increase in TBARS in liver and kidney by 108% and 55%, respectively, compared to control. On the other hand, a decrease in the activities of SOD by 78% and 53%, CAT by 53% and 78%, and GPx by 78% and 51% in liver and kidney, respectively. Administration of EOC to rats attenuated the induced an effect of the high dose of aspirin induced in the afore mentioned serum biochemical parameters. In conclusion, our data suggest that treatment with essential oil of Citrus limon prevented the liver and kidney damage induced by aspirin.

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Conclusão: N/A

Repellent and Toxicant Effects of Eight Essential Oils against the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

Autores: El-Said M Elnabawy, Sabry Hassan, El-Kazafy A Taha | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study was conducted to compare the repellent effect and contact toxicity of eight essential oils (EOs), including Syzygium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Lavandula officinalis, Simmondsia chinensis, Matricaria chamomilla, Citrus limon, and Prunus dulcis, against adults of Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Four concentrations (1, 5, 10, and 15% in acetone solvent) of each EO were tested. The 5, 10, and 15% concentrations of S. aromaticum EO had a high repellency effect against T. castaneum compared with A. sativum, E. camaldulensis, L. officinalis, S. chinensis, M. chamomilla, C. limon, and P. dulcis after 30 min of exposure. The repellency test of the S. aromaticum, E. camaldulensis, L. officinalis, M. chamomilla, C. limon, and P. dulcis EOs on T. castaneum has shown that the mortality percentages enhanced with the increase in the EOs concentration and also with the exposure time. The 15% concentration of P. dulcis and M. chamomilla EOs have a significant impact on the mortality rate of T. castaneum compared with S. aromaticum, A. sativum, E. camaldulensis, L. officinalis, and S. chinensis after the 24 h of contact test. Moreover, the 15% concentration of the C. limon EO caused a greater mortality percentage compared with S. aromaticum, A. sativum, E. camaldulensis, and L. officinalis. It could be concluded that using the S. aromaticum EO as a repellent oil and using P. dulcis, M. chamomilla, and C. limon for contact toxicity to treat the flour infested by T. castaneum can play an important role in protecting stored grains and their products.

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Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and health.

Autores: E González-Molina, R Domínguez-Perles, D A Moreno, C García-Viguera | Ano: 2010 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Citrus genus is the most important fruit tree crop in the world and lemon is the third most important Citrus species. Several studies highlighted lemon as an important health-promoting fruit rich in phenolic compounds as well as vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, essential oils and carotenoids. Lemon fruit has a strong commercial value for the fresh products market and food industry. Moreover, lemon productive networks generate high amounts of wastes and by-products that constitute an important source of bioactive compounds with potential for animal feed, manufactured foods, and health care. This review focuses on the phytochemistry and the analytical aspects of lemon compounds as well as on the importance for food industry and the relevance of Citrus limon for nutrition and health, bringing an overview of what is published on the bioactive compounds of this fruit.

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Synergistic combinations of high hydrostatic pressure and essential oils or their constituents and their use in preservation of fruit juices.

Autores: Laura Espina, Diego García-Gonzalo, Amin Laglaoui, Bernard M Mackey, Rafael Pagán | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This work addresses the inactivation achieved with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e by combined processes of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and essential oils (EOs) or their chemical constituents (CCs). HHP treatments (175-400 MPa for 20 min) were combined with 200 μL/L of each EO (Citrus sinensis L., Citrus lemon L., Citrus reticulata L., Thymus algeriensis L., Eucalyptus globulus L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Juniperus phoenicea L., and Cyperus longus L.) or each CC ((+)-limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, thymol, carvacrol, borneol, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, camphor, and (+)-pulegone) in buffer of pH 4.0 or 7.0. The tested combinations achieved different degrees of inactivation, the most effective being (+)-limonene, carvacrol, C. reticulata L. EO, T. algeriensis L. EO and C. sinensis L. EO which were capable of inactivating about 4-5 log(10) cycles of the initial cell populations in combination with HHP, and therefore showed outstanding synergistic effects. (+)-Limonene was also capable of inactivating 5 log(10) cycles of the initial E. coli O157:H7 population in combination with HHP (300 MPa for 20 min) in orange and apple juices, and a direct relationship was established between the inactivation degree caused by the combined process with (+)-limonene and the occurrence of sublethal injury after the HHP treatment. This work shows the potential of EOs and CCs in the inactivation of foodborne pathogens in combined treatments with HHP, and proposes their possible use in liquid food such as fruit juices.

