MELALEUCA

Acaricidal Activity of Tea Tree and Lemon Oil Nanoemulsions against Rhipicephalus annulatus.

Autores: Samar M Ibrahium, Ahmed A Wahba, Ahmed A Farghali, Abdel-Azeem S Abdel-Baki, Shaimaa A A Mohamed, Saleh Al-Quraishy, Ahmed O Hassan, Shawky M Aboelhadid | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Tick infestation is a serious problem in many countries since it has an impact on the health of animals used for food production and pets, and frequently affects humans. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the acaricidal effects of nanoemulsions of essential oils of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree, TT) and Citrus limon (lemon oil, CL) against the different stages (adult, eggs, and larvae) of deltamethrin-resistant Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. Three forms of these oils were tested: pure oils, nanoemulsions, and a binary combination. Tea tree and lemon oil nanoemulsions were prepared, and their properties were assessed using a zeta droplet size measurement and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that TT and CL exhibited higher adulticidal effects in their pure forms than in their nanoemulsion forms, as demonstrated by the lower concentrations required to achieve LC50 (2.05 and 1.26%, vs. 12.8 and 11.4%, respectively) and LC90 (4.01% and 2.62%, vs. 20.8 and 19.9%, respectively). Significant larvicidal activity was induced by the TTCL combination, and LC50 was reached at a lower concentration (0.79%) than that required for the pure and nanoemulsion forms. The use of pure CL oil was found to have the most effective ovicidal effects. In conclusion, pure TT and CL have potent acaricidal effects against phenotypically resistant R. annulatus isolates. It is interesting that the activity levels of TT and CL EOs' binary and nanoemulsion forms were lower than those of their individual pure forms.

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Azelaic acid and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil co-loaded vesicular carrier for combinational therapy of acne.

Autores: Alpna Bisht, Chetna Hemrajani, Navneet Upadhyay, Prakriti Nidhi, Rajan Rolta, Charul Rathore, Gaurav Gupta, Kamal Dua, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Kamal Dev, Anuradha Sourirajan, Alaa Aa Aljabali, Hamid A Bakshi, Poonam Negi, Murtaza M Tambuwala | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Aim: Azelaic acid (AzA), a comedolytic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory anti-melanogenic agent, prescribed against acne vulgaris is safe on skin. Its combination with another widely used anti-acne agent, tea tree oil (EO) whose delivery is limited by volatility, instability and lipophilicity constraints was attempted. Method: Solvent injection was used to prepare AzA-EO integrated ethosomes. Result: Ethosomes were transformed into carbopol hydrogel, which exhibited pseudo-plastic properties with appreciable firmness, work of shear, stickiness and work of adhesion. The hydrogel showed better permeation and retention characteristics vis-a-vis commercial formulation (AzidermTM), when evaluated in Wistar rat skin. Further, ethosome hydrogel composite was better tolerated with no side effects. Conclusion: The findings suggests that the aforementioned strategy could be a potential treatment used for acne management.

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Basil, tea tree and clove essential oils as analgesics and anaesthetics in Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830).

Autores: A M Correia, A S Pedrazzani, R C Mendonça, A Massucatto, R A Ozório, M Y Tsuzuki | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In this study were evaluated the anaesthesia and analgesic effects of clove Eugenia caryophyllata, tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia and basil Ocimum basilicum essential oils (EO) during handling of yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii. Juveniles (3.70 ± 0.75 cm and 1.03 ± 0.50 g; mean ± standard deviation) were submitted to concentrations of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 µl L-1 of clove, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 µl L-1 of basil and 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 µl L-1 of tea tree oils (n=10/concentration), previously defined in pilot tests. Individually and only once, fish from each treatment were placed in a glass recipient containing 1 L of seawater at a temperature of 25 °C, salinity of 35 g L-1 and the specific concentration of diluted EO (stock solution). Control (only seawater) and blank (seawater and ethanol at the highest concentration used to dilute the oils) treatments were also conducted. After reaching the stage of surgical anaesthesia, fish were submitted to biometry and a sensibility test. After that, they were transferred to clean seawater for anaesthesia recovery. The times of induction needed to reach each anaesthesia stage and anaesthesia recovery were recorded. Animals were observed for 72 hours after the procedures. All the EO provoked anaesthesia and analgesic effects in A. clarkii, but basil oil is not recommended because it caused involuntary muscle contractions and mortality in 100% and 12% of fish, respectively. The lower concentrations that promote suitable induction and recovery times are 50 µl L-1 of clove oil and 500 µl L-1 of tea tree oil. However, due to its complementary high analgesic efficiency, clove oil is recommended as the ideal anaesthetic for A. clarkii.

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Biobased polymer resources and essential oils: a green combination for antibacterial applications.

Autores: Christine Elian, Samir Abbad Andaloussi, Régis Moilleron, Jean-Winoc Decousser, Cyrille Boyer, Davy-Louis Versace | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: To fight nosocomial infections, the excessive use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, which are now considered a relevant public health threat by the World Health Organization. To date, most antibacterial systems are based on the use of petro-sourced polymers, but the global supplies of these resources are depleting. Besides, silver NPs are widely accepted as the most active biocide against a wide range of bacterial strains but their toxicity is an issue. The growing interest in natural products has gained increasing interest in the last decade. Therefore, the design of functional antibacterial materials derived from biomass remains a significant challenge for the scientific community. Consequently, attention has shifted to naturally occurring substances such as essential oils (EOs), which are classified as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). EOs can offer an alternative to the common antimicrobial agents as an inner solution or biocide agent to inhibit the resistance mechanism. Herein, this review not only aims at providing developments in the antibacterial modes of action of EOs against various bacterial strains and the recent advances in genomic and proteomic techniques for the elucidation of these mechanisms but also presents examples of biobased polymer resource-based EO materials and their antibacterial activities. Especially, we describe the antibacterial properties of biobased polymers, e.g. cellulose, starch, chitosan, PLA PHAs and proteins, associated with EOs (cinnamon (CEO), clove (CLEO), bergamot (BEO), ginger (GEO), lemongrass (LEO), caraway (CAEO), rosemary (REO), Eucalyptus globulus (EGEO), tea tree (TTEO), orange peel (OPEO) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernel (AKEO) essential oils). Finally, we discuss the influence of EOs on the mechanical strength of bio-based materials.

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Plants of the Melaleuca Genus as Antimicrobial Agents: From Farm to Pharmacy.

Autores: Javad Sharifi-Rad, Bahare Salehi, Elena Maria Varoni, Farukh Sharopov, Zubaida Yousaf, Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi, Farzad Kobarfard, Mehdi Sharifi-Rad, Mohammad Hossain Afdjei, Majid Sharifi-Rad, Marcello Iriti | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Plants belonging to Melaleuca genus (Myrtaceae family) are native to Oceania, where they have been used for ages by Aborigine people in Australian traditional medicine, mainly because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Although, M. linariifolia, M. dissitiflora, and other species of Melaleuca can also be used, the tea tree oil, an essential oil obtained from M. alternifolia shows the longest history of medicinal uses. Tea tree oil contains for the 80-90% several monoterpenes (terpinen-4-ol, α-terpinene, 1,8-cineol, p-cymene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, terpinolene, limonene, and sabinene). Sesquiterpenes and aromatic compounds further compose this oil. The essential oil of Melaleuca spp. has been reported to possess effective antibacterial and antifungal properties in vitro. In particular, data show that 1,8-cineol, terpinen-4-ol and methyl eugenol play the key role in mediating this oil's antimicrobial activity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Meta-analysis of the antifungal activities of three essential oils as alternative therapies in dermatophytosis infections.

Autores: Julia Villar Rodríguez, Ana María Pérez-Pico, Esther Mingorance-Álvarez, Raquel Mayordomo Acevedo | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This work examines the available scientific evidence about the efficiency of essential oils (EO) as an alternative therapy to traditional treatment of fungal infections, including onychomycosis, assessing the effect of the three EO most frequently studied for their antifungal activity (thyme, cinnamon and tea tree EO) against three causative agents of fungal diseases in humans: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex and Candida albicans.

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Screening of some essential oils against Trichosporon species.

Autores: Veena Uniyal, Seema Saxena, R P Bhatt | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: White Piedra is a superficial mycoses characterized by nodules on the hair shaft, caused by the basidiomycetous yeast Trichosporon species. In this study 25 essential oils were extracted and screened against two Trichosporon species i.e. Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon cutaneum. Both these fungi procured from MTCC Chandigarh were maintained on yeast malt agar plates and tubes at 25 degrees C. Two screening methods viz., agar well diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration were adopted for the study. The results showed that the maximum anti-yeast activity against T. asahii and T. cutaneum was demonstrated by oil of Mentha piperita showing full inhibition of both the fungi, Melaleuca alternifolia with an inhibition zone of 45 and 40 mm, Cymbopogon winterians with inhibition zone of 45 and 45 mm and Cymbopogon flexuosus with 35 and 30 mm inhibition zones. The oil of Trachyspermum ammi exhibited 10 and 20 mm, Abelmoschus moschatus exhibited 30 and 20 mm, Salvia sclarea showed 20 and 18 mm and Jasminum officinale exhibited 25 and 15 mm inhibition zones showing moderate activity. The oil of Cyperus scariosus, Pogostemon patchouli and Rosa damascene showed no inhibition zone against both the fungi while Vetiveria zizanoides exhibited no inhibition in case of T. asahii and inhibition zone of 10 mm in case of T. cutaneum demonstrating comparatively low activity against both the fungi. These results support that the essential oils can be used to cure superficial mycoses and these oils may have significant role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.

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Antimycotic activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its major components.

Autores: B Oliva, E Piccirilli, T Ceddia, E Pontieri, P Aureli, A M Ferrini | Ano: 2003 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to analyse the antimycotic properties of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tea tree oil, TTO) and its principal components and to compare them with the activity of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B.

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Efeito do óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia e de seu principal componente Terpinen-4-ol sobre isolados clínicos de Candida albicans resistentes/ Effect of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its main component Terpinen-4-ol against clinical isolates of Candida albicans resistant

Autores: Francisconi, Renata Serignoli | Ano: 2014 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: O óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO) é um extrato de ação antifúngica e preventiva em escala farmacêutica ou cosmética. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do TTO e Terpinen-4-ol sobre isolados clínicos de Candida albicans. Este estudo foi realizado em três fases: 1- Identificação da CIM (Concentração Inibitória Mínima) e CFM (Concentração Fungicida Mínima) do TTO (0,25 a 2%) e Terpinen-4- ol (0,11 a 0,95%) sobre C. albicans na forma planctônica. 2- Análise das diferentes concentrações do óleo sobre biofilme monoespécie de C. albicans por meio da contagem das UFC/mL e avaliação da atividade metabólica das células pelo método colorimétrico de XTT. 3- Análise da ação inibitória das soluções de TTO e Terpinen-4- ol sobre biofilmes de C.albicans (cepa padrão e isolados clínicos) formados em corpos de prova de resina acrílica termopolimerizável previamente cobertos com saliva humana, por meio do teste de XTT e por microscopia confocal de varredura à laser (MCVL). A nistatina (Sigma) foi utilizada como controle positivo. Os resultados mostraram que isolados de C. albicans planctônicos foram sensíveis ao TTO 1%, Terpinen-4-ol 0,47% e Nistatina 8 ?g/mL. As menores concentrações fungicidas para os isolados foram TTO 2 %, Terpinen-4-ol 0,95 % e Nistatina 16 ?g/mL. Quando analisado em biofilme através da quantificação (UFC/mL) e teste de XTT as concentrações de TTO 2 % e Terpinen-4-ol 0,95 % foram eficazes quando comparado ao controle, sendo que as amostras da genotipagem A2 e B1 foram as mais resistentes. Os resultados de MCVL mostraram que todos os biofilmes desenvolvidos em corpos de resina acrílica apresentaram-se semelhantes à ação da Nistatina. Os extratos avaliados apresentaram ação antifúngica para os isolados clínicos e podem ser considerados tratamento alternativo para paciente com candidíase.

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Solubilization in vitro of tea tree oil and first results of antifungal effect in onychomycosis.

Autores: Felix Marcos-Tejedor, Pablo González-García, Raquel Mayordomo | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Onychomycosis is the main cause of nail alteration. Hepatotoxicity, interference and low adherence to pharmacological treatment are associated. Therefore, our objective was to assess the in vitro effectiveness of tea tree essential oil (less harmful) against main causative agents of these infections.

Resultados: Trichophyton rubrum growth inhibition was obtained at concentrations higher than 0.04% of the essential tea tree oil (p = 0.004). In the case of Thrichophyton mentagrophytes, inhibition was obtained at 0.02% (p = 0.017), and even complete inhibition at a final concentration of the oil at 0.07%.

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Antifungal Effect of Essential Oils against Fusarium Keratitis Isolates.

Autores: Mónika Homa, Ildikó Pálma Fekete, Andrea Böszörményi, Yendrembam Randhir Babu Singh, Kanesan Panneer Selvam, Coimbatore Subramanian Shobana, Palanisamy Manikandan, László Kredics, Csaba Vágvölgyi, László Galgóczy | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study was carried out to investigate the antifungal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus limon, Juniperus communis, Eucalyptus citriodora, Gaultheria procumbens, Melaleuca alternifolia, Origanum majorana, Salvia sclarea, and Thymus vulgaris essential oils against Fusarium species, the most common etiologic agents of filamentous fungal keratitis in South India. C. zeylanicum essential oil showed strong anti-Fusarium activity, whereas all the other tested essential oils proved to be less effective. The main component of C. zeylanicum essential oil, trans-cinnamaldehyde, was also tested and showed a similar effect as the oil. The in vitro interaction between trans-cinnamaldehyde and natamycin, the first-line therapeutic agent of Fusarium keratitis, was also investigated; an enhanced fungal growth inhibition was observed when these agents were applied in combination. Light and fluorescent microscopic observations revealed that C. zeylanicum essential oil/trans-cinnamaldehyde reduces the cellular metabolism and inhibits the conidia germination. Furthermore, necrotic events were significantly more frequent in the presence of these two compounds. According to our results, C. zeylanicum essential oil/trans-cinnamaldehyde provides a promising basis to develop a novel strategy for the treatment of Fusarium keratitis.

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Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil in ground beef.

Autores: Claudileide de Sá Silva, Hamilton Mendes de Figueiredo, Tânia Lúcia Montenegro Stamford, Luiza Helena Meller da Silva | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The food industry has been valuing the quest for natural substances for use in food preservation aiming to meet consumer demand for safer, more natural foods with preserved nutrients. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial potential of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (EOMA) in the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644) (L. monocytogenes) in ground beef. An in vitro screening in solid phase was performed and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined through microdilution test. The time of action of EOMA was assessed through the death-time curve at 2  MIC and MBC. The effects of MBC on bacterial morphology were verified under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The meat samples were inoculated with four different suspensions of L. monocytogenes (1.5  108 CFU/mL, 4.6  104 CFU/mL, 9.2  103 CFU/mL, and 1.2  102 CFU/mL) and stored at 4 ± 1 °C for up to 14 days. The test samples were added with 1.5% v/w EOMA. The test of diffusion in solid medium showed L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 was extremely sensitive to EOMA. MIC and MBC values were 0.10 μL/g and 0.15 μL/mL, respectively. The death-time curve revealed a reduction of viable cells after 1 h of contact with the oil. SEM showed that the treated cells had wrinkled surface and some cells had lower size and diameter when compared to control ones. The food matrix test indicated EOMA had antimicrobial activity in all samples except for the one inoculated with the suspension at 1.5  108 CFU/mL. Thus, the use of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia as a potential natural antimicrobial agent to preserve ground beef was promising as it was effective at low concentration. The data lay bases for new tests to be carried out in other food matrices.

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Avaliação antibacteriana do extrato de melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia) frente à cepa de Staphylococcus aureus/ Antibacterial evaluation of melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia) extract in face of Staphylococcus aureus strain

Autores: Tedesco, Luana; Bufalo, Aedra Carla; Wietzikoski, Evellyn Claudia; Velasquez, Patrícia Amaral Gurgel; Ciesca, Gabriela Machado | Ano: 2014 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: O uso de óleos essenciais para o tratamento de patologias de pele vem crescendo a cada dia, são facilmente comercializados para diferentes fins. Este trabalho visou a comparação e comprovação do efeito antimicrobiano do óleo essencial comercial de Melaleuca alternifolia e do óleo extraído direto da planta frente a cepa de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923). Para os testes foram escolhidos dois óleos comerciais tratados neste estudo como A e B e a extração do óleo da planta nas diferentes sazonalidades. A técnica utilizada para os testes foi a do poço por Pour Plate. A cultura bacteriana foi inoculada em placas de meio Ágar Mueller Hinton (MHA). A inoculação se deu com uma suspensão de colônias seguindo a escala de McFarland em salina estéril com concentração de 0,9 %. A cada placa contendo o meio de cultura adicionou-se 1ml dessa suspensão do inoculo, em seguida foram realizados os poços com adição de 20 µl de óleo, estes conservados em estufa a 37°C por 24 horas. Como controle positivo foi utilizado discos do antibiótico Eritromicina comercial. Todos os testes foram realizados e analisados em duplicata. Para a análise foram medidos o diâmetro dos halos de todas as amostras, os quais apresentaram uma discreta inibição. Conclui-se que o óleo essencial extraído em junho obteve maior inibição, sendo mais efetivo em Staphylococcus aureus do que os óleos comerciais A e B.

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Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.

Autores: C F Carson, K A Hammer, T V Riley | Ano: 2006 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as clinical efficacy. Specific mechanisms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.

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Staphylococcus aureus and wounds: a review of tea tree oil as a promising antimicrobial.

Autores: Linda Halcón, Kelly Milkus | Ano: 2004 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria continue to be a major health concern worldwide. In particular, Staphylococcus aureus, both methicillin-resistant and -sensitive, are of concern in their ability to cause difficult skin and underlying tissue infections. Melaleuca alternifolia oil (tea tree oil), an essential oil, has demonstrated promising efficacy in treating these infections. Tea tree oil has been used for centuries as a botanical medicine, and has only in recent decades surfaced in the scientific literature as a promising adjunctive wound treatment. Tea tree oil is antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and has demonstrated ability to activate monocytes. There are few apparent side effects to using tea tree oil topically in low concentrations, with contact dermatitis being the most common. Tea tree oil has been effective as an adjunctive therapy in treating osteomyelitis and infected chronic wounds in case studies and small clinical trials. There is a need for larger clinical trials to further examine efficacy of tea tree oil as an adjunctive wound therapy, as well as improved guidelines for developing plant-based medicines.

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Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.

Autores: C F Carson, K A Hammer, T V Riley | Ano: 2006 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as clinical efficacy. Specific mechanisms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.

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Influence of Melaleuca alternifolia oil nanoparticles on aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.