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Insecticidal activity of three essential oils against two new important soybean pests: Sternechus pinguis (Fabricius) and Rhyssomatus subtilis Fiedler (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)/ Actividad insecticida de tres aceites esenciales contra dos nuevas plagas importantes de la soja: Sternechus pinguis (Fabricius) y Rhyssomatus subtilis Fiedler (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Autores: Zunino, María P; Areco, Vanessa A; Zygadlo, Julio A | Ano: 2012 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: In the present study, the essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck and Citrus limon L. were analysed by GC-MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) and evaluated for their toxic effects on Sternechus subsignatus and Rhyssomatus subtilis, two important pest of soybean in South America. Contact toxicity assayed by impregnation on filter paper discs showed that these oils caused significant mortality of the test insects (100 percent of mortality at 5 uL/cm2). Eucalyptus oil (98.9 percent of 1,8-cineole) had the greatest contact toxicity (LD50 = 0.40 and 0.84 uL/cm2 for S. pinguis and R. subtilis, respectively), whereas orange (87.6 percent of limonene) and lemon oils (62.5 and 12.6 percent of limonenen and beta pinene, respectively) were less toxic (LD50 > 1 uL/cm2 for both insects). All the responses were found dose-dependent. Rhyssomatus subtilis was more resistant than Sternechus pinguis to the toxicity of the essential oils studied.

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Citrus essential oils and four enantiomeric pinenes against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae).

Autores: Antonios Michaelakis, Dimitrios Papachristos, Athanasios Kimbaris, George Koliopoulos, Athanasios Giatropoulos, Moschos G Polissiou | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of pinenes (enantiomers of alpha- and beta-) and essential oils from Greek plants of the Rutaceae family against the mosquito larvae of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation from fruit peel of orange (Citrus sinensis L.), lemon (Citrus limon L.), and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.). The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Citrus essential oils contained in high proportion limonene and in lower quantities p-menthane molecules and pinenes. The insecticidal action of these essential oils and enantiomers of their pinenes on mosquito larvae was evaluated. Plant essential oils exhibited strong toxicity against larvae with the LC(50) values ranging from 30.1 (lemon) to 51.5 mg/L (orange) depending on Citrus species and their composition. Finally, the LC(50) value of pinenes ranging from 36.53 to 66.52 mg/L indicated an enantioselective toxicity only for the beta-pinene enantiomer.

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Fumigant, contact, and repellent activities of essential oils against the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus.

Autores: Xuegui Wang, Qian Li, Litao Shen, Jizhi Yang, Huabao Cheng, Surong Jiang, Chunxian Jiang, Haijian Wang | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The fumigant, contact, and repellent activities of four essential oils extracted from Citrus limonum (Sapindales: Rutaceae), Litsea cubeba (Laurales: Lauraceae), Cinnamomum cassia, and Allium sativum L. (Asparagales: Alliaceae) against 6th instars and adults of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), one of the main pests of materials and products of Juncus effuses L. (Poales: Juncaceae) during the storage period, were assayed, and chemical ingredients were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in this study. While the major ingredients found in C. limonum and C. cassia were limonene and (E)-cinnamaldehyde, the main constituents of L. cubea were D-limonene, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-,2,6-octadienal, (Z)-3,7-dimethyl,2 ,6-octadienal, and diallyl disulphide (18.20%), while the main constituents of and A. sativum were di-2-propenyl trisulfide and di-2-propenyl tetrasulfide. The fumigation activities of A. sativum and C. limonum on A. diaperinus adults were better than those of the other two essential oilss. The toxicities of A. sativum and C. limonum were almost equitoxic at 96 hr after treatment. Essential oils from Allium sativum and L. cubeba also showed good contact activities from 24 hr to 48 hr, and toxicities were almost equitoxic 48 hr posttreatment. The repellent activities of A. sativum and L. cubeba oils on 6th instars were also observed, showing repellence indexes of 90.4% and 88.9% at 12 hr after treatment, respectively. The effects of A. sativum on AChE activity of 6th instars of A. diaperinus were strongest compared to the other essential oils, followed by C. limonum, L. cubeba, and C. cassia. These results suggest that the essential oils of C. limonum and A. sativum could serve as effective control agents of A. diaperinus.