Autores: Vanessa M Comin, Leonardo Q S Lopes, Priscilla M Quatrin, Márcia E de Souza, Pauline C Bonez, Francieli G Pintos, Renata P Raffin, Rodrigo de A Vaucher, Diego S T Martinez, Roberto C V Santos | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacillus and frequent cause of infection. This microorganism is resistant intrinsically to various drugs. The P. aeruginosa is associated with the biofilm formation, which causes worsen the prognosis and difficulty the treatment. The influence of Melaleuca alternifolia oil or "tree of tee" oil (TTO) and TTO nanoparticles on adhesion of P. aeruginosa in buccal epithelial cells was investigated. Also was determined the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against this microorganism. The TTO nanoparticles were produced by deposition of preformed polymer and the physic-chemical properties of nanoparticles were measured by electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering. The characterization of nanoparticle showed acceptable values for diameter and zeta potential. The evaluation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa PAO1 was performed by microdilution indicating the minimal inhibitory concentration, and the potential antibiofilm. It was verified the action on virulence factors such the motility, besides the influence on adhesion in buccal epithelial cells. Both oil and nanoparticles showed a decrease in adhesion of microorganisms to buccal cells, decrease of biofilm and interfering on P. aeruginosa PAO1 motility. The nanostructuration of TTO, shows be a viable alternative against formed biofilm microorganisms.

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River Tea Tree Oil: Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities, and Potential Applications in Agriculture.

Autores: Mursleen Yasin, Adnan Younis, Talha Javed, Ahsan Akram, Muhammad Ahsan, Rubab Shabbir, Muhammad Moaaz Ali, Ayesha Tahir, Enas M El-Ballat, Mohamed S Sheteiwy, Reda Helmy Sammour, Christophe Hano, Fahad A Alhumaydhi, Mohamed A El-Esawi | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Melaleuca is one of the genera of the Myrtaceae family enriched in tea tree oil (TTO). Tea tree oils of Melaleuca bracteata and Melaleuca alternifolia are of prime importance and have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Terpinen-4-ol and 1-8 cineole are major constituents of M. alternifolia oil. The percentages of the compounds in the oils can slightly vary according to the region of plant harvest, the distillation technique, or the part of the plant used for oil extraction. TTO has a bactericidal effect against various bacterial species such as Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli, Pseudomonas putida, and S. aureus. Several reports proved that this essential oil is also effective against fungal strains of Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida species. It also has antioxidant properties such as radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The antioxidant properties of TTO at a concentration of 30 mM were observed to be greater than those of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), commonly used as a synthetic antioxidant. TTO is also an effective organic fungicide, herbicide, and insecticide for use in the agriculture sector. Postharvest application of the oil has been found efficient on sweet basil, citrus, and strawberry. It is concluded that tea tree oil has the potential to be used in the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries as a natural antimicrobial and preservative agent. This review provides comprehensive information regarding the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tea tree oil and its potential applications in agriculture.

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Chemical and Biological Characterization of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil.

Autores: Petra Borotová, Lucia Galovičová, Nenad L Vukovic, Milena Vukic, Eva Tvrdá, Miroslava Kačániová | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, commonly known as tea tree oil, has many beneficial properties due to its bioactive compounds. The aim of this research was to characterize the tea tree essential oil (TTEO) from Slovakia and its biological properties, which are specific to the chemical composition of essential oil. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy revealed that terpinen-4-ol was dominant with a content of 40.3%. γ-Terpinene, 1,8-cineole, and p-cymene were identified in contents of 11.7%, 7.0%, and 6.2%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined at 41.6% radical inhibition, which was equivalent to 447 μg Trolox to 1 mL sample. Antimicrobial activity was observed by the disk diffusion method against Gram-positive (G+), Gram-negative (G-) bacteria and against yeasts, where the best antimicrobial activity was against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans with an inhibition zone of 10.67 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed better susceptibility by G+ and G- planktonic cells, while yeast species and biofilm-forming bacteria strains were more resistant. Antibiofilm activity was observed against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Salmonella enterica by MALDI-TOF, where degradation of the protein spectra after the addition of essential oil was obtained. Good biological properties of tea tree essential oil allow its use in the food industry or in medicine as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.

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In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil.

Autores: Xiaofeng Zhang, Yanjun Guo, Liying Guo, Hui Jiang, Qianhua Ji | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Melaleuca alternifolia (M. alternifolia) was evaluated in this report. The antioxidant potential of the essential oil from M. alternifolia was evaluated by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) assay, and the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity method. The essential oil from M. alternifolia was able to reduce DPPH with an EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect) of 48.35 μg/ml, inhibit the lipid peroxidation with an IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) of 135.9 μg/ml, and eliminate hydroxyl radicals with an EC50 of 43.71 μg/ml. Antimicrobial screening, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration assays showed that the essential oil from M. alternifolia inhibited strongly the growth of different types of microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Penicillium italicum Wehmer, and Penicillium digitatum Sacc. Thus, the essential oil of M. alternifolia possesses antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and could be suitable for use as a natural preservative ingredient in food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries.

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Antitumor effect of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its main component terpinen-4-ol in combination with target therapy in melanoma models.

Autores: Marta Di Martile, Stefania Garzoli, Manuela Sabatino, Elisabetta Valentini, Simona D'Aguanno, Rino Ragno, Donatella Del Bufalo | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oils (EOs) have been recently emerging for their promising biological activities in preventing tumorigenesis or progression of different tumor histotypes, including melanoma. In this study, we investigated the antitumor activity of a panel of EOs in different tumor models. The ability of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) and its main component, terpinen-4-ol, to sensitize the target therapy currently used for melanoma treatment was also assessed. Our results demonstrated that EOs differently affect the viability of human cancer cells and led us to select six EOs effective in melanoma and lung cancer cells, without toxic effects in human fibroblasts. When combined with dabrafenib and/or trametinib, Melaleuca alternifolia synergistically reduced the viability of melanoma cells by activating apoptosis. Through machine learning classification modeling, α-terpineol, tepinolene, and terpinen-4-ol, three components of Melaleuca alternifolia, were identified as the most likely relevant components responsible for the EO's antitumor effect. Among them, terpinen-4-ol was recognized as the Melaleuca alternifolia component responsible for its antitumor and proapoptotic activity. Overall, our study holds promise for further analysis of EOs as new anticancer agents and supports the rationale for their use to improve target therapy response in melanoma.

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Antitumor effect of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its main component terpinen-4-ol in combination with target therapy in melanoma models.

Autores: Marta Di Martile, Stefania Garzoli, Manuela Sabatino, Elisabetta Valentini, Simona D'Aguanno, Rino Ragno, Donatella Del Bufalo | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oils (EOs) have been recently emerging for their promising biological activities in preventing tumorigenesis or progression of different tumor histotypes, including melanoma. In this study, we investigated the antitumor activity of a panel of EOs in different tumor models. The ability of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) and its main component, terpinen-4-ol, to sensitize the target therapy currently used for melanoma treatment was also assessed. Our results demonstrated that EOs differently affect the viability of human cancer cells and led us to select six EOs effective in melanoma and lung cancer cells, without toxic effects in human fibroblasts. When combined with dabrafenib and/or trametinib, Melaleuca alternifolia synergistically reduced the viability of melanoma cells by activating apoptosis. Through machine learning classification modeling, α-terpineol, tepinolene, and terpinen-4-ol, three components of Melaleuca alternifolia, were identified as the most likely relevant components responsible for the EO's antitumor effect. Among them, terpinen-4-ol was recognized as the Melaleuca alternifolia component responsible for its antitumor and proapoptotic activity. Overall, our study holds promise for further analysis of EOs as new anticancer agents and supports the rationale for their use to improve target therapy response in melanoma.

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Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and its monoterpene constituents in treating protozoan and helminthic infections.

Autores: Nelson Siukei Lam, Xinxin Long, Xin-Zhuan Su, Fangli Lu | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Australian tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) and its monoterpene constituents such as terpinen-4-ol (T4O), 1,8-cineole, limonene, p-cymene, and α-terpinene have been shown to be effective in controlling a wide range of parasitic infections. The anti-parasitic effects of these compounds are mainly due to their anti-histamine and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities as well as their ability to modulate host inflammatory responses. This review attempts to summarize recent advances in the uses of TTO and its 15 major monoterpene constituents in treating parasitic infections in both humans and animals. Activities against parasitic protozoans (Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Acanthamoeba castellanii, Trichomonas vaginalis, Eimeria, and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis), nematodes (Haemonchus contortus and Anisakis simplex), cestode (Echinococcus ortleppi), and monogeneans (Gasterosteus spp. and Dactylogyrus minutus) have been reported, showing good potentials in treating parasitic infections. Further studies are necessary for developing anti-parasite therapies using TTO or its monoterpenes constituents.

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Essential oil impregnated luminescent hydroxyapatite: Antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies.

Autores: Somtirtha Banerjee, Biswajoy Bagchi, Kunal Pal, Suman Bhandary, Arpan Kool, Nur Amin Hoque, Prosenjit Biswas, Pradip Thakur, Kaustuv Das, Parimal Karmakar, Sukhen Das | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In this study, porous fluorescent nanocrystalline erbium doped hydroxyapatite (eHAp) was synthesized via hydrothermal assisted co-precipitation method. Eucalyptus oil (EU), frankincense oil (FO), Tea tree oil (TTO), wintergreen oil (WO) were successfully absorbed into eHAp pellet by vacuum filtration technique using Buckner funnel. Phase crystallization, fluorescence property and microstructure of eHAp were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Photoluminiscence spectroscopy (PL) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Strong antimicrobial activity was observed for EU, TTO and WO on both E. coli and S. aureus mediated by cell membrane damage and leakage of cytoplasmic components. The oil absorbed eHAp nanocomposites were found to be moderately biocompatible with normal WI-38 cells up to MIC concentration various time scale. The nanocomposites showed significant cytotoxic activity on breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 468 and the fluorescent property of the eHAp was utilized to visualize internalization of particles in the cells. The release profile of the oils from the eHAp matrix showed pH dependent release indicated that the porous matrix can be used as a suitable carrier for modulated and sustained release of bioactive components. Thus, given the multifunctional attributes these natural essential oil-based nanocomposites show great promise as an alternative to conventional therapeutic treatments.

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Inhibitory Activity of Essential Oils against Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Autores: Xiaoting Zheng, Adam F Feyaerts, Patrick Van Dijck, Peter Bossier | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Vibriosis, caused by Vibrio strains, is an important bacterial disease and capable of causing significant high mortality in aquatic animals. Essential oils (EOs) have been considered as an alternative approach for the treatment of aquatic bacterial diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of essential oils (n = 22) or essential oil components (EOCs, n = 12) against Vibrio strains belonging to the harveyi clade. It was verified by three different approaches, e.g., (i) a bacterial growth assay, comparing Vibrio growth with or without EO(C)s at various concentrations; (ii) a vapor-phase-mediated susceptibility assay, comparing the effect of EO(C)s on bacterial growth through the vapor phase; and (iii) a quorum sensing-inhibitory assay, based on specific inhibition of quorum sensing-regulated bioluminescence. The results showed that, in the bacterial growth assay, EOs of Melaleuca alternifolia and Litsea citrata at 0.0001%, Eucalyptus citriodora at 0.01% can inhibit the growth of Vibrio campbellii BB120. These EOs can also prevent the growth of V. parahaemolyticus strains but need to be present at a higher concentration (0.1%). Moreover, in the vapor-phase-mediated susceptibility assay, EOs of M. alternifolia, L. citrata and E. citriodora can inhibit the growth of V. campbellii BB120 through their vapor phase. However, V. parahaemolyticus strains (CAIM170, LMG2850 and MO904) cannot be inhibited by these EOs. Additionally, in the quorum sensing-inhibitory assay, EOs of Mentha pulegium, Cuminum cyminum, Zingiber officinalis, and E. citriodora, all at 0.001%, have quorum sensing-inhibitory activity in V. campbellii BB120. Taken together, our study provides substantial evidence that usage of the major components, individually or in combination, of the tested commercial EOs (extracted from M. alternifolia, L. citrata, and E. citriodora) could be a promising approach to control V. campbellii BB120.

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Properties and limits of some essential oils: chemical characterisation, antimicrobial activity, interaction with antibiotics and cytotoxicity.

Autores: Francesca Scazzocchio, Stefania Garzoli, Cinzia Conti, Claudia Leone, Clio Renaioli, Federico Pepi, Letizia Angiolella | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Because of the emergence of multi-drug resistance bacteria and fungi, alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapy are needed. This study aims to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of: Mirtus communis, Coriandrum sativum, Pelargonium capitatum, Cuminum cyminum, Ocimum basilicum, Citrus aurantium amara, Cymbopogon. winterianus, Cymbopogon martini, Salvia sclarea, Melaleuca alternifolia and Mentha suaveolens essential oils on bacteria and fungi, in relation to their chemical composition. The potential interaction of M. alternifolia (TTO), C. sativum (CDO) and M. suaveolens (EOMS) essential oils when used in combination with gentamicin and fluconazole has been evaluated. The results obtained showed a synergic effect on some bacteria and fungi, with FICI values ≤5. The cytotoxicity of TTO, CDO and EOMS was investigated towards HeLa cells. Only EOMS did not result cytotoxic at the active concentrations on micro-organisms. Further studies are necessary to obtain optimal ratios and dosing regimens for higher therapeutic efficacy and to decrease toxicological profiles.

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Comparison of the Anti-bacterial Efficacy of Saussurea costus and Melaleuca alternifolia Against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis: An in-vitro Study.

Autores: Munerah S BinShabaib, Shatha S ALHarthi, Bashayer S Helaby, Manar H AlHefdhi, Afrah E Mohammed, Kawther Aabed | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim was to compare the in-vitro antibacterial effectiveness of two herbal extracts (a) Saussurea-costus (S. costus) and (b) Melaleuca-alternifolia (M. alternifolia) against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Aqueous extracts from M. alternifolia were prepared by adding 2 grams of S. costus and M. alternifolia, respectively to 100 ml distilled water. Bacterial strains of P. gingivalis, E. faecalis and S. mutans were treated into 3 groups. In groups 1 and 2, bacterial strains were treated with aqueous extracts of S. costus and M. alternifolia, respectively. In the control-group, bacterial strains were exposed to distilled water. Antibacterial activity of the samples and nanoparticles was determined. The minimum-inhibitory-concentration (MIC) values were determined using the microdilution method. P < 0.01 was considered statistically significant. The MIC for all bacterial strains treated with S. costus was significantly higher than that of M. alternifolia (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in MIC for strains of P. gingivalis, E. faecalis and S. mutans treated with S. costus. For bacterial strains treated with M. alternifolia, the MIC was significantly higher for P. gingivalis compared with E. faecalis and S. mutans strains (P < 0.01). There was no difference in MIC for E. faecalis and S. mutans strains treated with M. alternifolia. The in-vitro antibacterial efficacy of M. alternifolia is higher than S. costus against P. gingivalis, E. faecalis and S. mutans.

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Essential oils of Taxandria fragrans and Melaleuca alternifolia have effective antidermatophytic activities in vitro and in vivo that are antagonised by ketoconazole and potentiated in gold nanospheres.

Autores: Paulo H F Carmo, Marliete C Costa, Pedro H C Franco, Anna C P Lage, Cláudia E V Rocha, Claudilene R Chaves, André A G Faraco, Luiz O Ladeira, Jorge L López Aguilar, Isabela C César, Tatiane A Paixão, Maria A Resende-Stoianoff, Daniel A Santos | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The investigation of the effects of three essential oils (EOs) from Taxandria fragrans (FRA), Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO) and Boswellia serrata (IF), alone and combined with ketoconazole (KTZ), and their functionalised gold nanoparticles (AuNP) against Trichophyton interdigitale both in vitro and in vivo indicated that EOs presented activity against T. interdigitale. The combination of EOs and KTZ was antagonistic. FRA, TTO, gold nanoparticles capped with T. fragrans (AuNPFRA) and gold nanoparticles capped with M. alternifolia (AuNPTTO) presented antidermatophytic activity in vivo, with the capacity to reduce fungal burden and to preserve tissue architecture; however, combination treatment with KTZ increased fungal burden and caused tissue damage. The combination of EO with KTZ exhibited antagonistic activity and was histologically harmful. In contrast, FRA, TTO, AuNPFRA and AuNPTTO are promising treatments for dermatophytosis.

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Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro.

Autores: P Nenoff, U F Haustein, W Brandt | Ano: 1996 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The in vitro antifungal activity of tea oil, the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, has been evaluated against 26 strains of various dermatophyte species, 54 yeasts, among them 32 strains of Candida albicans and other Candida sp. as well as 22 different Malassezia furfur strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of tea tree oil were measured by agar dilution technique. Tea tree oil was found to be able to inhibit growth of all clinical fungal isolates. For the investigated dermatophytes MIC values from 1,112.5 to 4,450.0 micrograms/ml with a geometric mean of 1,431.5 micrograms/ml were demonstrated. Both C. albicans strains and the other strains belonging to the genus Candida and Trichosporon appeared to be slightly less susceptible to tea tree oil in vitro. However, their MIC values, which varied from 2,225.0 to 4,450.0 micrograms/ml (geometric mean 4,080 micrograms/ml), indicated moderate susceptibility to the essential oil of M. alternifolia. The lipophilic yeast M. furfur seemed to be most susceptible to tea tree oil. MIC values between 556.2 and 4,450.0 micrograms/ml (geometric mean 1,261.5 micrograms/ml) were found against the tested M. furfur strains. However, when calculated as percentage tea tree oil of the agar, the above-mentioned concentrations correspond to 0.5-0.44% tea tree oil content. These values are far below the usual relatively high therapeutic concentrations of the agent; approximately 5-10% solution or even the concentrated essential oil are used for external treatment. In comparison with tea tree oil, in vitro susceptibility against miconazole, an established topical antifungal, was tested. As expected, very low MIC values for miconazole were found for dermatophytes (geometric mean 0.2 microgram/ml), yeasts (geometric mean 1.0 microgram/ml), and M. furfur (geometric mean 2.34 micrograms/ml). It is suggested that the in vivo effect of tea tree oil ointment in the therapy of fungal infections of the skin and mucous membranes as well as in the treatment of dandruff, a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis, may be at least partly due to an antifungal activity of tea tree oil.

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Anti-Aspergillus activities of plant essential oils and their combination effects with ketoconazole or amphotericin B.

Autores: Seungwon Shin | Ano: 2003 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The essential oils from Cedrus atlantica, Styrax tonkinensis, Juniperus communis, Lavandula angustifolia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Pelargonium graveolens, Pogesternon patchouli and Rosmarinus officinalis were analyzed by GC-MS. Antifungal activities of the oils were investigated by disk diffusion assay and the broth dilution method against Aspergillus niger and A. flavus. The effects of geraniol and the essential oil fraction from P. graveolens on the antifungal activity of amphotericin B and ketoconazole were examined using a checkerboard microtiter assay against both Aspergillus fungi. Most of the tested essential oils, with the exception of C. atlantica, J. communis, and P. patchouli, significantly inhibited growth of A. niger and to a lesser extent that of A. flavus, with MICs (minimal inhibitory concentrations) in the range 0.78-12.5 mg/mL. The essential oil fraction of P. graveolens and its main components, geraniol and citronellol, exhibited additive effects with amphotericin B and with ketoconazole against both Aspergillus species, resulting in fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices ranging from 0.52 to 1.00.