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Fumigant, contact, and repellent activities of essential oils against the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus.

Autores: Xuegui Wang, Qian Li, Litao Shen, Jizhi Yang, Huabao Cheng, Surong Jiang, Chunxian Jiang, Haijian Wang | Ano: 2014 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The fumigant, contact, and repellent activities of four essential oils extracted from Citrus limonum (Sapindales: Rutaceae), Litsea cubeba (Laurales: Lauraceae), Cinnamomum cassia, and Allium sativum L. (Asparagales: Alliaceae) against 6th instars and adults of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), one of the main pests of materials and products of Juncus effuses L. (Poales: Juncaceae) during the storage period, were assayed, and chemical ingredients were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in this study. While the major ingredients found in C. limonum and C. cassia were limonene and (E)-cinnamaldehyde, the main constituents of L. cubea were D-limonene, (E)-3,7-dimethyl-,2,6-octadienal, (Z)-3,7-dimethyl,2 ,6-octadienal, and diallyl disulphide (18.20%), while the main constituents of and A. sativum were di-2-propenyl trisulfide and di-2-propenyl tetrasulfide. The fumigation activities of A. sativum and C. limonum on A. diaperinus adults were better than those of the other two essential oilss. The toxicities of A. sativum and C. limonum were almost equitoxic at 96 hr after treatment. Essential oils from Allium sativum and L. cubeba also showed good contact activities from 24 hr to 48 hr, and toxicities were almost equitoxic 48 hr posttreatment. The repellent activities of A. sativum and L. cubeba oils on 6th instars were also observed, showing repellence indexes of 90.4% and 88.9% at 12 hr after treatment, respectively. The effects of A. sativum on AChE activity of 6th instars of A. diaperinus were strongest compared to the other essential oils, followed by C. limonum, L. cubeba, and C. cassia. These results suggest that the essential oils of C. limonum and A. sativum could serve as effective control agents of A. diaperinus.

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Citrus spp. essential oils improve behavioral pattern, repressed cholinesterases and monoamine oxidase activities, and production of reactive species in fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Autores: Sunday Idowu Oyeleye, Opeyemi Babatunde Ogunsuyi, Victor Adedeji, Damilola Olatunde, Ganiyu Oboh | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Much emphasis has been placed on the biological activities of citrus peel's essential oils (CPEOs) against human ailments. This study investigated the effect of Citrus limon and Citrus reticulata peel's essential oils (EOs) on behavioral and neurochemical imbalance in transgenic and Harwish (Wild) fruit flies. Flies were divided into seven groups comprising of the control and those that were fed with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 µg/ml of the dietary inclusions of study CPEOs for 7 days. Thereafter, behavioral profile was examined using lethality response and negative geotaxis assays. Effect of the EOs on cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities, and antioxidative parameters were determined. The result showed a significant improvement of behavioral pattern and biochemical parameters of the flies fed with studied CPEOs inclusive diets. Conclusively, both EOs exert neuroprotective capability by reducing cholinesterases and monoamine activities, and also prevent oxidative stress, which are implicated in neuronal dysfunction in humans. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: With the growing increase in the search for safer alternatives, having no side effects, for the management of neurodegenerative diseases, a large proportion of the populace is beginning to find solace in the use of natural products. Also, the wide array of similarities between the humans and the dipteran insects, fruit flies is a perfect organism for the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this study presents the neuroprotective potentials of lemon and tangerine peels-derived EOs, and the possibility of their exploration as neuroactive agents and alternative in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