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Avaliação in vitro da atividade de óleos essenciais sobre Candida albicans e seus fatores de virulência/ Antifungal in vitro evaluation of essential oils activity against Candida albicans

Autores: Araújo, André Luis Monteiro | Ano: 2015 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade in vitro dos óleos essenciais de Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker, Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eugenia caryophyllus Sprengel, Melaleuca alternifolia Chell e Thymus vulgaris Linneaus sobre C. albicans. Em doses subinibitórias avaliar a formação de tubo germinativo e clamidoconídeo, a produção de exoenzimas proteinase e fosfolipase e a produção de franjas. Foram utilizadaos 16 isolados e duas cepas padrão de C. albicans. ATCC (60193 e 900028) Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica e obtenção da concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) utilizou-se a técnica de microdiluição em caldo, em meio RPMI 1640, com Tween-20 a 0,02%. E a confirmação da inibição em Agar Sabouraud dextrose, a 37°C por 24 hs. Para a avaliação da sensibilidade ao fluconazole e voriconazol foi utilizado o teste comercial Etest®. Todos os óleos esseciais apresentaram atividade inibitória sobre C. albicans. Para cada óleo essencial foram encontrados os seguintes resultados de CFM50 e CFM90: E. citriodora CFM50 de 87,89μg/mL e CFM90 de 175,78μg/m; E. globulus CFM50 de 703,12μg/mL e CFM90 de 5625μg/mL; E. caryophyllus CFM50 de 175,78μg/mL e CFM90 de 703,12μg/mL; M. alternifolia CFM50 de 1406,50μg/mL e CFM90 de 2812,50μg/mL; T. vulgaris CFM50 de 87,89 a 175,78μg/mL e CFM90 de 351,56μg/mL. A CIM50 para fluconazol foi de 0,125μg/mL e CFM90 de 0,5μg/mL e para voriconazol foi CIM50 de 0,012 e CFM90 de 0,016μg/mL. Com excessão do óleo essencial de M. alternifolia, os óleos essenciais que alteraram a produção do tubo germinativo e clamidoconídios também alteraram a produção de franjas.Todos os óleos essenciais alteraram a produção das exoenzimas proteinase e fosfolipase de C.albicans. Pelo exposto e nas condições desse estudo conclui-se que os óleos essenciais de E. citriodora e T. vulgaris, apresentaram atividade fungicida com as menores concentrações inibitórias em relação aos óleos essenciais de, E. globulus E. caryophyllus e M. alternifoia sobre C.albicans

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Avaliação in vitro da atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais sobre Cryptococcus neoformans/ Action of essential oils against Cryptococcus neoformans

Autores: Santos, Patricia de Souza | Ano: 2011 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Cryptococcus neoformans é uma levedura patogênica e o agente etiológico da criptococose, uma doença infecciosa cosmopolita que acomete o homem, animais domésticos e silvestres. A infecção ocorre por inalação das leveduras e a doença se manifesta com mais freqüência em pessoas e animais com baixa imunidade celular. C. neoformans, tem tropismo para o sistema nervoso central. O tratamento efetivo para a criptococose é a anfotericina B associada ou não a 5 –flucitosina apesar da alta toxicidade e nefrotoxicidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade in vitro dos óleos essenciais de Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker, Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eugenia caryophyllus Sprengel, Melaleuca alternifolia Chell e Thymus vulgaris Linneaus e uma mistura de E. caryophyllus, M. alternifolia e T. vulgaris denominada Blend sobre C. neoformans. Em doses subinibitórias avaliar a produção de cápsula e de exoenzimas proteinase e fosfolipase. Foram utilizadas 21 isolados de origem humana, 29 isolados ambientais e uma cepa padrão de C. neoformans ICB 163 D (NIH 163D). Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica e obtenção da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) utilizou-se a técnica de microdiluição em caldo, em meio RPMI 1640, com Tween-20 a 0,02% como emulsificador. E a confirmação da inibição em Agar Sabouraud dextrose, a 37°C por 48 hs com obtenção da concentração fungicida mínima (CFM). Para a avaliação da sensibilidade ao fluconazol utilizou-se microdiluição em caldo com meio RPMI 1640 e para a avaliação da sensibilidade a anfotericina B foi utilizado o teste comercial Etest®. Para cada óleo essencial foram encontrados os seguintes resultados de CFM50 e CFM90: E. citriodora CFM50 de 21,97 a 2812,5μg/mL e CFM90 de 703,12 a 2812,5μg/mL; E. globulus CFM50 de 175,78 a 703,12μg/mL e CFM90 de 703,12 a 2812,5μg/mL; E. caryophyllus CFM50 de 87,89 a 175,78μg/mL e CFM90 de 703,12μg/mL; M. alternifolia CFM50 de 11.250 a 45.000μg/mL e CFM90 de 45.000μg/mL; T...

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Antifungal Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil (TTO) and Its Synergy with Itraconazole or Ketoconazole against Trichophyton rubrum.

Autores: Janira Roana, Narcisa Mandras, Daniela Scalas, Paolo Campagna, Vivian Tullio | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Over the past 20-30 years, Trichophyton rubrum represented the most widespread dermatophyte with a prevalence accounting for 70% of dermatophytosis. The treatment for cutaneous infections caused by Trichophyton spp. are imidazoles (ketoconazole (KTZ)) and triazoles (itraconazole (ITZ)). T. rubrum can develop resistance to azoles after prolonged exposure to subinhibitory concentrations resulting in therapeutic failures and chronic infections. These problems have stimulated the search for therapeutic alternatives, including essential oils, and their potential use in combination with conventional antifungals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of tea tree oil (TTO) (Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil) and the main components against T. rubrum and to assess whether TTO in association with KTZ/ITZ as reference drugs improves the antifungal activity of these drugs. We used a terpinen-4-ol chemotype (35.88%) TTO, and its antifungal properties were evaluated by minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentrations in accordance with the CLSI guidelines. The interaction between TTO and azoles was evaluated through the checkerboard and isobologram methods. The results demonstrated both the fungicide activity of TTO on T. rubrum and the synergism when it was used in combination with azoles. Therefore, this mixture may reduce the minimum effective dose of azole required and minimize the side effects of the therapy. Synergy activity offered a promise for combination topical treatment for superficial mycoses.

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Screening of some essential oils against Trichosporon species.

Autores: Veena Uniyal, Seema Saxena, R P Bhatt | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: White Piedra is a superficial mycoses characterized by nodules on the hair shaft, caused by the basidiomycetous yeast Trichosporon species. In this study 25 essential oils were extracted and screened against two Trichosporon species i.e. Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon cutaneum. Both these fungi procured from MTCC Chandigarh were maintained on yeast malt agar plates and tubes at 25 degrees C. Two screening methods viz., agar well diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration were adopted for the study. The results showed that the maximum anti-yeast activity against T. asahii and T. cutaneum was demonstrated by oil of Mentha piperita showing full inhibition of both the fungi, Melaleuca alternifolia with an inhibition zone of 45 and 40 mm, Cymbopogon winterians with inhibition zone of 45 and 45 mm and Cymbopogon flexuosus with 35 and 30 mm inhibition zones. The oil of Trachyspermum ammi exhibited 10 and 20 mm, Abelmoschus moschatus exhibited 30 and 20 mm, Salvia sclarea showed 20 and 18 mm and Jasminum officinale exhibited 25 and 15 mm inhibition zones showing moderate activity. The oil of Cyperus scariosus, Pogostemon patchouli and Rosa damascene showed no inhibition zone against both the fungi while Vetiveria zizanoides exhibited no inhibition in case of T. asahii and inhibition zone of 10 mm in case of T. cutaneum demonstrating comparatively low activity against both the fungi. These results support that the essential oils can be used to cure superficial mycoses and these oils may have significant role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.

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Atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de melaleuca alternifolia sobre leveduras isoladas de candidíase bucal de gestantes HIV positivas/ Antifungal activity of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil on yeasts isolated from HIV positive pregnant women with oral candidiasis

Autores: Costa, Anna Carolina Borges Pereira da; Teodoro, Guilherme Rodrigues; Ferreira, Tatiane Morais; Silva, Fernando de Sá; Maria, Aguida; Khouri, Sônia | Ano: 2010 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: A candidíase bucal é a infecção fúngica mais comum em portadores de HIV e, com episódios recorrentes em pacientes com Aids. Com o objetivo de pesquisar novos e eficazes agentes antifúngicos contra cepas resistentes, foi investigada a atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia, em diferentes concentrações, em leveduras isoladas de candidíase oral. O experimento foi realizado por meio da técnica de difusão em ágar. Foram avaliadas cepas padrão de Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida tropicalis ATCC 157, Candida glabrata ATCC 30070, Candida krusei ATCC 6258 e Candida dubliniensis ATCC 778157e os isolados da cavidade bucal de gestantes HIV positivas, sendo sete C. albicans, um C. tropicalis, um C.glabrata e um C. krusei. O óleo essencial foi analisado nas quantidades de 20 e 50 μL, nas concentrações de 10 a 100%, variando de 10 em 10%. Todas as cepas analisadas foram suscetíveis ao óleo essencial de M.alternifolia nas concentrações de 70% e 50 %, respectivamente, nos volumes de 20 μL e 50 μL. O potencial antifúngico do óleo essencial de M. alternifolia desperta interesse para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos.

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Interactions between Clotrimazole and selected essential oils against Malassezia pachydermatis clinical isolates.

Autores: E Bohmova, E Conkova, M Harcarova, Z Sihelska | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to investigate interactions between conventional antifungal drug and essential oils against isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis. Antifungal activity of Cinnamomum cassia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Mentha piperita, Origanum vulgare and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils were tested against 19 strains of M. pachydermatis isolated from healthy dogs and reference strain M. pachydermatis CBS 1879. The checkerboard assay was used to search for in- teractions. Synergism was observed for the combination of clotrimazole with Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, Mentha piperita and Origanum vulgare. The combinations of Cinnamomum cassia and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils with clotrimazole showed indifferent effect. Additive antimicrobial activity was observed for the combination of clotrimazole with Syzygium aromaticum and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oils against reference strain. The obtained results showed synergistic interactions between essential oils and clotrimazole which could improve effectiveness of this antifungal drug.

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Interactions between Clotrimazole and selected essential oils against Malassezia pachydermatis clinical isolates.

Autores: E Bohmova, E Conkova, M Harcarova, Z Sihelska | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to investigate interactions between conventional antifungal drug and essential oils against isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis. Antifungal activity of Cinnamomum cassia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Mentha piperita, Origanum vulgare and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils were tested against 19 strains of M. pachydermatis isolated from healthy dogs and reference strain M. pachydermatis CBS 1879. The checkerboard assay was used to search for in- teractions. Synergism was observed for the combination of clotrimazole with Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, Mentha piperita and Origanum vulgare. The combinations of Cinnamomum cassia and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils with clotrimazole showed indifferent effect. Additive antimicrobial activity was observed for the combination of clotrimazole with Syzygium aromaticum and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oils against reference strain. The obtained results showed synergistic interactions between essential oils and clotrimazole which could improve effectiveness of this antifungal drug.

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Antifungal Activity and Chemical Composition of Seven Essential Oils to Control the Main Seedborne Fungi of Cucurbits.

Autores: Marwa Moumni, Gianfranco Romanazzi, Basma Najar, Luisa Pistelli, Hajer Ben Amara, Kaies Mezrioui, Olfa Karous, Ikbal Chaieb, Mohamed Bechir Allagui | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oils represent novel alternatives to application of synthetic fungicides to control against seedborne pathogens. This study investigated seven essential oils for in vitro growth inhibition of the main seedborne pathogens of cucurbits. Cymbopogon citratus essential oil completely inhibited mycelial growth of Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum and Alternaria alternata at 0.6 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively. At 1 mg/mL, Lavandula dentata, Lavandula hybrida, Melaleuca alternifolia, Laurus nobilis, and two Origanum majorana essential oils inhibited mycelia growth of A. alternata by 54%, 71%, 68%, 36%, 90%, and 74%, respectively. S. cucurbitacearum mycelia growth was more sensitive to Lavandula essential oils, with inhibition of ~74% at 1 mg/mL. To determine the main compounds in these essential oils that might be responsible for this antifungal activity, they were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). C. citratus essential oil showed cirtal as its main constituent, while L. dentata and L. nobilis essential oils showed eucalyptol. The M. alternifolia and two O. majorana essential oils had terpinen-4-ol as the major constituent, while for L. hybrida essential oil, this was linalool. Thus, in vitro, these essential oils can inhibit the main seedborne fungi of cucurbits, with future in vivo studies now needed to confirm these activities.

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Plants of the Melaleuca Genus as Antimicrobial Agents: From Farm to Pharmacy.

Autores: Javad Sharifi-Rad, Bahare Salehi, Elena Maria Varoni, Farukh Sharopov, Zubaida Yousaf, Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi, Farzad Kobarfard, Mehdi Sharifi-Rad, Mohammad Hossain Afdjei, Majid Sharifi-Rad, Marcello Iriti | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Plants belonging to Melaleuca genus (Myrtaceae family) are native to Oceania, where they have been used for ages by Aborigine people in Australian traditional medicine, mainly because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Although, M. linariifolia, M. dissitiflora, and other species of Melaleuca can also be used, the tea tree oil, an essential oil obtained from M. alternifolia shows the longest history of medicinal uses. Tea tree oil contains for the 80-90% several monoterpenes (terpinen-4-ol, α-terpinene, 1,8-cineol, p-cymene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, terpinolene, limonene, and sabinene). Sesquiterpenes and aromatic compounds further compose this oil. The essential oil of Melaleuca spp. has been reported to possess effective antibacterial and antifungal properties in vitro. In particular, data show that 1,8-cineol, terpinen-4-ol and methyl eugenol play the key role in mediating this oil's antimicrobial activity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Essential oil impregnated luminescent hydroxyapatite: Antibacterial and cytotoxicity studies.

Autores: Somtirtha Banerjee, Biswajoy Bagchi, Kunal Pal, Suman Bhandary, Arpan Kool, Nur Amin Hoque, Prosenjit Biswas, Pradip Thakur, Kaustuv Das, Parimal Karmakar, Sukhen Das | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In this study, porous fluorescent nanocrystalline erbium doped hydroxyapatite (eHAp) was synthesized via hydrothermal assisted co-precipitation method. Eucalyptus oil (EU), frankincense oil (FO), Tea tree oil (TTO), wintergreen oil (WO) were successfully absorbed into eHAp pellet by vacuum filtration technique using Buckner funnel. Phase crystallization, fluorescence property and microstructure of eHAp were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Photoluminiscence spectroscopy (PL) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Strong antimicrobial activity was observed for EU, TTO and WO on both E. coli and S. aureus mediated by cell membrane damage and leakage of cytoplasmic components. The oil absorbed eHAp nanocomposites were found to be moderately biocompatible with normal WI-38 cells up to MIC concentration various time scale. The nanocomposites showed significant cytotoxic activity on breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 468 and the fluorescent property of the eHAp was utilized to visualize internalization of particles in the cells. The release profile of the oils from the eHAp matrix showed pH dependent release indicated that the porous matrix can be used as a suitable carrier for modulated and sustained release of bioactive components. Thus, given the multifunctional attributes these natural essential oil-based nanocomposites show great promise as an alternative to conventional therapeutic treatments.

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Efeito inibitório de óleos essenciais sobre microrganismos do canal radicular/ Inhibitory effect of essential oils against organisms from root canal

Autores: Cavalcanti, Yuri Wanderley; Pérez, Ana Luíza Alves de Lima; Xavier, Gabriela Dantas Rocha; Almeida, Leopoldina de Fátima Dantas de | Ano: 2011 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Introdução: os óleos essenciais apresentam propriedades biológicas, as quais devem ser estudadas de modo a investigar novas possibilidades de constituição de soluções irrigadoras. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito inibitóriode óleos essenciais extraídos de plantas sobre a atividade de microrganismos envolvidos na infecção do canal radicular. Material e método: foram selecionados os óleos essenciais de Melaleuca alternifolia (melaleuca), Cymbopogon winterianus (citronela), Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Ocimum basilicum (manjericão), Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa) e Cinnamomum cassia (canela-da-china). A atividade antimicrobiana sobre Candida albicans (ATCC 289065) e Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) foi avaliada por meio da triagem da atividade antimicrobiana e da determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). As soluções de Digluconato de Clorexidina (0,12%) e Hipoclorito de Sódio (1%) serviram de controle. Resultado: os halos de inibição docrescimento para E. faecalis variaram entre 8,00 e 26,00 mm, enquanto que a variação para C. albicans foi entre 26,67 e > 35,00 mm. Os óleos essenciais de T. vulgaris, C. martinii e C. cassia apresentaram CIM na concentração 0,56 mg.mL­1 frente às cepas testadas. Menor atividade foi demonstrada por O. basilicum, que apresentou CIM nas concentrações 72,00 e 1,12 mg.mL­1 contra E. faecalis e C. albicans, respectivamente. Conclusão: os produtos testados apresentaram efeito inibitório satisfatório sobre E. faecalis e C. albicans, destacando-se os óleos essenciais de T. vulgaris, C. martinii e C. cassia.

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Sensibilidade de bactérias patogênicas em alimentos a óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais e condimentares/ Sensitivity of pathogenic bacteria in food to essential oils of medicinal and spice plants

Autores: Millezi, Farias Alessandra; Rossoni, Diogo Francisco; Cano, Igor Auad; Piccoli, Roberta Hilsdorf | Ano: 2016 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Os óleos essenciais (OEs), também chamados de óleos voláteis ou etéreos, são produtos do metabólismo secundário dos vegetais. Tanto os óleos como os seus componentes são utilizados como produtos nas indústrias de alimentos, pois possuem comprovada atividade antimicrobiana. As Concentrações Mínimas Inibitórias (CMI) desses óleos para diversas bactérias devem ser determinadas. As CMI variam de acordo com o óleo utilizado, dos compostos majoritários e da fisiologia da bactéria em estudo. Neste trabalho, os OEs das plantas Melaleuca alternifolia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Cymbopogon martini foram testados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana (através da CMI) contra as bactérias patogênicas Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Neste estudo, verificamos que E. coli e S. aureus foram sensíveis aos três OEs em todas as concentrações. Os resultados in vitro sugerem que os três OEs possuem potencial para utilização, como uma alternativa aos antimicrobianos e conservantes sintéticos.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria: In Vitro Study.