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Citrus spp. essential oils improve behavioral pattern, repressed cholinesterases and monoamine oxidase activities, and production of reactive species in fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Autores: Sunday Idowu Oyeleye, Opeyemi Babatunde Ogunsuyi, Victor Adedeji, Damilola Olatunde, Ganiyu Oboh | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Much emphasis has been placed on the biological activities of citrus peel's essential oils (CPEOs) against human ailments. This study investigated the effect of Citrus limon and Citrus reticulata peel's essential oils (EOs) on behavioral and neurochemical imbalance in transgenic and Harwish (Wild) fruit flies. Flies were divided into seven groups comprising of the control and those that were fed with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 µg/ml of the dietary inclusions of study CPEOs for 7 days. Thereafter, behavioral profile was examined using lethality response and negative geotaxis assays. Effect of the EOs on cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities, and antioxidative parameters were determined. The result showed a significant improvement of behavioral pattern and biochemical parameters of the flies fed with studied CPEOs inclusive diets. Conclusively, both EOs exert neuroprotective capability by reducing cholinesterases and monoamine activities, and also prevent oxidative stress, which are implicated in neuronal dysfunction in humans. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: With the growing increase in the search for safer alternatives, having no side effects, for the management of neurodegenerative diseases, a large proportion of the populace is beginning to find solace in the use of natural products. Also, the wide array of similarities between the humans and the dipteran insects, fruit flies is a perfect organism for the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this study presents the neuroprotective potentials of lemon and tangerine peels-derived EOs, and the possibility of their exploration as neuroactive agents and alternative in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

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Sustainable Extraction, Chemical Profile, Cytotoxic and Antileishmanial Activities In-Vitro of Some Citrus Species Leaves Essential Oils.

Autores: Salwa Bouabdallah, Kevin Cianfaglione, Myriam Azzouz, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Afrah Fahad Alkhuriji, Wafa Abdullah I Al-Megrin, Mossadok Ben-Attia, Omayma A Eldahshan | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Anti-leishmanial drugs extracted from natural sources have not been sufficiently explored in the literature. Until now, leishmaniasis treatments have been limited to synthetic and expensive drugs. This study investigated, for the first time, the anti-leishmanial efficacy of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Citrus species (C. sinensis, C. limon, and C. clementina). Essential oils were extracted from three species by solvent free microwave extraction (SFME); in addition, lemon oil was also isolated by hydro-distillation (HD). These were investigated using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated against Leishmania species, namely Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum, using a mitochondrial tetrazolium test (MTT) assay. The chemical compositions of Citrus limon EOs obtained by HD and SFME showed some differences. The identified peaks of C. limon (SFME) represented 93.96%, where linalool was the major peak (44.21%), followed by sabinene (14.22%) and ocimene (6.09%). While the hydro-distilled oil of C. limon contained geranial (30.08%), limonene (27.09%), and neral (22.87%) in the identified peaks (96.67%). The identified components of C. clementina leaves oil (68.54%) showed twenty-six compounds, where the predominant compound was geranial (42.40%), followed by neral (26.79%) and limonene (14.48%). However, 89.82% C. sinensis oil was identified, where the major peaks were for neral (27.52%), linalool (25.83%), and geranial (23.44%). HD oil of lemon showed the highest activity against L. major, with moderate toxicity on murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells, and possessed the best selectivity index on both Leishmanial species (SI: 3.68; 6.38), followed by C. clementina oil and C. limon using SFME (0.9 ± 0.29, 1.03 ± 0.27, and 1.13 ± 0.3), respectively. C. clementina oil induced the greatest activity on Leishmania infantum, followed by HD lemon and SFME lemon oils (0.32 ± 0.18, 0.52 ± 0.15, and 0.57 ± 0.09, respectively) when compared to Amphotericin B (0.80 ± 0.18 and 0.23 ± 0.13) as a positive control, on both species, respectively. Our study suggests a potent anti-leishmanial activity of lemon oil (HD) on L. major, followed by C. clementina. With the same potency on L. infantum shown by C. clementina oil, followed by HD lemon oil. This effect could be attributed to the major compounds of limonene, citral, and neral, as well as the synergistic effect of other different compounds. These observations could be a starting point for the building of new anti-leishmanial drugs from natural origins, and which combine different EOs containing Citrus cultivars.

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Essential Oil Coating: Mediterranean Culinary Plants as Grain Protectants against Larvae and Adults of Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma granarium.

Autores: Nikos E Papanikolaou, Nickolas G Kavallieratos, Vassilios Iliopoulos, Epameinondas Evergetis, Anna Skourti, Erifili P Nika, Serkos A Haroutounian | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Postharvest agricultural losses constitute a major food security risk. In contrast, postharvest protection is strongly linked with food safety. The present study aims to develop novel postharvest protection tools through a bioprospecting protocol utilizing edible essential oils (EOs) as grain coatings. For this purpose, six Mediterranean culinary plants were selected for evaluation. The EOs of juniper, Juniperus phoenicea L. (Pinales: Cupressaceae), marjoram, Origanum majorana L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), oregano, Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) A.Terracc. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), bay laurel, Laurus nobilis L. (Laurales: Lauraceae) and tarhan, Echinophora tenuifolia ssp. sibthorpiana (Guss.) Tutin (Apiales: Apiaceae) were retrieved through steam distillation, while lemon, Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (Sapindales: Rutaceae) EO was retrieved through cold press extraction. All EOs were formulated to microemulsions (MEs) and applied uniformly as a coating on wheat against larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). All EO-based MEs have been evaluated for the first time as grain coatings. They caused moderate to high mortality to T. castaneum larvae (67.8-93.3% 14 days post-exposure) and T. granarium adults (70.0-87.8% after 7 days of exposure). Citrus limon, O. majorana and E. tenuifolia ssp. sibthorpiana EO-based MEs were the most efficient against T. castaneum larvae, by exhibiting 93.3%, 91.1% and 90.0% mortality 14 days post-exposure, respectively. Origanum majorana, L. nobilis and J. phoenicea EO-based MEs were the most efficient against T. granarium adults, exhibiting 87.8%, 84.4% and 83.3% mortality after 7 days of exposure, respectively. These results indicate that EO-based ME coating is a potent tool against the tested postharvest pests.

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A Comparative Study on Relieving Exercise-Induced Fatigue by Inhalation of Different Citrus Essential Oils.

Autores: Lei Tian, Tan Hu, Shanshan Zhang, Hongyan Zhang, Chenxi Yang, Guiting Chen, Siyi Pan | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Citrus essential oils (CEOs) possess physiological functions due to diverse aroma components. However, evidence for the effects of CEOs on exercise performance and exercise-induced fatigue is limited. The CEOs with discrepancies in components may exert different effects on the amelioration of exercise-induced fatigue. In this study, sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) essential oil (SEO), lemon (Citrus limon Osbeck) essential oil (LEO), and bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso and Poit) essential oil (BEO) were chosen to explore the effect on amelioration of exercise-induced fatigue. Our results demonstrated that SEO and LEO increased the swimming time by 276% and 46.5%, while BEO did not. Moreover, the three CEOs exerted varying effects on mitigating exercise-induced fatigue via inhibiting oxidative stress, protecting muscle injury, and promoting glucose-dependent energy supply. Accordingly, BEO showed the best efficiency. Moreover, the GC-MS and Pearson correlation analysis of BEO showed that the contents of the major components, such as (±)-limonene (32.9%), linalyl butyrate (17.8%), and linalool (7.7%), were significantly positively correlated with relieving exercise-induced fatigue.

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Variation in Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Four Citrus Species: Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, and Citrus reticulata.

Autores: Chunlian Li, Qiuyang Cai, Xianyi Wu, Zekai Tan, Shiyuan Huang, Chuqi Wei, Weicheng Zhang, Zhuoyu Chen, Lanyue Zhang, Hongping Xiang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Species of the genus Citrus are cultivated in many regions of China and are widely used for medicinal purposes. In the present study, essential oils (EOs) were extracted from four different Citrus species using steam distillation. The chemical components of these four essential oils were separated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 52 compounds were confirmed. D-limonene was found to be the most abundant compound. All four essential oils demonstrated varied but remarkable radical scavenging capacity (IC50 ; 0.77-13.9 %). Citrus paradisi essential oil exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. Compared to ibuprofen, topical application of the four Citrus spp. essential oils significantly inhibited ear edema formation in mice. Furthermore, essential oils from the four Citrus species reduced the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB) to different degrees. The cytotoxicity of the four essential oils on BV2 microglial cells was determined using the MTT assay (IC50 ; 321.37-1558.87 μg/mL), wherein Citrus limon essential oil showed the lowest cytotoxicity. The essential oils of Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus paradisi had an inhibitory effect on the lung cancer cell lines H1299 by inducing a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Cluster and principal component analyses were used to determine the relationship among the Citrus species. These results suggest that the four Citrus essential oils have potential for use as active ingredients in functional foods or cosmeceutical products.

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"Singing in the Tube"--audiovisual assay of plant oil repellent activity against mosquitoes (Culex pipiens).