Autores: Nikola Puvača, Jovana Milenković, Tamara Galonja Coghill, Vojislava Bursić, Aleksandra Petrović, Snežana Tanasković, Miloš Pelić, Dragana Ljubojević Pelić, Tatjana Miljković | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The worldwide problem of infectious diseases has appeared in recent years, and antimicrobial agents are crucial in reducing disease emergence. Nevertheless, the development and distribution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains in pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhi and Citrobacter koseri, has become a major society health hazard. Essential oils could serve as a promising tool as a natural drug in fighting the problem with these bacteria. The current study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effectiveness of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér.), and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill) essential oils. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils were screened against four pathogenic bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus, S. Tyhpi, and C. koseri, and two reference bacterial strains, while for the testing, the agar well diffusion method was used. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MSD) analyses were performed on essential oils. The obtained results showed that M. alternifolia essential oil is the richest in terpinen-4-ol, R. officinalis and E. oblique essential oils in 1,8-cineole, and L. angustifolia essential oil in α-terpinyl acetate. In addition, the main bioactive compounds present in the essential oil of tea tree are rich in α-pinene (18.38%), limonene (7.55%) and γ-terpinene (14.01%). The essential oil of rosemary is rich in α-pinene (8.38%) and limonene (11.86%); eucalyptus essential oil has significant concentrations of α-pinene (12.60%), p-cymene (3.24%), limonene (3.87%), and γ-terpinene (7.37%), while the essential oil of lavender is rich in linalool (10.71%), linalool acetate (9.60%), α-terpinyl acetate (10.93%), and carbitol (13.05%) bioactive compounds, respectively. The obtained results from the in vitro study revealed that most of the essential oils exhibited antimicrobial properties. Among the tested essential oils, tea tree was discovered to demonstrate the strongest antimicrobial activity. The recorded MIC of S. Typhi was 6.2 mg/mL, 3.4 mg/mL of C. koseri, 3.1 mg/mL of E. coli, and 2.7 mg/mL of E. coli ATCC 25922, compared to M. alternifolia. Similarly, only S. aureus ATCC 25923 showed antimicrobial activity towards R. officinalis (1.4 mg/mL), E. oblique (2.9 mg/mL), and L. angustifolia (2.1 mg/mL). Based on the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that tea tree essential oil might be used as an ecological antimicrobial in treating infectious diseases caused by the tested pathogens.

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Antimicrobial effect against different bacterial strains and bacterial adaptation to essential oils used as feed additives.

Autores: Antonio Diego Brandão Melo, Amanda Figueiredo Amaral, Gustavo Schaefer, Fernando Bittencourt Luciano, Carla de Andrade, Leandro Batista Costa, Marcos Horácio Rostagno | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the essential oils derived from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree), Cinnamomum cassia (cassia), and Thymus vulgaris (white thyme) against Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The study also investigated the ability of these different bacterial strains to develop adaptation after repetitive exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of these essential oils. The MBC of the essential oils studied was determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. All essential oils showed antimicrobial effect against all bacterial strains. In general, the development of adaptation varied according to the bacterial strain and the essential oil (tea tree > white thyme > oregano). Therefore, it is important to use essential oils at efficient bactericidal doses in animal feed, food, and sanitizers, since bacteria can rapidly develop adaptation when exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of these oils.

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In vitro antimicrobial effect of essential tea tree oil(Melaleuca alternifolia), thymol, and carvacrol on microorganisms isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis.

Autores: Lysett Corona-Gómez, Laura Hernández-Andrade, Susana Mendoza-Elvira, Feliciano Milián Suazo, Daniel Israel Ricardo-González, David Quintanar-Guerrero | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have recently developed antibiotic resistance to treatments for bovine mastitis, creating a serious concern for public and animal health. The objective of this study was to analyse in vitro microbicidal activity of tea tree oil, thymol and carvacrol (composed of oregano and thyme essential oils) on bacteria isolated from clinical mastitis. Field isolates and ATCC strains of the Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans genera were analysed. The agar diffusion technique was used to test bactericidal susceptibility and plate microdilution was utilized to determine the minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and fractional inhibitory concentrations. Thymol alone and the combinations of thymol-carvacrol and thymol-TTO obtained the highest inhibition diameters for Gram-negative bacteria, while for Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans, thymol and the combination thymol-carvacrol obtained the highest indices. TTO, thymol, and carvacrol had MIC values of 1.56-25 mg/ml, 0.05-0.4 mg/ml, and 0.02-0.2 mg/ml, respectively. CMB results for the Gram-negative and gram-positive groups were 0.39-0.78 mg/ml, and for C. albicans, 0.78-1.56 mg/ml. Results for the fractional inhibitory concentrations show that the TTO+thymol and thymol+carvacrol combinations had additive activity against groups of Gram-negative bacteria and C. albicans. These natural components, evaluated individually and in combinations, have an effectiveness above 70%.

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A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology.

Autores: Nader Pazyar, Reza Yaghoobi, Nooshin Bagherani, Afshin Kazerouni | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil, steam-distilled from the Australian native plant, Melaleuca alternifolia. It has a minimum content of terpinen-4-ol and a maximum content of 1, 8-cineole. Terpinen-4-ol is a major TTO component which exhibits strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Tea tree oil exerts antioxidant activity and has been reported to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections affecting skin and mucosa. Several studies have suggested the uses of TTO for the treatment of acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and chronic gingivitis. It also accelerates the wound healing process and exhibits anti-skin cancer activity. This review opens up new horizons for dermatologists in the use of this herbal agent.

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Influence of Melaleuca alternifolia oil nanoparticles on aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.

Autores: Vanessa M Comin, Leonardo Q S Lopes, Priscilla M Quatrin, Márcia E de Souza, Pauline C Bonez, Francieli G Pintos, Renata P Raffin, Rodrigo de A Vaucher, Diego S T Martinez, Roberto C V Santos | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacillus and frequent cause of infection. This microorganism is resistant intrinsically to various drugs. The P. aeruginosa is associated with the biofilm formation, which causes worsen the prognosis and difficulty the treatment. The influence of Melaleuca alternifolia oil or "tree of tee" oil (TTO) and TTO nanoparticles on adhesion of P. aeruginosa in buccal epithelial cells was investigated. Also was determined the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against this microorganism. The TTO nanoparticles were produced by deposition of preformed polymer and the physic-chemical properties of nanoparticles were measured by electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering. The characterization of nanoparticle showed acceptable values for diameter and zeta potential. The evaluation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa PAO1 was performed by microdilution indicating the minimal inhibitory concentration, and the potential antibiofilm. It was verified the action on virulence factors such the motility, besides the influence on adhesion in buccal epithelial cells. Both oil and nanoparticles showed a decrease in adhesion of microorganisms to buccal cells, decrease of biofilm and interfering on P. aeruginosa PAO1 motility. The nanostructuration of TTO, shows be a viable alternative against formed biofilm microorganisms.

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Antimicrobial effect against different bacterial strains and bacterial adaptation to essential oils used as feed additives.

Autores: Antonio Diego Brandão Melo, Amanda Figueiredo Amaral, Gustavo Schaefer, Fernando Bittencourt Luciano, Carla de Andrade, Leandro Batista Costa, Marcos Horácio Rostagno | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the essential oils derived from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree), Cinnamomum cassia (cassia), and Thymus vulgaris (white thyme) against Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The study also investigated the ability of these different bacterial strains to develop adaptation after repetitive exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of these essential oils. The MBC of the essential oils studied was determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. All essential oils showed antimicrobial effect against all bacterial strains. In general, the development of adaptation varied according to the bacterial strain and the essential oil (tea tree > white thyme > oregano). Therefore, it is important to use essential oils at efficient bactericidal doses in animal feed, food, and sanitizers, since bacteria can rapidly develop adaptation when exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of these oils.

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Optimizing the Antimicrobial Synergism of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Essential Oil Combinations for Application against Respiratory Related Pathogens.

Autores: Stephanie Leigh-de Rapper, Alvaro Viljoen, Sandy van Vuuren | Ano: 2023 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Antimicrobial research into the use of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil has demonstrated broad-spectrum activity; however, much of the research published focuses on identifying the potential of this essential oil individually, rather than in combination for an enhanced antimicrobial effect. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of four essential oil combinations, all inclusive of M. alternifolia, against nine pathogens associated with the respiratory tract. The minimum inhibitory concentration assay was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of four essential oil combinations, M. alternifolia in combination with Cupressus sempervirens, Origanum majorana, Myrtus communis, and Origanum vulgare essential oils. The interactions between essential oil combinations were analyzed using isobolograms and SynergyFinder 2.0 software to visualize the synergistic potential at varied ratios. The antimicrobial activity of the different combinations of essential oils all demonstrated the ability to produce an enhanced antimicrobial effect compared to the essential oils when investigated independently. The findings of this study determined that isobolograms provide a more in-depth analysis of an essential oil combination interaction; however, the value of that interaction should be further quantified using computational modelling such as SynergyFinder. This study further supports the need for more studies where varied ratios of essential oils are investigated for antimicrobial potential.

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Activity of Liquid and Volatile Fractions of Essential Oils against Biofilm Formed by Selected Reference Strains on Polystyrene and Hydroxyapatite Surfaces.

Autores: Ruth Dudek-Wicher, Justyna Paleczny, Beata Kowalska-Krochmal, Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska, Natalia Pachura, Antoni Szumny, Malwina Brożyna | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Biofilms are surface-attached, structured microbial communities displaying higher tolerance to antimicrobial agents in comparison to planktonic cells. An estimated 80% of all infections are thought to be biofilm-related. The drying pipeline of new antibiotics efficient against biofilm-forming pathogens urges the search for alternative routes of treatment. Essential Oils (EOs), extracted from medicinally important plants, are a reservoir of bioactive compounds that may serve as a foothold in investigating novel antibiofilm compounds. The aim of this study was to compare antimicrobial activity of liquid and volatile fractions of tested EOs against biofilm-forming pathogens using different techniques. In this research, we tested five EOs, extracted from Syzygium aromaticum L., Boswelia serrata Roxb., Juniperus virginiana L., Pelargonium graveolens L. and Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel., against planktonic and biofilm forms of five selected reference strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. To obtain cohesive results, we applied four various methodological approaches: to assess the activity of the liquid fraction of EOs, disc diffusion and the microdilution method were applied; to test EOs' volatile fraction, the AntiBioVol assay and modified Antibiofilm Dressing Activity Measurement (A.D.A.M.) were used. The molecular composition and dynamics of antimicrobial substances released from specific EOs was measured using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial potency of EO's volatile fraction against biofilm formed by tested strains differed from that of the liquid fraction and was related to the molecular weight of volatile compounds. The liquid fraction of CW-EO and volatile fraction of F-EO acted in the strongest manner against biofilm of C. albicans. The addition of 0.5% Tween 20 to liquid phase, enhanced activity of G-EO against E. coli and K. pneumoniae biofilm. EO activity depended on the microbial species it was applied against and the chosen assessment methodology. While all tested EOs have shown a certain level of antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect, our results indicate that the choice of EO to be applied against a specific biofilm-forming pathogen requires careful consideration with regard to the above-listed aspects. Nevertheless, the results presented in this research contribute to the growing body of evidence indicating the beneficial effects of EOs, which may be applied to fight biofilm-forming pathogens.

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Antimycotic activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its major components.

Autores: B Oliva, E Piccirilli, T Ceddia, E Pontieri, P Aureli, A M Ferrini | Ano: 2003 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to analyse the antimycotic properties of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tea tree oil, TTO) and its principal components and to compare them with the activity of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B.

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Evaluation of easy-removing antioxidant films of chitosan with Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil.

Autores: Patricia Cazón, Agata Antoniewska, Jaroslawa Rutkowska, Manuel Vázquez | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Chitosan - tea tree essential oil (TTEO) films were obtained as a new biodegradable material. Malic acid or lactic acid solvents were evaluated to obtain easy-removing films. The microstructure by SEM and FT-IR, the thermal properties by TGA/DSC, the mechanical properties, the water vapor permeability, the antioxidant (DPPH• and ABTS•+) activity and the optical properties of the formulated films were evaluated. A complete dissolution of the film in water was obtained. The elongation to break was higher in the films with malic acid (145.88-317.33%), comparing with those with lactic acid (25.54-44.08%). Chitosan film obtained in malic acid with TTEO showed the highest antioxidant activity. The colour and transparency of the samples did not suffer significant variations by TTEO addition. Films showed good UV-barrier properties, with a slightly improvement by TTEO addition. The films obtained showed a great potential for food packaging applications.

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Evaluation of easy-removing antioxidant films of chitosan with Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil.

Autores: Patricia Cazón, Agata Antoniewska, Jaroslawa Rutkowska, Manuel Vázquez | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Chitosan - tea tree essential oil (TTEO) films were obtained as a new biodegradable material. Malic acid or lactic acid solvents were evaluated to obtain easy-removing films. The microstructure by SEM and FT-IR, the thermal properties by TGA/DSC, the mechanical properties, the water vapor permeability, the antioxidant (DPPH• and ABTS•+) activity and the optical properties of the formulated films were evaluated. A complete dissolution of the film in water was obtained. The elongation to break was higher in the films with malic acid (145.88-317.33%), comparing with those with lactic acid (25.54-44.08%). Chitosan film obtained in malic acid with TTEO showed the highest antioxidant activity. The colour and transparency of the samples did not suffer significant variations by TTEO addition. Films showed good UV-barrier properties, with a slightly improvement by TTEO addition. The films obtained showed a great potential for food packaging applications.

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Ultrastructural Damages to H1N1 Influenza Virus Caused by Vapor Essential Oils.

Autores: Valentina Noemi Madia, Walter Toscanelli, Daniela De Vita, Marta De Angelis, Antonella Messore, Davide Ialongo, Luigi Scipione, Valeria Tudino, Felicia Diodata D'Auria, Roberto Di Santo, Stefania Garzoli, Annarita Stringaro, Marisa Colone, Magda Marchetti, Fabiana Superti, Lucia Nencioni, Roberta Costi | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Influenza viruses are transmitted from human to human via airborne droplets and can be transferred through contaminated environmental surfaces. Some works have demonstrated the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) as antimicrobial and antiviral agents, but most of them examined the liquid phases, which are generally toxic for oral applications. In our study, we describe the antiviral activity of Citrus bergamia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Illicium verum and Eucalyptus globulus vapor EOs against influenza virus type A. In the vapor phase, C. bergamia and M. alternifolia strongly reduced viral cytopathic effect without exerting any cytotoxicity. The E. globulus vapor EO reduced viral infection by 78% with no cytotoxicity, while I. verum was not effective. Furthermore, we characterized the EOs and their vapor phase by the head-space gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, observing that the major component found in each liquid EO is the same one of the corresponding vapor phases, with the exception of M. alternifolia. To deepen the mechanism of action, the morphological integrity of virus particles was checked by negative staining transmission electron microscopy, showing that they interfere with the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope, leading to the decomposition of membranes. We speculated that the most abundant components of the vapor EOs might directly interfere with influenza virus envelope structures or mask viral structures important for early steps of viral infection.

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Identification of essential oils with activity against stationary phase Staphylococcus aureus.

Autores: Shuzhen Xiao, Peng Cui, Wanliang Shi, Ying Zhang | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Staphylococcus aureus is the most dominant human pathogen, responsible for a variety of chronic and severe infections. There is mounting evidence that persisters are associated with treatment failure and relapse of persistent infections. While some essential oils were reported to have antimicrobial activity against growing S. aureus, activity of essential oils against the stationary phase S. aureus enriched in persisters has not been investigated.

Resultados: We identified 39 essential oils (Oregano, Cinnamon bark, Thyme white, Bandit "Thieves", Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), Sandalwood oil, Health shield, Allspice, Amyris, Palmarosa, Cinnamon leaf, Clove bud, Citronella, Geranium bourbon, Marjoram, Peppermint, Lemongrass, Cornmint, Elemi, Ho wood, Head ease, Lemon eucalyptus, Litsea cubeba, Myrrh, Parsley seed, Coriander oil, Dillweed, Hyssop, Neroli, Rosewood oil, Tea tree, Cajeput, Clove bud, Lavender, Sleep tight, Vetiver, Palo santo, Sage oil, Yarrow) at 0.5% (v/v) concentration, 10 essential oils (Cinnamon bark, Oregano, Thyme white, Bandit "Thieves", Lemongrass, Sandalwood oil, Health shield, Allspice, Amyris, Palmarosa at 0.25% (v/v) concentration, and 7 essential oils (Oregano, Cinnamon bark, Thyme white, Lemongrass, Allspice, Amyris, Palmarosa at 0.125% (v/v) concentration to have high activity against stationary phase S. aureus with no visible growth on agar plates after five-day exposure. Among the 10 essential oils which showed high activity at 0.25% (v/v) concentration, 9 (Oregano, Cinnamon bark, Thyme white, Bandit "Thieves", Lemongrass, Health shield, Allspice, Palmarosa, Amyris showed higher activity than the known persister drug tosufloxacin, while Sandalwood oil had activity at a higher concentration. In Oregano essential oil combination studies with antibiotics, Oregano plus tosufloxacin (or levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) and rifampin completely eradicated stationary phase S. aureus cells, but had no apparent enhancement for linezolid, vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin or gentamicin.

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Atividade do óleo de melaleuca alternifólia sobre o crescimento e expressão gênica de Porphyromonas gingivalis/ Evaluation of Melaleuca alternifolia activity on growth and gene expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis

Autores: Faria, Thays Poppi Moreira; Graziano, Talita Signoreti; Calil, Caroline Morini; Groppo, Francisco Carlos; Franco, Gilson César Nobre; Cortelli, José Roberto; Cogo, Karina | Ano: 2012 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: As doenças periodontais são infecções causadas por microrganismos que colonizam a superfície dental na margem gengival ou abaixo dela. Entre eles estão os patógenos periodontais, como Porphyromonas gingivalis. Estudos demonstraram que o óleo essencial extraído de Melaleuca alternifolia tem atividade inibitória e bactericida contra microrganismos da cavidade oral. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a interferência do óleo de Melaleuca (MO) sobre o crescimento e virulência de P. gingivalis, comparando com a atividade da clorexidina (CL). Culturas dessa bactéria foram expostas a diferentes concentrações de MO e CL a fim de avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana através dos testes de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Foi realizada uma análise da expressão diferencial de genes relacionados ao estresse oxidativo e à virulência de P. gingivalis através da técnica de RT-PCR, utilizando concentrações sub-CIM de MO e CL. As CIM e CBM encontradas para MO foram de 0,007% e para CL 1,5 μg/mL. O óleo de melaleuca reduziu significativamente a expressão dos genes de virulência kgp e ragA, e do estresse oxidativo dps, oxyR e sodB, enquanto que a CL reduziu a expressão do gene tpx (ANOVA, Bonferroni, p<0,05). O presente estudo concluiu que o óleo de Melaleuca possui ótima atividade inibitória e bactericida contra a bactéria P. gingivalis, além de reduzir de forma significante a expressão dos genes relacionados à virulência e ao estresse oxidativo, podendo ter um valor terapêutico futuro, principalmente no tratamento das periodontites.

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"Singing in the Tube"--audiovisual assay of plant oil repellent activity against mosquitoes (Culex pipiens).

Autores: Temitope F Adams, Chatchawal Wongchai, Anchalee Chaidee, Wolfgang Pfeiffer | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Plant essential oils have been suggested as a promising alternative to the established mosquito repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). Searching for an assay with generally available equipment, we designed a new audiovisual assay of repellent activity against mosquitoes "Singing in the Tube," testing single mosquitoes in Drosophila cultivation tubes. Statistics with regression analysis should compensate for limitations of simple hardware. The assay was established with female Culex pipiens mosquitoes in 60 experiments, 120-h audio recording, and 2580 estimations of the distance between mosquito sitting position and the chemical. Correlations between parameters of sitting position, flight activity pattern, and flight tone spectrum were analyzed. Regression analysis of psycho-acoustic data of audio files (dB[A]) used a squared and modified sinus function determining wing beat frequency WBF ± SD (357 ± 47 Hz). Application of logistic regression defined the repelling velocity constant. The repelling velocity constant showed a decreasing order of efficiency of plant essential oils: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), lemon (Citrus limon), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), DEET, cedar wood (Cedrus atlantica). In conclusion, we suggest (1) disease vector control (e.g., impregnation of bed nets) by eight plant essential oils with repelling velocity superior to DEET, (2) simple mosquito repellency testing in Drosophila cultivation tubes, (3) automated approaches and room surveillance by generally available audio equipment (dB[A]: ISO standard 226), and (4) quantification of repellent activity by parameters of the audiovisual assay defined by correlation and regression analyses.