Autores: Temitope F Adams, Chatchawal Wongchai, Anchalee Chaidee, Wolfgang Pfeiffer | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Plant essential oils have been suggested as a promising alternative to the established mosquito repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). Searching for an assay with generally available equipment, we designed a new audiovisual assay of repellent activity against mosquitoes "Singing in the Tube," testing single mosquitoes in Drosophila cultivation tubes. Statistics with regression analysis should compensate for limitations of simple hardware. The assay was established with female Culex pipiens mosquitoes in 60 experiments, 120-h audio recording, and 2580 estimations of the distance between mosquito sitting position and the chemical. Correlations between parameters of sitting position, flight activity pattern, and flight tone spectrum were analyzed. Regression analysis of psycho-acoustic data of audio files (dB[A]) used a squared and modified sinus function determining wing beat frequency WBF ± SD (357 ± 47 Hz). Application of logistic regression defined the repelling velocity constant. The repelling velocity constant showed a decreasing order of efficiency of plant essential oils: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), lemon (Citrus limon), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), DEET, cedar wood (Cedrus atlantica). In conclusion, we suggest (1) disease vector control (e.g., impregnation of bed nets) by eight plant essential oils with repelling velocity superior to DEET, (2) simple mosquito repellency testing in Drosophila cultivation tubes, (3) automated approaches and room surveillance by generally available audio equipment (dB[A]: ISO standard 226), and (4) quantification of repellent activity by parameters of the audiovisual assay defined by correlation and regression analyses.

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Chemical composition and fumigant toxicity of some essential oils against Ephestia kuehniella.

Autores: Salih Karabörklü, Abdurrahman Ayvaz, Semih Yilmaz, Mikail Akbulut | Ano: 2011 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The chemical constituents of some essential oils extracted from aromatic plants (savory, Satureja thymbra L.; Turkish oregano, Origanum onites L.; myrtle, Myrtus communis L.; marjoram, Origanum majorana L.; laurel, Laurus nobilis L.; lemon, Citrus limon L.; sticky goosefoot, Chenopodium botrys L.; and tansy, Tanecetum armenum [DC.] Suchultz Bip.) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fumigant toxicity of volatile compounds was tested against Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), eggs and adults. Percentage of mortality and longevity of E. kuehniella adults were estimated after essential oil treatments. LC50 and LC99 values were determined for each exposure time for each essential oil. Marjoram and lemon oils were the most effective of all the essential oils tested. The major components were linalool, 1.8-cineole, citral, 2-(4a.8-dimethyl-1.2.3.4.4a.5.6.7-octahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-prop-2-en-l-ol, and p-cymene for marjoram, laurel, lemon, goosefoot, and tansy, respectively. The LC50 and LC99 values were estimated as 3.27 and 5.13 microl liter(-1) air for marjoram and 4.05 and 5.57 microl liter(-1) air for lemon essential oils at the longest exposure time. Decreasing longevity effect of marjoram and lemon was more prominent compared with other essential oils. We suggest that essential oils obtained from certain aromatic plants have potential as fumigants for stored product pests.

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Changes of peel essential oil composition of four Tunisian citrus during fruit maturation.

Autores: Soumaya Bourgou, Fatma Zohra Rahali, Iness Ourghemmi, Moufida Saïdani Tounsi | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present work investigates the effect of ripening stage on the chemical composition of essential oil extracted from peel of four citrus: bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), lemon (Citrus limon), orange maltaise (Citrus sinensis), and mandarin (Citrus reticulate) and on their antibacterial activity. Essential oils yields varied during ripening from 0.46 to 2.70%, where mandarin was found to be the richest. Forty volatile compounds were identified. Limonene (67.90-90.95%) and 1,8-cineole (tr-14.72%) were the most represented compounds in bitter orange oil while limonene (37.63-69.71%), β-pinene (0.63-31.49%), γ-terpinene (0.04-9.96%), and p-cymene (0.23-9.84%) were the highest ones in lemon. In the case of mandarin, the predominant compounds were limonene (51.81-69.00%), 1,8-cineole (0.01-26.43%), and γ-terpinene (2.53-14.06%). However, results showed that orange peel oil was dominated mainly by limonene (81.52-86.43%) during ripening. The results showed that ripening stage influenced significantly the antibacterial activity of the oils against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This knowledge could help establish the optimum harvest date ensuring the maximum essential oil, limonene, as well as antibacterial compounds yields of citrus.

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