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Therapeutic Potential of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil in New Drug Delivery Systems.

Autores: Karoll M A de Assis, Renaly I de A Rêgo, Demis F de Melo, Laryssa M da Silva, João A Oshiro-Júnior, Fábio R Formiga, Vinícius C Pires, Ádley A N de Lima, Attilio Converti, Bolívar P G de L Damasceno | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Medicinal plants produce secondary metabolites with special biological activities, which may be used as new therapeutic alternatives. For instance, tea tree essential oil (TTO) was shown to exert antimicrobial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antiviral, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Due to their thermal instability, active principles can be easily degraded by physicochemical processes; therefore, they must be protected to increase their time of action and improve their controlled release. The aim of this review is to discuss formulations incorporating encapsulated TTO as the active ingredient. Micro and nanoencapsulated systems proved to be more thermostable than TTO and to exert better antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic and larvicidal effects. Nanoencapsulation also reduced oil toxicity. Emulsified and hybrid systems developed by various methods showed improved repellent, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities, thereby proving promising for the pharmaceutical industry. Liposomal formulations produced by hydration of lipid films exhibited constant rate of terpinen-4-ol release. In addition, their incorporation into biomaterials, such as sponges, nanofibers and films, showed great potential for treating infections. Mainly due to the advantages of their incorporation into new drug delivery systems over conventional formulations, there is an interest in the development of systems containing TTO as a pharmaceutical ingredient of plant origin.

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Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil enhances the non-specific immune system and prevents oxidative damage in Rhamdia quelen experimentally infected by Aeromonas hydrophila: Effects on cholinergic and purinergic systems in liver tissue.

Autores: Matheus D Baldissera, Carine F Souza, Guerino B Júnior, Agueda C de Vargas, Aline A Boligon, Marli M A de Campos, Lenita M Stefani, Bernardo Baldisserotto | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of M. alternifolia essential oil used to treat silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) experimentally infected by Aeromonas hydrophila on oxidative stress variables, and for the first time, on hepatic enzymes of the cholinergic and adenosinergic systems. For that, fish were divided into six groups (A-F), each containing seven animals. Groups A, B and C were composed of uninfected animals, while animals in groups D, E and F were intramuscularly inoculated with A. hydrophila. Groups B and E received a prophylactic bath with M. alternifolia essential oil (50 μL/L, diluted in ethanol) for seven days, while groups C and F were exposed to ethanol. After the prophylactic baths, groups D, E and F were inoculated with 100 μL of A. hydrophila solution (2.1  109 colony-forming unit). Two days after inoculation, the animals were euthanized and liver samples were collected. Infected animals (the group D) showed increased TBARS and protein carbonylation levels, while CAT, AChE and ADA activities decreased compared to uninfected animals (the group A). The prophylactic treatment with M. alternifolia essential oil (the group E) prevented the alterations caused by A. hydrophila, but it did not change AChE activity. Thus, the prophylactic treatment prevents damage caused by lipids and proteins, as well as alterations of the adenosinergic system, demonstrating that the anti-inflammatory effect of TTO is mediated by the adenosinergic pathway. In addition, TTO prophylactic treatment might be considered an important approach to prevent the hepatic damage caused by A. hydrophila.

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Intrapocket application of tea tree oil gel in the treatment of stage 2 periodontitis.

Autores: Maha R Taalab, Sabah Abdelhady Mahmoud, Riham M El Moslemany, Dania M Abdelaziz | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The gold standard in treatment of periodontitis is mechanical removing of dental biofilm but using local delivery drugs as adjunctive to SRP is widely used to modulate inflammatory host and eradicate microbes. Tea tree oil (TTO) has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant effect. This study aimed to assess clinically and biochemically the effect of intrapocket application of TTO (Melaleuca alternifolia) gel adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of stage 2 (moderate) periodontitis and to correlate the biochemical levels with clinical response.

Resultados: An improvement of all clinical and biochemical parameters was observed (at p < 0.001) in both groups. A significant difference between the two groups was found in both clinical and biochemical parameters.

Conclusão: The local delivery of TTO gel adjunctive to SRP proved to be effective in the treatment of stage II periodontitis. Trial registration The study was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT04769271, on 24/2/2021.

Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil soap: a potential alternative for hand hygiene.

Autores: Juliana Rizzo Gnatta, Vanessa de Brito Poveda, Maria Clara Padoveze, Kazuko Uchikawa Graziano, Ruth Natalia Teresa Turrini, Maria Júlia Paes da Silva | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial action of three soaps for hand hygiene (HH): 2.0% Tea Tree Oil (TTO); 0.5% triclosan; 2.0% chlorhexidine, and to explore the perception of healthcare professionals about TTO. Two-step study: a quantitative, to determine the logarithmic reduction of Escherichia coli K12 colony-forming units before and after HH of 15 volunteers and quali-quantitative, through interviews with 23 health professionals. All the three products demonstrated antimicrobial action (a log10 reduction factor of 4.18 for TTO, 4.31 for triclosan, 3.89 for chlorhexidine, and 3.17 for reference soap). Professionals remarked the pleasant aroma and non-dryness of skin when using soap containing TTO.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Effectiveness of tea tree oil versus chlorhexidine in the treatment of periodontal diseases: a systematic review.

Autores: Niharika Singh, Lakshmi Puzhankara, Madhurya N Kedlaya, Venkitachalam Ramanarayanan | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Background Plaque biofilm that adheres to tooth surfaces and gingiva is the main aetiology of periodontitis. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is considered as a gold standard anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent but it has side effects such as permanent staining of teeth and dysgeusia. Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil extracted from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia. Many studies have reported that TTO exerts strong antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities.Primary study objective The review aims to answer the question of whether TTO (intervention) is a viable alternative to CHX (comparator) for the management of gingival and periodontal disease (outcomes) in adolescents and adults (population).Methods/design The following search terms were used in PubMed, Scopus, Proquest, Web of Science, EBSCO (dentistry and open access), Cochrane database, Clinical.gov.org and ctri.nic.in to search for relevant articles: patients with periodontal disease; OR periodontitis; OR gingivitis; OR gingival inflammation; AND essential oil; OR tea tree oil; OR Melaleuca alternifolia; AND chlorhexidine; AND reduction in gingival index; OR reduction in plaque index; OR reduction in bleeding from gums. The initial check for the title and abstract screening followed by removal of duplicates in Mendeley Reference Manager (version 1.19.4) based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were performed.Primary outcome measures Parameters such as plaque index (PI), plaque surface score, gingival index (GI), bleeding index or bleeding as measured by % of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP) or bleeding scores, papillary bleeding index (PBI), were the primary outcomes considered.Results TTO is found to be superior to CHX in reducing signs of gingival inflammation; however, CHX is superior to TTO in inhibiting plaque formation, probably due to its increased substantivity.Conclusion TTO may be used as an alternative to CHX for reduction of gingival inflammation in conjunction with efficient plaque control measures.

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Antimicrobial effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil against biofilm-forming multidrug-resistant cystic fibrosis-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a single agent and in combination with commonly nebulized antibiotics.

Autores: R R Haines, P Putsathit, A S Tai, K A Hammer | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Broth microdilution assays were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) of tea tree oil (TTO), tobramycin, colistin and aztreonam (ATM) against clinical cystic fibrosis-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CFPA) isolates (n = 20). The minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and fractional biofilm eradication concentration index (FBECI) were also determined using a similar microbroth dilution checkerboard assay, with biofilms formed using the MBEC device® . TTO was effective at lower concentrations against multidrug-resistant (MDR) CFPA isolates (n = 3) in a biofilm compared to in a planktonic state (MBEC 18·7-fold lower than MIC). CFPA within biofilm was less susceptible to ATM, colistin and tobramycin compared to planktonic cells (MBEC 6·3-fold, 9·3-fold, and 2·1-fold higher than MIC respectively). All combinations of essential oil and antibiotic showed indifferent relationships (FICI 0·52-1·72) when tested against planktonic MDR CFPA isolates (n = 5). Against CFPA isolates (n = 3) in biofilm, combinations of TTO/aztreonam and TTO/colistin showed indifferent relationships (mean FBECI 0·85 and 0·60 respectively), whereas TTO/tobramycin showed a synergistic relationship (mean FBECI 0·42). The antibiofilm properties of TTO and the synergistic relationship seen between TTO and tobramycin against CFPA in vitro make inhaled TTO a promising candidate as a potential therapeutic agent.

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In vitro synergistic antibacterial action of certain combinations of gentamicin and essential oils.

Autores: A Rosato, M Piarulli, F Corbo, M Muraglia, A Carone, M E Vitali, C Vitali | Ano: 2010 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to verify the existence of synergistic antibacterial effect between four essential oils (Aniba rosaeodora, Melaleuca alternifolia, Origanum vulgare, and Pelargonium graveolens) individually combined with the antibacterial drug Gentamicin. We investigated the effectiveness in vitro of the association of essential oil/Gentamicin, against fifteen different strains of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The antibacterial effects of these oils in combination with Gentamicin were evaluated by using the MHB microdilution method, while gas chromatography (GC) and GC/Mass spectrometry were used to analyze the chemical composition of the oils. A synergistic interaction was observed against all tested strains with the associations between the essential oils Aniba rosaeodora/Gentamicin and Pelargonium graveolens/Gentamicin. In particular a very strong synergistic interaction was observed against Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 (FIC index = 0.11). In contrast, the essential oils Origanum vulgare and Melaleuca alternifolia in association with Gentamicin were less effective on bacterial species growth. In vitro interaction can improve the antimicrobial effectiveness of the Gentamicin and may contribute to reduce its dose correlated to side effects.

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Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil soap: a potential alternative for hand hygiene.

Autores: Juliana Rizzo Gnatta, Vanessa de Brito Poveda, Maria Clara Padoveze, Kazuko Uchikawa Graziano, Ruth Natalia Teresa Turrini, Maria Júlia Paes da Silva | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial action of three soaps for hand hygiene (HH): 2.0% Tea Tree Oil (TTO); 0.5% triclosan; 2.0% chlorhexidine, and to explore the perception of healthcare professionals about TTO. Two-step study: a quantitative, to determine the logarithmic reduction of Escherichia coli K12 colony-forming units before and after HH of 15 volunteers and quali-quantitative, through interviews with 23 health professionals. All the three products demonstrated antimicrobial action (a log10 reduction factor of 4.18 for TTO, 4.31 for triclosan, 3.89 for chlorhexidine, and 3.17 for reference soap). Professionals remarked the pleasant aroma and non-dryness of skin when using soap containing TTO.

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Conclusão: N/A

Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil abrogates hepatic oxidative damage in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed with an aflatoxin-contaminated diet.

Autores: Carine de Freitas Souza, Matheus Dellaméa Baldissera, Sharine Descovi, Carla Zeppenfeld, Pedro Rene Eslava-Mocha, Eduardo M Gloria, Régis A Zanette, Bernardo Baldisserotto, Aleksandro Schafer da Silva | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by varieties of fungi that contaminate food and feed resources and are capable of inducing a wide range of toxicity. This problem is extensively aggravated due to the increasing replacement of fish meal by plant-derived proteins. Among the mycotoxins, aflatoxins have received a great deal of attention owing to their great prevalence in plant feedstuffs and to the detrimental effects on animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) would avoid or minimize the negative impacts on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed with aflatoxins-contaminated diets. Four treatments were tested: control (fish fed with a control diet); AFB (fish fed with a mycotoxin-contaminated diet - 1893 μg kg-1 of AFB1 and 52.2 μg kg-1 AFB2); TTO (fish fed with a control diet + 1 mL kg-1 of TTO), and TTO + AFB (fish fed with a mycotoxin contaminated diet - 2324 μg kg-1 of AFB1 and 43.5 μg kg-1 AFB2 + 1 mL kg-1 of TTO). Diets were tested in three replications and analyzed at days 5 and 10 of dietary intake. Significantly reduced antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and GST) and increased lipid peroxidation (LOOH) and protein carbonyl (PC) content in plasma and liver, with 16.6% mortality occurrence, were observed in the group fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet. Furthermore, aflatoxins also significantly increased plasmatic and hepatic ROS levels and decreased hepatic antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radical (ACAP) levels. Plasma cortisol levels were not altered by aflatoxicosis, but the intoxication induced hepatose. Notwithstanding, addition of TTO to the groups receiving aflatoxins showed a protective effect, avoiding the increase of ROS, LOOH, and PC levels in plasma and liver. Moreover, TTO treatment ameliorated the aflatoxin-associated liver damage. Thus, TTO supplementation at concentration of 1 mL kg-1 in feed may be used in fish to increase antioxidant status and reduce the negative effects caused by aflatoxins toxicity.

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Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil prevents alterations to purinergic enzymes and ameliorates the innate immune response in silver catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.

Autores: Matheus D Baldissera, Carine F Souza, Pedro H Doleski, Agueda C de Vargas, Marta M M F Duarte, Thiago Duarte, Aline A Boligon, Daniela B R Leal, Bernardo Baldisserotto | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Aeromonas hydrophila infection represents a major impediment to the development of aquaculture, leading to important economic losses. Over the last few years, different methods have been used to counteract and minimize the negative effects of this infection, such as the use of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, popularly known as tea tree oil (TTO), that possess a bactericide action against A. hydrophila. The purinergic system develops an important role in the inflammatory response, principally due to involvement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the inflammatory process, as well as by the anti-inflammatory properties of adenosine (Ado), a molecule that is controlled by NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of purinergic enzymes in the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila infection, and whether the purinergic pathway and innate immune response are involved in the protective effects of TTO in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) experimentally infected with A. hydrophila. Our results revealed that A. hydrophila infection increased seric NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activity, while ADA activity decreased. Also, the seric levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (INF-γ) increased in the infected fish, while the seric level of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) decreased. Treatment with TTO was able to prevent the impairment of purinergic enzymes and improve the innate immune response through the modulation of cytokine response during A. hydrophila infection. In summary, prophylactic therapy with TTO can be considered an important approach to improve the immune response and consequently avoid the inflammatory process in fish infected with A. hydrophila.

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Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil prevents alterations to purinergic enzymes and ameliorates the innate immune response in silver catfish infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.

Autores: Matheus D Baldissera, Carine F Souza, Pedro H Doleski, Agueda C de Vargas, Marta M M F Duarte, Thiago Duarte, Aline A Boligon, Daniela B R Leal, Bernardo Baldisserotto | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Aeromonas hydrophila infection represents a major impediment to the development of aquaculture, leading to important economic losses. Over the last few years, different methods have been used to counteract and minimize the negative effects of this infection, such as the use of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, popularly known as tea tree oil (TTO), that possess a bactericide action against A. hydrophila. The purinergic system develops an important role in the inflammatory response, principally due to involvement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the inflammatory process, as well as by the anti-inflammatory properties of adenosine (Ado), a molecule that is controlled by NTPDase, 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of purinergic enzymes in the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila infection, and whether the purinergic pathway and innate immune response are involved in the protective effects of TTO in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) experimentally infected with A. hydrophila. Our results revealed that A. hydrophila infection increased seric NTPDase and 5'-nucleotidase activity, while ADA activity decreased. Also, the seric levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (INF-γ) increased in the infected fish, while the seric level of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) decreased. Treatment with TTO was able to prevent the impairment of purinergic enzymes and improve the innate immune response through the modulation of cytokine response during A. hydrophila infection. In summary, prophylactic therapy with TTO can be considered an important approach to improve the immune response and consequently avoid the inflammatory process in fish infected with A. hydrophila.

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A Comprehensive in vitro and in silico Analysis of Nematicidal Action of Essential Oils.

Autores: Aditi Kundu, Anirban Dutta, Abhishek Mandal, Lalit Negi, Monika Malik, Rajshekhar Puramchatwad, Jyoti Antil, Anupama Singh, Uma Rao, Supradip Saha, Rajesh Kumar, Neeraj Patanjali, Suman Manna, Anil Kumar, Sukanta Dash, P K Singh | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Nematicidal potential of essential oils (EOs) has been widely reported. Terpenoids present in most of the essential oils have been reported responsible for their bioactivity though very less is known about their modes of action. In the present study, an in vitro screening of nine Eos, namely, Citrus sinensis (OEO), Myrtus communis (MTEO), Eucalyptus citriodora (CEO), Melaleuca alternifolia (TEO), Acorus calamus (AEO), Commiphora myrrha (MREO), Cymbopogon nardus (CNEO), Artemisia absinthium (WEO), and Pogostemon cablin (PEO) against Meloidogyne incognita revealed OEO, CNEO, and TEO as most effective with LC50 39.37, 43.22, and 76.28 μg ml-1 respectively. EOs had varying compositions of mono- and sesquiterpenes determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The in silico molecular interactions screening of major EO constituents and the seven selected target proteins of the nematode indicated highest binding affinity of geraniol-ODR1 (odorant response gene 1) complex (ΔG = -36.9 kcal mol-1), due to extensive H-bonding, hydrophobic and π-alkyl interactions. The relative binding affinity followed the order: geraniol-ODR1 > β-terpineol-ODR1 > citronellal-ODR1 > l-limonene-ODR1 > γ-terpinene-ODR1. Taken together, the cumulative in vitro and computational bioefficacy analysis related to the chemoprofiles of EOs provides useful leads on harnessing the potential of EOs as bionematicides. The insight on biochemical ligand-target protein interactions described in the present work will be helpful in logical selection of biomolecules and essential oils for development of practically viable bionematicidal products.

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Antimicrobial and hand hygiene effects of Tea Tree Essential Oil disinfectant: A randomised control trial.

Autores: Bock-Hui Youn, Yeon-Suk Kim, Seungmin Yoo, Myung-Haeng Hur | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Hand hygiene is paramount in preventing healthcare-associated infections in medical environments and the spread of infectious diseases in non-medical environments.

Resultados: The general characteristics and the pretreatment dependent variables did not differ significantly by group. Posttreatment adenosine triphosphate log10 values significantly differed across all four groups (F = 3.23, P = .025). Similarly, posttreatment bacterial density log10 values differed significantly across the tea tree oil, alcohol, benzalkonium chloride and control groups (F = 91.71, P < .001).

Conclusão: The study confirmed that tea tree oil disinfectant is effective for hand disinfection. Accordingly, tea tree oil disinfectants may be introduced to nursing practice as a new hand hygiene product to prevent and reduce healthcare-associated infections.

Mid-infrared spectroscopy for the rapid quantification of eucalyptus oil adulteration in Australian tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia).

Autores: Joel B Johnson, Parbat Raj Thani, Janice S Mani, Daniel Cozzolino, Mani Naiker | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oil distilled from Melaleuca alternifolialeaves, commonly known as tea tree oil, is well known for its biological activity, principally its antimicrobial properties. However, many samples are adulterated with other, cheaper essential oils such as eucalyptus oil. Current methods of detecting such adulteration are costly and time-consuming, making them unsuitable for rapid authentication screening. This study investigated the use of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy for detecting and quantifying the level of eucalyptus oil adulteration in spiked samples of pure Australian tea tree oil. To confirm the authenticity of the tea tree oil samples, GC-MS analysis was used to profile 37 of the main volatile constituents present, demonstrating that the samples conformed to ISO specifications. Three chemometric regression techniques (PLSR, PCR and SVR) were trialled on the MIR spectra, along with a variety of pre-processing techniques. The best-performing full-wavelength PLSR model showed excellent prediction of eucalyptus oil content, with an R2CV of 0.999 and RMSECV of 1.08 % v/v. The RMSECV could be further improved to 0.82 % v/v through a moving window wavenumber optimisation process. The results suggest that MIR spectroscopy combined with PLSR can be used to predict eucalyptus oil adulteration in Australian tea tree oil samples with a high level of accuracy.

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Conclusão: N/A

Mid-infrared spectroscopy for the rapid quantification of eucalyptus oil adulteration in Australian tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia).

Autores: Joel B Johnson, Parbat Raj Thani, Janice S Mani, Daniel Cozzolino, Mani Naiker | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Essential oil distilled from Melaleuca alternifolialeaves, commonly known as tea tree oil, is well known for its biological activity, principally its antimicrobial properties. However, many samples are adulterated with other, cheaper essential oils such as eucalyptus oil. Current methods of detecting such adulteration are costly and time-consuming, making them unsuitable for rapid authentication screening. This study investigated the use of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy for detecting and quantifying the level of eucalyptus oil adulteration in spiked samples of pure Australian tea tree oil. To confirm the authenticity of the tea tree oil samples, GC-MS analysis was used to profile 37 of the main volatile constituents present, demonstrating that the samples conformed to ISO specifications. Three chemometric regression techniques (PLSR, PCR and SVR) were trialled on the MIR spectra, along with a variety of pre-processing techniques. The best-performing full-wavelength PLSR model showed excellent prediction of eucalyptus oil content, with an R2CV of 0.999 and RMSECV of 1.08 % v/v. The RMSECV could be further improved to 0.82 % v/v through a moving window wavenumber optimisation process. The results suggest that MIR spectroscopy combined with PLSR can be used to predict eucalyptus oil adulteration in Australian tea tree oil samples with a high level of accuracy.

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The sensitivity of Demodex canis (Acari: Demodicidae) to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia - an in vitro study/ A sensibilidade do Demodex canis (Acari: Demodicidae) ao óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia - um estudo in vitro

Autores: Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina VeterináriaNeves, Rita de Cássia da Silva Machado; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina VeterináriaBarros, Luciano Antunes; Departamento de Saúde Coletiva e Saúde Pública VeterináriaMendes, Shihane Mohamad Costa; Amorim, Thalita Irineu de Souza Werneck de Assis de; Departamento de QuímicaFerraz, Vany Perpétua; Mateus, Lúcia Aparecida de Fátima; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina VeterináriaLeite, Juliana da Silva; Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina VeterináriaFerreira, Ana Maria Reis | Ano: 2020 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Abstract The essential oil of the Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) (tea tree oil) has been effective in previous studies, in the treatment of infestation by Demodex mites in humans. The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro acaricidal effect of this herbal medicine on Demodex canis. For the parasitological examination, samples were collected from a dog's skin and examined using optical microscopy. Only samples with intact mites and with evident movement of chelicerae and tarsi were selected. Twenty-one samples were tested with the oil, in seven different concentrations: 100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; 5.0% and 3.13%. Three samples were tested with the positive control amitraz, and three with the negative control neutral shampoo. The interval between the time the solution was added and the moment the movement of the last mite ceased defined the survival time in the sample. By comparing the times at different concentrations and controls, the results showed that the higher the concentration of the oil, the more quickly its lethal effect occurred, and that the survival times in the controls were longer than in the different concentrations of melaleuca oil.

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Basil, tea tree and clove essential oils as analgesics and anaesthetics in Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830).

Autores: A M Correia, A S Pedrazzani, R C Mendonça, A Massucatto, R A Ozório, M Y Tsuzuki | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In this study were evaluated the anaesthesia and analgesic effects of clove Eugenia caryophyllata, tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia and basil Ocimum basilicum essential oils (EO) during handling of yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii. Juveniles (3.70 ± 0.75 cm and 1.03 ± 0.50 g; mean ± standard deviation) were submitted to concentrations of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 µl L-1 of clove, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 µl L-1 of basil and 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 µl L-1 of tea tree oils (n=10/concentration), previously defined in pilot tests. Individually and only once, fish from each treatment were placed in a glass recipient containing 1 L of seawater at a temperature of 25 °C, salinity of 35 g L-1 and the specific concentration of diluted EO (stock solution). Control (only seawater) and blank (seawater and ethanol at the highest concentration used to dilute the oils) treatments were also conducted. After reaching the stage of surgical anaesthesia, fish were submitted to biometry and a sensibility test. After that, they were transferred to clean seawater for anaesthesia recovery. The times of induction needed to reach each anaesthesia stage and anaesthesia recovery were recorded. Animals were observed for 72 hours after the procedures. All the EO provoked anaesthesia and analgesic effects in A. clarkii, but basil oil is not recommended because it caused involuntary muscle contractions and mortality in 100% and 12% of fish, respectively. The lower concentrations that promote suitable induction and recovery times are 50 µl L-1 of clove oil and 500 µl L-1 of tea tree oil. However, due to its complementary high analgesic efficiency, clove oil is recommended as the ideal anaesthetic for A. clarkii.

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Conclusão: N/A

Basil, tea tree and clove essential oils as analgesics and anaesthetics in Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830)/ Óleos essenciais de manjericão, melaleuca e cravo como anestésicos e analgésicos em Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830)

Autores: Correia, A M; Pedrazzani, A S; Mendonça, R C; Massucatto, A; Ozório, R A; Tsuzuki, M Y | Ano: 2018 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Abstract In this study were evaluated the anaesthesia and analgesic effects of clove Eugenia caryophyllata, tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia and basil Ocimum basilicum essential oils (EO) during handling of yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii. Juveniles (3.70 ± 0.75 cm and 1.03 ± 0.50 g; mean ± standard deviation) were submitted to concentrations of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 µl L-1 of clove, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 µl L-1 of basil and 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 µl L-1 of tea tree oils (n=10/concentration), previously defined in pilot tests. Individually and only once, fish from each treatment were placed in a glass recipient containing 1 L of seawater at a temperature of 25 °C, salinity of 35 g L-1 and the specific concentration of diluted EO (stock solution). Control (only seawater) and blank (seawater and ethanol at the highest concentration used to dilute the oils) treatments were also conducted. After reaching the stage of surgical anaesthesia, fish were submitted to biometry and a sensibility test. After that, they were transferred to clean seawater for anaesthesia recovery. The times of induction needed to reach each anaesthesia stage and anaesthesia recovery were recorded. Animals were observed for 72 hours after the procedures. All the EO provoked anaesthesia and analgesic effects in A. clarkii, but basil oil is not recommended because it caused involuntary muscle contractions and mortality in 100% and 12% of fish, respectively. The lower concentrations that promote suitable induction and recovery times are 50 µl L-1 of clove oil and 500 µl L-1 of tea tree oil. However, due to its complementary high analgesic efficiency, clove oil is recommended as the ideal anaesthetic for A. clarkii.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Research Note: Preservative effect of compound spices extracts on marinated chicken.

Autores: Qingliu Wei, Xiaoliu Liu, Shihao Zhao, Shuli Li, Ju Zhang | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The antimicrobial effect of 21 nature spices essential oils (EOs) on marinated chicken was investigated and response surface analysis was applied to obtain the optimal combination. Cassia bark EO, cinnamon EO, tea tree EO, and angelica EO had the best antibacterial effect. Their inhibition zone diameters (IZD) were 23 mm, 21 mm, 15 mm, and 12 mm, and their minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were 1.25 μL/mL, 1.25 μL/mL, 10.00 μL/mL, 20.00 μL/mL. Using the Box-Behnken Design model, with the minimum total number of spoilage bacteria as the evaluation index, the optimal mixture was cassia bark EO 2.40 μL/mL, cinnamon EO 1.00 μL/mL, tea tree EO 3.50 μL/mL, and angelica EO 9.00 μL/mL. Compared with the control group, the total number of colonies was reduced by 1.3 log unites at the 12th sampling day, and the protein degradation process was slowed down owing to the preservative addition. These results indicate the potential application of nature extracts in chicken and other meat preservation.

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Conclusão: N/A

In vitro synergistic antibacterial action of certain combinations of gentamicin and essential oils.

Autores: A Rosato, M Piarulli, F Corbo, M Muraglia, A Carone, M E Vitali, C Vitali | Ano: 2010 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to verify the existence of synergistic antibacterial effect between four essential oils (Aniba rosaeodora, Melaleuca alternifolia, Origanum vulgare, and Pelargonium graveolens) individually combined with the antibacterial drug Gentamicin. We investigated the effectiveness in vitro of the association of essential oil/Gentamicin, against fifteen different strains of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The antibacterial effects of these oils in combination with Gentamicin were evaluated by using the MHB microdilution method, while gas chromatography (GC) and GC/Mass spectrometry were used to analyze the chemical composition of the oils. A synergistic interaction was observed against all tested strains with the associations between the essential oils Aniba rosaeodora/Gentamicin and Pelargonium graveolens/Gentamicin. In particular a very strong synergistic interaction was observed against Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 (FIC index = 0.11). In contrast, the essential oils Origanum vulgare and Melaleuca alternifolia in association with Gentamicin were less effective on bacterial species growth. In vitro interaction can improve the antimicrobial effectiveness of the Gentamicin and may contribute to reduce its dose correlated to side effects.

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Efeito antibiofilme e citotoxicidade do hidróxido de cálcio associado ao óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia/ Antibiofilm effect and cytotoxicity of calcium hydroxide associated with the Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil

Autores: Gil, Ana Clara Kuerten; Goulart, Taynara Santos; Buratto, Michelli; Reis, Emily Marques dos; Porto, Luismar Marques; Almeida, Josiane de | Ano: 2020 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar os efeitos antimicrobiano e antibiofilme, e a citotoxicidade promovida pela associação do hidróxido de cálcio ao óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia (MA), em diferentes concentrações, e ao propilenoglicol (PG). Métodos: As seguintes medicações compuseram os grupos experimentais: G1) HC/MA 1%; G2) HC/MA 5%; G3) HC/MA 10%; G4) HC/MA 20%; e G5) HC/PG. Solução salina 0,85% e meio DMEM serviram como controle nos testes antimicrobianos e de citotoxidade em fibroblastos do ligamento periodontal humano (FbLP), respectivamente. A atividade antimicrobiana (n = 12) foi avaliada por meio do teste de difusão em ágar. O efeito antibiofilme (n = 12) imediato das medicações foi avaliado por meio do teste de viabilidade bacteriana em biofilmes de 72 horas de E. faecalis, formados sobre discos de dentina e tratados por sete dias com as medicações. Após a coleta microbiológica do biofilme remanescente, os discos de dentina foram imersos em meio estéril e armazenados por mais sete dias, para a análise do efeito antibiofilme residual das medicações, quando nova coleta microbiológica foi realizada. A atividade metabólica de FbLP foi avaliada por meio do ensaio colorimétrico MTS (n = 9). Os valores médios dos halos de inibição, em mm, das unidades formadoras de colônia, e o percentual de atividade metabólica celular foram analisados pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis e post hoc Dunn (α = 5%). Resultados:Todas as medicações experimentais apresentaram superior ação antimicrobiana e antibiofilme comparadas ao controle, solução salina (p < 0,05), e mantiveram viáveis os FbLP, semelhante ao controle DMEM (p > 0,05). Conclusão: A associação do óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia, nas concentrações de 1%, 5%, 10% e 20%, ao hidróxido de cálcio promoveu excelente ação antimicrobiana, antibiofilme e biocompatibilidade com fibroblastos, de forma semelhante à associação com propilenoglicol.

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Antifungal Effect of Essential Oils against Fusarium Keratitis Isolates.

Autores: Mónika Homa, Ildikó Pálma Fekete, Andrea Böszörményi, Yendrembam Randhir Babu Singh, Kanesan Panneer Selvam, Coimbatore Subramanian Shobana, Palanisamy Manikandan, László Kredics, Csaba Vágvölgyi, László Galgóczy | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study was carried out to investigate the antifungal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Citrus limon, Juniperus communis, Eucalyptus citriodora, Gaultheria procumbens, Melaleuca alternifolia, Origanum majorana, Salvia sclarea, and Thymus vulgaris essential oils against Fusarium species, the most common etiologic agents of filamentous fungal keratitis in South India. C. zeylanicum essential oil showed strong anti-Fusarium activity, whereas all the other tested essential oils proved to be less effective. The main component of C. zeylanicum essential oil, trans-cinnamaldehyde, was also tested and showed a similar effect as the oil. The in vitro interaction between trans-cinnamaldehyde and natamycin, the first-line therapeutic agent of Fusarium keratitis, was also investigated; an enhanced fungal growth inhibition was observed when these agents were applied in combination. Light and fluorescent microscopic observations revealed that C. zeylanicum essential oil/trans-cinnamaldehyde reduces the cellular metabolism and inhibits the conidia germination. Furthermore, necrotic events were significantly more frequent in the presence of these two compounds. According to our results, C. zeylanicum essential oil/trans-cinnamaldehyde provides a promising basis to develop a novel strategy for the treatment of Fusarium keratitis.

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Formulation of Tioconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil Pickering Emulsions for Onychomycosis Topical Treatment.

Autores: Barbara Vörös-Horváth, Sourav Das, Ala' Salem, Sándor Nagy, Andrea Böszörményi, Tamás Kőszegi, Szilárd Pál, Aleksandar Széchenyi | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Onychomycosis is a disease that affects many adults, whose treatment includes both oral and topical therapies with low cure rates. The topical therapy is less effective but causes fewer side effects. This is why the development of an effective, easy to apply formulation for topical treatment is of high importance. We have used a nanotechnological approach to formulate Pickering emulsions (PEs) with well-defined properties to achieve site-specific delivery for antifungal drug combination of tioconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. Silica nanoparticles with tailored size and partially hydrophobic surface have been synthesized and used for the stabilization of PEs. In vitro diffusion studies have been performed to evaluate the drug delivery properties of PEs. Ethanolic solution (ES) and conventional emulsions (CE) have been used as reference drug formulations. The examination of the antifungal effect of PEs has been performed on Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum as main pathogens. In vitro microbiological experimental results suggest that PEs are better candidates for onychomycosis topical treatment than CE or ES of the examined drugs. The used drugs have shown a significant synergistic effect, and the combination with an effective drug delivery system can result in a promising drug form for the topical treatment of onychomycosis.

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Optimizing the Antimicrobial Synergism of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Essential Oil Combinations for Application against Respiratory Related Pathogens.

Autores: Stephanie Leigh-de Rapper, Alvaro Viljoen, Sandy van Vuuren | Ano: 2023 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Antimicrobial research into the use of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil has demonstrated broad-spectrum activity; however, much of the research published focuses on identifying the potential of this essential oil individually, rather than in combination for an enhanced antimicrobial effect. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of four essential oil combinations, all inclusive of M. alternifolia, against nine pathogens associated with the respiratory tract. The minimum inhibitory concentration assay was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of four essential oil combinations, M. alternifolia in combination with Cupressus sempervirens, Origanum majorana, Myrtus communis, and Origanum vulgare essential oils. The interactions between essential oil combinations were analyzed using isobolograms and SynergyFinder 2.0 software to visualize the synergistic potential at varied ratios. The antimicrobial activity of the different combinations of essential oils all demonstrated the ability to produce an enhanced antimicrobial effect compared to the essential oils when investigated independently. The findings of this study determined that isobolograms provide a more in-depth analysis of an essential oil combination interaction; however, the value of that interaction should be further quantified using computational modelling such as SynergyFinder. This study further supports the need for more studies where varied ratios of essential oils are investigated for antimicrobial potential.

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Antimicrobial effect against different bacterial strains and bacterial adaptation to essential oils used as feed additives.

Autores: Antonio Diego Brandão Melo, Amanda Figueiredo Amaral, Gustavo Schaefer, Fernando Bittencourt Luciano, Carla de Andrade, Leandro Batista Costa, Marcos Horácio Rostagno | Ano: 2015 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the essential oils derived from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree), Cinnamomum cassia (cassia), and Thymus vulgaris (white thyme) against Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The study also investigated the ability of these different bacterial strains to develop adaptation after repetitive exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of these essential oils. The MBC of the essential oils studied was determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. All essential oils showed antimicrobial effect against all bacterial strains. In general, the development of adaptation varied according to the bacterial strain and the essential oil (tea tree > white thyme > oregano). Therefore, it is important to use essential oils at efficient bactericidal doses in animal feed, food, and sanitizers, since bacteria can rapidly develop adaptation when exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of these oils.

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Antimicrobial effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil against biofilm-forming multidrug-resistant cystic fibrosis-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a single agent and in combination with commonly nebulized antibiotics.

Autores: R R Haines, P Putsathit, A S Tai, K A Hammer | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Broth microdilution assays were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) of tea tree oil (TTO), tobramycin, colistin and aztreonam (ATM) against clinical cystic fibrosis-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CFPA) isolates (n = 20). The minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and fractional biofilm eradication concentration index (FBECI) were also determined using a similar microbroth dilution checkerboard assay, with biofilms formed using the MBEC device® . TTO was effective at lower concentrations against multidrug-resistant (MDR) CFPA isolates (n = 3) in a biofilm compared to in a planktonic state (MBEC 18·7-fold lower than MIC). CFPA within biofilm was less susceptible to ATM, colistin and tobramycin compared to planktonic cells (MBEC 6·3-fold, 9·3-fold, and 2·1-fold higher than MIC respectively). All combinations of essential oil and antibiotic showed indifferent relationships (FICI 0·52-1·72) when tested against planktonic MDR CFPA isolates (n = 5). Against CFPA isolates (n = 3) in biofilm, combinations of TTO/aztreonam and TTO/colistin showed indifferent relationships (mean FBECI 0·85 and 0·60 respectively), whereas TTO/tobramycin showed a synergistic relationship (mean FBECI 0·42). The antibiofilm properties of TTO and the synergistic relationship seen between TTO and tobramycin against CFPA in vitro make inhaled TTO a promising candidate as a potential therapeutic agent.

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Antimicrobial and hand hygiene effects of Tea Tree Essential Oil disinfectant: A randomised control trial.

Autores: Bock-Hui Youn, Yeon-Suk Kim, Seungmin Yoo, Myung-Haeng Hur | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Hand hygiene is paramount in preventing healthcare-associated infections in medical environments and the spread of infectious diseases in non-medical environments.

Resultados: The general characteristics and the pretreatment dependent variables did not differ significantly by group. Posttreatment adenosine triphosphate log10 values significantly differed across all four groups (F = 3.23, P = .025). Similarly, posttreatment bacterial density log10 values differed significantly across the tea tree oil, alcohol, benzalkonium chloride and control groups (F = 91.71, P < .001).

Conclusão: The study confirmed that tea tree oil disinfectant is effective for hand disinfection. Accordingly, tea tree oil disinfectants may be introduced to nursing practice as a new hand hygiene product to prevent and reduce healthcare-associated infections.

In vitro antimicrobial effect of essential tea tree oil(Melaleuca alternifolia), thymol, and carvacrol on microorganisms isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis.

Autores: Lysett Corona-Gómez, Laura Hernández-Andrade, Susana Mendoza-Elvira, Feliciano Milián Suazo, Daniel Israel Ricardo-González, David Quintanar-Guerrero | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have recently developed antibiotic resistance to treatments for bovine mastitis, creating a serious concern for public and animal health. The objective of this study was to analyse in vitro microbicidal activity of tea tree oil, thymol and carvacrol (composed of oregano and thyme essential oils) on bacteria isolated from clinical mastitis. Field isolates and ATCC strains of the Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans genera were analysed. The agar diffusion technique was used to test bactericidal susceptibility and plate microdilution was utilized to determine the minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and fractional inhibitory concentrations. Thymol alone and the combinations of thymol-carvacrol and thymol-TTO obtained the highest inhibition diameters for Gram-negative bacteria, while for Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans, thymol and the combination thymol-carvacrol obtained the highest indices. TTO, thymol, and carvacrol had MIC values of 1.56-25 mg/ml, 0.05-0.4 mg/ml, and 0.02-0.2 mg/ml, respectively. CMB results for the Gram-negative and gram-positive groups were 0.39-0.78 mg/ml, and for C. albicans, 0.78-1.56 mg/ml. Results for the fractional inhibitory concentrations show that the TTO+thymol and thymol+carvacrol combinations had additive activity against groups of Gram-negative bacteria and C. albicans. These natural components, evaluated individually and in combinations, have an effectiveness above 70%.

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Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil abrogates hepatic oxidative damage in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed with an aflatoxin-contaminated diet.

Autores: Carine de Freitas Souza, Matheus Dellaméa Baldissera, Sharine Descovi, Carla Zeppenfeld, Pedro Rene Eslava-Mocha, Eduardo M Gloria, Régis A Zanette, Bernardo Baldisserotto, Aleksandro Schafer da Silva | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by varieties of fungi that contaminate food and feed resources and are capable of inducing a wide range of toxicity. This problem is extensively aggravated due to the increasing replacement of fish meal by plant-derived proteins. Among the mycotoxins, aflatoxins have received a great deal of attention owing to their great prevalence in plant feedstuffs and to the detrimental effects on animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) would avoid or minimize the negative impacts on silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fed with aflatoxins-contaminated diets. Four treatments were tested: control (fish fed with a control diet); AFB (fish fed with a mycotoxin-contaminated diet - 1893 μg kg-1 of AFB1 and 52.2 μg kg-1 AFB2); TTO (fish fed with a control diet + 1 mL kg-1 of TTO), and TTO + AFB (fish fed with a mycotoxin contaminated diet - 2324 μg kg-1 of AFB1 and 43.5 μg kg-1 AFB2 + 1 mL kg-1 of TTO). Diets were tested in three replications and analyzed at days 5 and 10 of dietary intake. Significantly reduced antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and GST) and increased lipid peroxidation (LOOH) and protein carbonyl (PC) content in plasma and liver, with 16.6% mortality occurrence, were observed in the group fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet. Furthermore, aflatoxins also significantly increased plasmatic and hepatic ROS levels and decreased hepatic antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radical (ACAP) levels. Plasma cortisol levels were not altered by aflatoxicosis, but the intoxication induced hepatose. Notwithstanding, addition of TTO to the groups receiving aflatoxins showed a protective effect, avoiding the increase of ROS, LOOH, and PC levels in plasma and liver. Moreover, TTO treatment ameliorated the aflatoxin-associated liver damage. Thus, TTO supplementation at concentration of 1 mL kg-1 in feed may be used in fish to increase antioxidant status and reduce the negative effects caused by aflatoxins toxicity.

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Conclusão: N/A

Effect of essential oils of Mentha spicata L. and Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel on the midgut of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

Autores: Valeska Andrea Ático Braga, Glaucilane Dos Santos Cruz, Carolina Arruda Guedes, Cristiane Thalita Dos Santos Silva, Andrezo Adenilton Santos, Hilton Nobre da Costa, Clovis José Cavalcanti Lapa Neto, Álvaro Aguiar Coelho Teixeira, Valéria Wanderley Teixeira | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Agricultural pest control is a popular research topic, and essential oils are widely studied because they represent a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides. However, despite the increase in studies on pests, little work has been done on pesticide contamination of the predators feeding on insecticide-affected prey. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) from the essential oils of Mentha spicata L. and Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel on the histology, including histochemistry (from protein and carbohydrate analysis) and immunohistochemistry (from the evaluation of cellular apoptosis), of the midgut of fifth instar nymphs of Podisus nigrispinus (stinkbug) (Dallas). The periods of analysis were 12, 24, and 48 h after ingestion of Alabama argillacea Hübner caterpillars treated with the respective oils. The oil from M. spicata did not cause histological alterations or apoptosis in the insect. However, there was a reduction in the level of carbohydrates within the 48-h period. After 24 h, the oil of M. alternifolia caused an elongation of digestive cells and, after 48 h, cell lysis with the release of material into the lumen, suggesting tissue necrosis. The immunohistochemical study revealed no apoptotic process. There was a reduction in the neutral carbohydrate levels in the 24- and 48-h periods and in the number of regenerative cells, when compared to the control, after the period of 48 h. These results demonstrate that M. spicata oil has potential for use in cotton fields because it does not affect the vital characteristics of P. nigrispinus. However, the essential oil of M. alternifolia is not suitable for use as a pesticide because it is extremely toxic to predators.

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Conclusão: N/A

Effect of essential oils of Mentha spicata L. and Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel on the midgut of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

Autores: Valeska Andrea Ático Braga, Glaucilane Dos Santos Cruz, Carolina Arruda Guedes, Cristiane Thalita Dos Santos Silva, Andrezo Adenilton Santos, Hilton Nobre da Costa, Clovis José Cavalcanti Lapa Neto, Álvaro Aguiar Coelho Teixeira, Valéria Wanderley Teixeira | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Agricultural pest control is a popular research topic, and essential oils are widely studied because they represent a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides. However, despite the increase in studies on pests, little work has been done on pesticide contamination of the predators feeding on insecticide-affected prey. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) from the essential oils of Mentha spicata L. and Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel on the histology, including histochemistry (from protein and carbohydrate analysis) and immunohistochemistry (from the evaluation of cellular apoptosis), of the midgut of fifth instar nymphs of Podisus nigrispinus (stinkbug) (Dallas). The periods of analysis were 12, 24, and 48 h after ingestion of Alabama argillacea Hübner caterpillars treated with the respective oils. The oil from M. spicata did not cause histological alterations or apoptosis in the insect. However, there was a reduction in the level of carbohydrates within the 48-h period. After 24 h, the oil of M. alternifolia caused an elongation of digestive cells and, after 48 h, cell lysis with the release of material into the lumen, suggesting tissue necrosis. The immunohistochemical study revealed no apoptotic process. There was a reduction in the neutral carbohydrate levels in the 24- and 48-h periods and in the number of regenerative cells, when compared to the control, after the period of 48 h. These results demonstrate that M. spicata oil has potential for use in cotton fields because it does not affect the vital characteristics of P. nigrispinus. However, the essential oil of M. alternifolia is not suitable for use as a pesticide because it is extremely toxic to predators.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Extraction of essential oils from tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) using betaine-based deep eutectic solvent (DES).

Autores: Natsuki Mori, Toyonobu Usuki | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The essential oils of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) leaves mainly contain eucalyptol, α-terpinene, $\gamma$ -terpinene, and terpinen-4-ol and have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory actions. The essential oils of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaves mainly contain neral, geranial, and geraniol and have anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities and hypocholesterolemic effect.

Resultados: The results indicated that extraction for tea tree using betaine/sucrose (molar ratio 2:1) improved the yields of terpinolene and eucalyptol 2.5- and 1.9-fold, respectively, compared with the control method. In lemon grass, extraction using betaine/sucrose (molar ratio 2:1) improved the yields of neral and geranial 1.9- and 1.7-fold, respectively, compared with the control method.

Conclusão: These results demonstrated the effective extraction of essential oils from plant leaves under milder conditions than those needed for the conventional methods. The environmentally benign DESs for the extraction would be applicable to the food and cosmetic industries.

Comparison of the Anti-bacterial Efficacy of Saussurea costus and Melaleuca alternifolia Against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis: An in-vitro Study.

Autores: Munerah S BinShabaib, Shatha S ALHarthi, Bashayer S Helaby, Manar H AlHefdhi, Afrah E Mohammed, Kawther Aabed | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The aim was to compare the in-vitro antibacterial effectiveness of two herbal extracts (a) Saussurea-costus (S. costus) and (b) Melaleuca-alternifolia (M. alternifolia) against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Aqueous extracts from M. alternifolia were prepared by adding 2 grams of S. costus and M. alternifolia, respectively to 100 ml distilled water. Bacterial strains of P. gingivalis, E. faecalis and S. mutans were treated into 3 groups. In groups 1 and 2, bacterial strains were treated with aqueous extracts of S. costus and M. alternifolia, respectively. In the control-group, bacterial strains were exposed to distilled water. Antibacterial activity of the samples and nanoparticles was determined. The minimum-inhibitory-concentration (MIC) values were determined using the microdilution method. P < 0.01 was considered statistically significant. The MIC for all bacterial strains treated with S. costus was significantly higher than that of M. alternifolia (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in MIC for strains of P. gingivalis, E. faecalis and S. mutans treated with S. costus. For bacterial strains treated with M. alternifolia, the MIC was significantly higher for P. gingivalis compared with E. faecalis and S. mutans strains (P < 0.01). There was no difference in MIC for E. faecalis and S. mutans strains treated with M. alternifolia. The in-vitro antibacterial efficacy of M. alternifolia is higher than S. costus against P. gingivalis, E. faecalis and S. mutans.

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Conclusão: N/A

Nano-Size Characterization and Antifungal Evaluation of Essential Oil Molecules-Loaded Nanoliposomes.

Autores: Katya M Aguilar-Pérez, Dora I Medina, Roberto Parra-Saldívar, Hafiz M N Iqbal | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Nanoliposomes, bilayer vesicles at the nanoscale, are becoming popular because of their safety, patient compliance, high entrapment efficiency, and prompt action. Several notable biological activities of natural essential oils (EOs), including fungal inhibition, are of supreme interest. As developed, multi-compositional nanoliposomes loaded with various concentrations of clove essential oil (CEO) and tea tree oil (TTO) were thoroughly characterized to gain insight into their nano-size distribution. The present work also aimed to reconnoiter the sustainable synthesis conditions to estimate the efficacy of EOs in bulk and EO-loaded nanoliposomes with multi-functional entities. Following a detailed nano-size characterization of in-house fabricated EO-loaded nanoliposomes, the antifungal efficacy was tested by executing the mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) test using Trichophyton rubrum fungi as a test model. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) profile of as-fabricated EO-loaded nanoliposomes revealed the mean size, polydispersity index (PdI), and zeta potential values as 37.12 ± 1.23 nm, 0.377 ± 0.007, and -36.94 ± 0.36 mV, respectively. The sphere-shaped morphology of CEO and TTO-loaded nanoliposomes was confirmed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The existence of characteristic functional bands in all tested counterparts was demonstrated by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Compared to TTO-loaded nanoliposomes, the CEO-loaded nanoliposomes exhibited a maximum entrapment efficacy of 91.57 ± 2.5%. The CEO-loaded nanoliposome fraction, prepared using 1.5 µL/mL concentration, showed the highest MGI of 98.4 ± 0.87% tested against T. rubrum strains compared to the rest of the formulations.

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Avaliação da eficácia antimicrobiana de sabonetes contendo: óleo essencial de melaleuca alternifolia versus triclosan versus clorexidina e o impacto na adesão à higienização das mãos pelo efeito aromaterápico/ Evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of soaps containing: melaleuca alternifolia essential oil versus chlorhexidine versus triclosan and the impact of adherence to hand hygiene by aromatherapeutic effect

Autores: Damato, Juliana Rizzo Gnatta | Ano: 2015 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Introdução: Os efeitos antimicrobianos de óleos essenciais têm sido relatados na literatura científica, sobretudo referentes ao óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia, também denominado óleo essencial de Tea Tree (OTT). Tal óleo essencial apresenta propriedades antissépticas e pode representar uma alternativa de um produto natural para higienização das mãos (HM) nos estabelecimentos de assistência à saúde que atualmente utilizam predominantemente produtos à base de triclosan e clorexidina. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana na higiene das mãos realizada com três diferentes formulações de sabonetes líquidos distintos, contendo: óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia a 2,0%; sabonete com triclosan a 0,5%; sabonete com clorexidina a 2,0%, bem como compreender de que forma o uso de um sabonete com óleo essencial na higienização das mãos na prática assistencial é percebido por profissionais de saúde. Métodos: Para o experimento (etapa quantitativa) foram utilizadas as diretrizes da metodologia do Comitê Europeu de Padronização, EN1499 versão abril 2013 (phase2/step2), indicada para avaliar a eficácia de antissépticos para higienização das mãos. Foram contaminadas artificialmente as mãos de 15 voluntários sadios com Escherichia coli K12, seguida pela lavagem das mãos utilizando-se cada um dos produtos em avaliação ou um sabão de referência (soft soap). Realizou-se a contagem do número de microrganismos antes (pré-valores) e após (pós-valores) cada procedimento e foi estabelecida a redução logarítmica microbiana para cada um dos participantes em cada procedimento.Os dados foram analisados aplicando-se dois testes não paramétricos. Para a obtenção dos dados qualiquantitativos realizaram-se entrevistas cujos discursos foram analisados conforme metodologia proposta pelo discurso do sujeito coletivo (DSC). Resultados: ao ser aplicado o Teste de Wilcoxon, os três sabonetes testados obtiveram resultados superiores ao do sabão de referência (soft soap) e foram considerados antimicrobianos; constatou-se ainda a superioridade do sabonete contendo OTT e contendo triclosan em relação ao sabonete com clorexidina. Quando aplicado o Teste de Friedman, os sabonetes contendo triclosan e OTT, que apresentaram eficácias equivalentes, podem ser considerados antimicrobianos. A maior parte dos profissionais tinha algum conhecimento sobre Aromaterapia (65,21%), mas menos da metade conhecia as aplicações do OTT (43,47%). Profissionais mais jovens e menos experientes acharam o aroma do OTT agradável ou forte, mas não desagradável. Profissionais mais experientes e com mais idade o associaram ao aroma de pinho e levantaram a questão de o aroma ser incômodo para alérgicos. As principais diferenças observadas entre o sabonete com OTT e os demais sabonetes da prática assistencial foram em relação a aspectos físicos, como textura mais agradável, ao aroma e ao fato de ser menos agressivo à pele. A não agressão à pele foi considerada pelos participantes como o grande diferencial do sabonete contendo OTT, sobrepondo-se, inclusive, ao fator aroma, e que poderia contribuir para aumentar a adesão à HM. Conclusão: os sabonetes contendo OTT 2,0% e contendo triclosan 0,5% demonstraram desempenho superior em relação à clorexidina 2,0%. O não ressecamento da pele por produtos de HM é fundamental para aumentar a adesão dos profissionais de saúde. Além disso, a presença do aroma no sabonete pode ou não ser um fator de estímulo.

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Comparação da eficácia antimicrobiana de sabonetes contendo óleo essencial de Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) e triclosan na higienização de mãos artificialmente contaminadas/ Comparison of antimicrobial effectiveness of soaps containing essential oil of Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and triclosan in hand hygiene artificially contaminated

Autores: Gnatta, Juliana Rizzo | Ano: 2012 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Introdução. Os efeitos antimicrobianos dos óleos essenciais têm sido relatados na literatura científica, sobretudo referentes ao óleo essencial de Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). Tal óleo essencial tem demonstrado propriedades antissépticas e pode representar uma alternativa de um produto natural para higienização das mãos nos estabelecimentos de assistência à saúde que por ora utilizam predominantemente produtos à base de triclosan e clorexidina. Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia da higiene das mãos na redução da carga microbiana realizada com duas formulações de sabonetes líquidos já disponíveis no mercado, contendo: óleo essencial de Tea Tree 0,3% e sabonete com triclosan na concentração de 0,5%; comparar dois procedimentos referência, sendo um da metodologia oficial (soft soap) e o outro da versão draft (soft soap + propan-2-ol). Método. Foram utilizadas as diretrizes da metodologia do Comitê Europeu de Padronização, EN 1499, indicada para avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana de produtos para higiene das mãos. A metodologia recomenda a contaminação artificial das mãos de 12 a 15 voluntários sadios com Escherichia coli K12, seguida pela higienização das mãos com cada produto em avaliação. Ainda segundo a metodologia, os resultados além de serem comparados entre si, são comparados com um sabão de referência (soft soap), no mesmo voluntário, dia e sob condições ambientais semelhantes. Foi realizada a contagem do número de microrganismos antes (pré-valores) e após (pós-valores)cada procedimento. O fator de redução logaritimica entre os pré e pós-valores representou a atividade antimicrobiana de cada produto testado, permitindo evidenciar a eficácia dos produtos em teste comparativamente ao produto referência (soft soap seguido ou não por propan-2-ol). Resultados. Em termos de redução logarítmica, o sabonete contendo óleo essencial de Tea Tree é 0,3% foi mais eficaz do que o sabonete contendo triclosan é 0,5% (3,89 log10 x 3,59 log10), porém, pelo teste de Wilcoxon, não houve diferença estatisticamente signficante. Em relação à  eficácia antimicrobiana, nenhum dos dois sabonetes apresentou desempenho superior a nenhum dos dois procedimentos referência (soft soap ou soft soap + propan-2-ol). O procedimento de higienização das mãos de referência utilizando soft soap + propan-2-ol (proposto pela versão draft da metodologia EN 1499), demonstrou-se mais eficaz do que apenas o uso do soft soap (descrito na metodologia oficial).

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Comparison of hand hygiene antimicrobial efficacy: Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil versus triclosan/ Comparação da eficácia antimicrobiana na higienização das mãos: óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia versus/ Comparación de la eficacia antimicrobiana en la higienización de las manos: aceite esencial de Melaleuca alternifolia versus triclosan

Autores: Gnatta, Juliana Rizzo; Pinto, Flavia Morais Gomes; Bruna, Camila Quartim de Moraes; Souza, Rafael Queiroz de; Graziano, Kazuko Uchikawa; Silva, Maria Julia Paes da | Ano: 2013 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: OBJECTIVE: this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hand hygiene performed with two different soap formulations: 0.3% Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil versus 0.5% triclosan, and to compare them with two reference hygiene procedures: the official methodology procedure (soft soap) versus the draft version of the procedure (soft soap + propan-2-ol). METHOD: using the European EN 1499 method, logarithmic reduction factors were determined for the number of colony forming units of Escherichia coli K12 before and after hand hygiene of 15 volunteer subjects, and compared using the one-tailed Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: referring to the soft soap, there was no difference between the performance of soap with 0.3% M. alternifolia and soap containing 0.5% triclosan. The soft soap + propan-2-ol proved to be more effective than the other hand hygiene procedures. CONCLUSION: studies to verify the therapeutic efficacy of essential oil in hand hygiene can improve adherence to this practice. .

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In vitro and in vivo efficacy of tea tree essential oil for bacterial and yeast ear infections in dogs/ Uso in vitro e in vivo do óleo essencial de Melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia) em otites bacterianas e por leveduras

Autores: Neves, Rita C. S. M; Makino, Hérica; Cruz, Thalita P. P. S; Silveira, Marcelo M; Sousa, Valéria R. F; Dutra, Valéria; Lima, Marcia E. K. M; Belli, Carla B | Ano: 2018 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Otitis externa is a common complaint in dogs. Bacteria and yeasts are commonly involved and may perpetuate inflammatory reactions inside the ear canal. Otoscopy, cytological examination of secretion and microbiological culture embody forms of diagnosis. Cytology also has great use in accessing treatment evolution. Therapy usually consists of cleaning ear canals and subsequent use of antibiotics or antifungal products. As some of them may cause hypersensitivity and even ototoxicity, searching for new pharmacological bases is currently necessary and justifies this study, which aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo efficacy of tea tree essential oil for bacterial and yeast ear infections in dogs. Twenty-eight dogs from a particular shelter in Cuiabá (Mato Grosso, Brazil), presenting clinical signs of otitis externa, were enrolled in this clinical trial. In all of them, clinical and cytological evaluations, as well as culture and susceptibility testing of the affected ears were carried out. From each dog, one ear was treated with 5% tea tree essential oil lotion and the other with standard otic formulation, according to the type of infection (bacterial, yeast or both). In vitro susceptibility testings of all ear cultures, to the same drugs used in treatment, were also carried out. Culture results showed 62.5% bacterial and fungal infection, 33.9% bacterial infection and 3.6% fungal infection, from the 56 ear samples collected. The most common microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Malassezia pachydermatis. Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to gentamycin in 60.5% and resistant in 16.3% of the samples. Five percent tea tree essential oil formulation produced a 5mm clear zone of inhibition around the disks in one of the 63 samples evaluated. Pure (100%) tea tree essential oil formulation produced a 10mm clear zone of inhibition around the disks in four of the 63 samples evaluated, a 9mm zone in three samples, an 8mm zone in 16 samples, a 7mm zone in seven samples, a 6mm zone in two samples and there was no clear zone in 31 samples. Inhibition zones were produced by strains of Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus hyicus, Corynebacterium sp., Proteus mirabilis and Enterobacter sp. tea tree essential oil ear solution significantly induced remission of clinical signs both in bacterial and yeast ear infections. It also reduced as much Malassezia pachydermatis ear infection as the nystatin solution used in this study, while gentamycin solution showed better antibacterial effect. More studies should be conducted to evaluate in vitro diffusion properties of tea tree essential oil. Good antimicrobial spectrum and the absence of adverse reactions confirm the importance of developing a tea tree formulation as an alternative therapy for ear infections in dogs.(AU)

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Substratos, concentrações de ácido indolbutírico e tipos de miniestacas no enraizamento de melaleuca (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel)/ Substrates, indolebutyric acid levels and types of minicuttings on the rooting of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel)

Autores: Oliveira, Y; Alcantara, G. B; Guedes, I; Pinto, F; Quoirin, M; Biasi, L. A | Ano: 2012 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: Melaleuca alternifolia tem como produto principal o óleo essencial extraído das folhas devido às propriedades antifúngicas e antibacterianas. Pouco se tem relatado sobre a propagação desta espécie, sendo a miniestaquia uma alternativa para a propagação vegetativa de clones superiores visando à implantação de campo de produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes substratos, concentrações de AIB, e tipo de miniestaca, no enraizamento de Melaleuca alternifolia. No primeiro experimento foram testados os substratos, areia de granulometria média, Plantmax HT®, Golden-Mix® e vermiculita. No segundo experimento foram avaliadas diferentes concentrações de AIB (0, 500, 1000 e 2000 mg L-1), em dois tipos de miniestacas (apical e mediana). As miniestacas foram confeccionadas com 5 cm de comprimento, mantidas em casa de vegetação com nebulização intermitente, e, após 45 dias do plantio, foram avaliadas as porcentagens de miniestacas enraizadas, com calos e não responsivas, o número de raízes formadas por miniestaca e o comprimento das três maiores raízes (cm). O substrato Golden-Mix® e as miniestacas coletadas da porção apical do ramo submetidas ao tratamento com 500 mg L-1 de AIB apresentaram maior porcentagem de enraizamento e melhor qualidade do sistema radicial.

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Atividade biológica in vitro de própolis e óleos essenciais sobre o fungo Colletotrichum musae isolado de bananeira (Musa spp. )/ In vitro biological activity of propolis and essential oils on the fungus Colletotrichum musae isolated from banana Musa spp

Autores: BARBOSA, M.S.; VIEIRA, G.H.C.; TEIXEIRA, A.V. | Ano: 2015 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: RESUMO: No Brasil existem várias doenças fúngicas que acometem a bananeira. Destas, pode-se citar a antracnose, responsável por grandes prejuízos à cultura, cujo agente causal é o fungo Colletotrichum musae. A principal forma de controle dessa enfermidade é através da aplicação de fungicidas a base de tiabendazol ou tiofanato metílico. Esse manejo, embora eficiente, favorece o desenvolvimento de resistência do patógeno, causa danos ao ambiente e ao produtor, deixando ainda resíduos nos frutos. Esses fatores têm favorecido a busca por substâncias alternativas com capacidade de controlar o fungo e que não sejam nocivas ao ambiente e, principalmente, que sejam seguras ao consumidor final. Dentre as opções, surge o interesse pelo uso de certos óleos essenciais e da própolis, ambos conhecidos por possuírem propriedades fungicidas. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar o potencial fungitóxico "in vitro" da própolis e dos óleos essenciais de palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii), de teatree (Melaleuca alternifolia), de cravo (Eugenia caryophyllata), e de eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora), sobre Colletotrichum musae. O desenvolvimento experimental consistiu em adicionar inóculos fúngicos de 5 mm, obtidos a partir de colônias puras, ao meio de cultura BDA (batata-dextrose-ágar) acrescido das referidas substâncias em diferentes concentrações (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 µL/L). Paralelo aos tratamentos realizou-se teste com o fungicida padrão para comparações das médias. A eficiência das substâncias sobre o fungo foi determinada através das avaliações do crescimento micelial das colônias (média de duas medidas diametralmente opostas). Os valores de crescimento micelial obtidos foram utilizados também para o cálculo do índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 6 + 1, (cinco substâncias em seis concentrações + fungicida), com cinco repetições. Os óleos de tea tree, cravo e palmarosa foram eficientes no controle do fungo Colletotrichum musae não diferindo do fungicida a partir da dose de 50 µL/L em todas as avaliações, apresentando potencial para controle em cultivos orgânicos ou em sistemas de manejo integrado.

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A high-quality draft genome for Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree): a new platform for evolutionary genomics of myrtaceous terpene-rich species.

Autores: Julia Voelker, Mervyn Shepherd, Ramil Mauleon | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The economically important Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) is the source of a terpene-rich essential oil with therapeutic and cosmetic uses around the world. Tea tree has been cultivated and bred in Australia since the 1990s. It has been extensively studied for the genetics and biochemistry of terpene biosynthesis. Here, we report a high quality de novo genome assembly using Pacific Biosciences and Illumina sequencing. The genome was assembled into 3128 scaffolds with a total length of 362 Mb (N50  = 1.9 Mb), with significantly higher contiguity than a previous assembly (N50  = 8.7 Kb). Using a homology-based, RNA-seq evidence-based and ab initio prediction approach, 37,226 protein-coding genes were predicted. Genome assembly and annotation exhibited high completeness scores of 98.1% and 89.4%, respectively. Sequence contiguity was sufficient to reveal extensive gene order conservation and chromosomal rearrangements in alignments with Eucalyptus grandis and Corymbia citriodora genomes. This new genome advances currently available resources to investigate the genome structure and gene family evolution of M. alternifolia. It will enable further comparative genomic studies in Myrtaceae to elucidate the genetic foundations of economically valuable traits in this crop.

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A high-quality draft genome for Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree): a new platform for evolutionary genomics of myrtaceous terpene-rich species.

Autores: Julia Voelker, Mervyn Shepherd, Ramil Mauleon | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The economically important Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) is the source of a terpene-rich essential oil with therapeutic and cosmetic uses around the world. Tea tree has been cultivated and bred in Australia since the 1990s. It has been extensively studied for the genetics and biochemistry of terpene biosynthesis. Here, we report a high quality de novo genome assembly using Pacific Biosciences and Illumina sequencing. The genome was assembled into 3128 scaffolds with a total length of 362 Mb (N50  = 1.9 Mb), with significantly higher contiguity than a previous assembly (N50  = 8.7 Kb). Using a homology-based, RNA-seq evidence-based and ab initio prediction approach, 37,226 protein-coding genes were predicted. Genome assembly and annotation exhibited high completeness scores of 98.1% and 89.4%, respectively. Sequence contiguity was sufficient to reveal extensive gene order conservation and chromosomal rearrangements in alignments with Eucalyptus grandis and Corymbia citriodora genomes. This new genome advances currently available resources to investigate the genome structure and gene family evolution of M. alternifolia. It will enable further comparative genomic studies in Myrtaceae to elucidate the genetic foundations of economically valuable traits in this crop.

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Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil in ground beef.

Autores: Claudileide de Sá Silva, Hamilton Mendes de Figueiredo, Tânia Lúcia Montenegro Stamford, Luiza Helena Meller da Silva | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The food industry has been valuing the quest for natural substances for use in food preservation aiming to meet consumer demand for safer, more natural foods with preserved nutrients. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial potential of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (EOMA) in the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644) (L. monocytogenes) in ground beef. An in vitro screening in solid phase was performed and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined through microdilution test. The time of action of EOMA was assessed through the death-time curve at 2  MIC and MBC. The effects of MBC on bacterial morphology were verified under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The meat samples were inoculated with four different suspensions of L. monocytogenes (1.5  108 CFU/mL, 4.6  104 CFU/mL, 9.2  103 CFU/mL, and 1.2  102 CFU/mL) and stored at 4 ± 1 °C for up to 14 days. The test samples were added with 1.5% v/w EOMA. The test of diffusion in solid medium showed L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 was extremely sensitive to EOMA. MIC and MBC values were 0.10 μL/g and 0.15 μL/mL, respectively. The death-time curve revealed a reduction of viable cells after 1 h of contact with the oil. SEM showed that the treated cells had wrinkled surface and some cells had lower size and diameter when compared to control ones. The food matrix test indicated EOMA had antimicrobial activity in all samples except for the one inoculated with the suspension at 1.5  108 CFU/mL. Thus, the use of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia as a potential natural antimicrobial agent to preserve ground beef was promising as it was effective at low concentration. The data lay bases for new tests to be carried out in other food matrices.

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Inhibitory Activity of Essential Oils against Vibrio campbellii and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Autores: Xiaoting Zheng, Adam F Feyaerts, Patrick Van Dijck, Peter Bossier | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Vibriosis, caused by Vibrio strains, is an important bacterial disease and capable of causing significant high mortality in aquatic animals. Essential oils (EOs) have been considered as an alternative approach for the treatment of aquatic bacterial diseases. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of essential oils (n = 22) or essential oil components (EOCs, n = 12) against Vibrio strains belonging to the harveyi clade. It was verified by three different approaches, e.g., (i) a bacterial growth assay, comparing Vibrio growth with or without EO(C)s at various concentrations; (ii) a vapor-phase-mediated susceptibility assay, comparing the effect of EO(C)s on bacterial growth through the vapor phase; and (iii) a quorum sensing-inhibitory assay, based on specific inhibition of quorum sensing-regulated bioluminescence. The results showed that, in the bacterial growth assay, EOs of Melaleuca alternifolia and Litsea citrata at 0.0001%, Eucalyptus citriodora at 0.01% can inhibit the growth of Vibrio campbellii BB120. These EOs can also prevent the growth of V. parahaemolyticus strains but need to be present at a higher concentration (0.1%). Moreover, in the vapor-phase-mediated susceptibility assay, EOs of M. alternifolia, L. citrata and E. citriodora can inhibit the growth of V. campbellii BB120 through their vapor phase. However, V. parahaemolyticus strains (CAIM170, LMG2850 and MO904) cannot be inhibited by these EOs. Additionally, in the quorum sensing-inhibitory assay, EOs of Mentha pulegium, Cuminum cyminum, Zingiber officinalis, and E. citriodora, all at 0.001%, have quorum sensing-inhibitory activity in V. campbellii BB120. Taken together, our study provides substantial evidence that usage of the major components, individually or in combination, of the tested commercial EOs (extracted from M. alternifolia, L. citrata, and E. citriodora) could be a promising approach to control V. campbellii BB120.

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Avaliação do efeito do óleo de melaleuca sobre o crescimento micelial in vitro de fungos fitopatogênicos/ Evaluation of the effect of melaleuca oil on mycelial growth of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro

Autores: Martins, Juliana Araújo Santos; Sagata, Érika; Santos, Verônica Araújo; Juliatti, Fernando César | Ano: 2011 | Database: LILACS

Resumo: A exploração da atividade biológica de compostos secundários presentes no extrato bruto ou óleos essenciais de plantas pode constituir, em uma forma efetiva de controle de doenças em plantas cultivadas. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Melaleuca alternifolia na inibição do crescimento micelial "in vitro" de fungos fitopatogênicos. Os fungos fitopatogênicos testados foram: Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e Alternaria alternata. As concentrações do óleo adicionadas ao meio de cultura foram: 0,0, 0,2, 0,4, 0,6 e 0,8%. A avaliação consistiu em medições do diâmetro das colônias. O óleo essencial de melaleuca inibiu o desenvolvimento dos fungos fitopatogênicos testados podendo representar uma alternativa econômica e ecologicamente viável de controle de doenças de plantas.

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Toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil to the mitochondrion and NAD+/NADH dehydrogenase in Tribolium confusum.

Autores: Min Liao, Qian-Qian Yang, Jin-Jing Xiao, Yong Huang, Li-Jun Zhou, Ri-Mao Hua, Hai-Qun Cao | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In our previous study, Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (EO) was considered to have an insecticidal effect by acting on the mitochondrial respiratory chain in insects. However, the mode of action is not fully understood.

Resultados: Alterations to the mitochondria confirmed the insecticidal effect of the M. alternifolia EO. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis of T. confusum using RNA-seq indicated that most of the differentially expressed genes were involved in insecticide detoxification and mitochondrial function. The biochemical analysis showed that the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio is involved in the differential effect of the M. alternifolia EO.

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Toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil to the mitochondrion and NAD+/NADH dehydrogenase in Tribolium confusum.

Autores: Min Liao, Qian-Qian Yang, Jin-Jing Xiao, Yong Huang, Li-Jun Zhou, Ri-Mao Hua, Hai-Qun Cao | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In our previous study, Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (EO) was considered to have an insecticidal effect by acting on the mitochondrial respiratory chain in insects. However, the mode of action is not fully understood.

Resultados: Alterations to the mitochondria confirmed the insecticidal effect of the M. alternifolia EO. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis of T. confusum using RNA-seq indicated that most of the differentially expressed genes were involved in insecticide detoxification and mitochondrial function. The biochemical analysis showed that the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio is involved in the differential effect of the M. alternifolia EO.

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Adulticidal Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) Essential Oil With High 1,8-Cineole Content Against Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Autores: Janaína Brand Dillmann, Luciana Filippin Cossetin, Marjorie de Giacometi, Dionatan Oliveira, Antônio Francisco Igor Magalhães de Matos, Pamela Daniele Avrella, Quelen Iane Garlet, Berta Maria Heinzmann, Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus 1758), is a hematophagous fly responsible for causing loss of performance in horses, causing losses in cattle productivity, and impacting the animals' health through the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. The objective of this work was to investigate the insecticidal activity of essential oil obtained from Melaleuca alternifolia (Cheel), presenting high 1,8-cineole content, against S. calcitrans adults. Insecticidal activity was determined using surface application methods and exposure to oil impregnated paper. It was observed that treatments at 25 and 50 μg/cm2 (P < 0.05) present fumigant activity through exposure to the impregnated paper, and in the first 15 min of exposure, the mortality rates obtained for these treatments were, respectively (96.6 ± 3.3% and 100%), equivalent to the positive control. Using the superficial application method, the only treatment concentration presenting adulticidal action was 5% (w/v) (P < 0.05). Respective toxicities LC50 (%, w/v) and LC80 for the impregnated paper method were 1.06 ± 0.02 and 1.47 ± 0.17; for the superficial application method, they were 3.82 ± 0.65 and 5.53 ± 0.74. As demonstrated, M. alternifolia essential oil presents adulticidal potential against S. calcitrans.

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Adulticidal Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) Essential Oil With High 1,8-Cineole Content Against Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Autores: Janaína Brand Dillmann, Luciana Filippin Cossetin, Marjorie de Giacometi, Dionatan Oliveira, Antônio Francisco Igor Magalhães de Matos, Pamela Daniele Avrella, Quelen Iane Garlet, Berta Maria Heinzmann, Silvia Gonzalez Monteiro | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus 1758), is a hematophagous fly responsible for causing loss of performance in horses, causing losses in cattle productivity, and impacting the animals' health through the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. The objective of this work was to investigate the insecticidal activity of essential oil obtained from Melaleuca alternifolia (Cheel), presenting high 1,8-cineole content, against S. calcitrans adults. Insecticidal activity was determined using surface application methods and exposure to oil impregnated paper. It was observed that treatments at 25 and 50 μg/cm2 (P < 0.05) present fumigant activity through exposure to the impregnated paper, and in the first 15 min of exposure, the mortality rates obtained for these treatments were, respectively (96.6 ± 3.3% and 100%), equivalent to the positive control. Using the superficial application method, the only treatment concentration presenting adulticidal action was 5% (w/v) (P < 0.05). Respective toxicities LC50 (%, w/v) and LC80 for the impregnated paper method were 1.06 ± 0.02 and 1.47 ± 0.17; for the superficial application method, they were 3.82 ± 0.65 and 5.53 ± 0.74. As demonstrated, M. alternifolia essential oil presents adulticidal potential against S. calcitrans.

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A Comprehensive in vitro and in silico Analysis of Nematicidal Action of Essential Oils.

Autores: Aditi Kundu, Anirban Dutta, Abhishek Mandal, Lalit Negi, Monika Malik, Rajshekhar Puramchatwad, Jyoti Antil, Anupama Singh, Uma Rao, Supradip Saha, Rajesh Kumar, Neeraj Patanjali, Suman Manna, Anil Kumar, Sukanta Dash, P K Singh | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Nematicidal potential of essential oils (EOs) has been widely reported. Terpenoids present in most of the essential oils have been reported responsible for their bioactivity though very less is known about their modes of action. In the present study, an in vitro screening of nine Eos, namely, Citrus sinensis (OEO), Myrtus communis (MTEO), Eucalyptus citriodora (CEO), Melaleuca alternifolia (TEO), Acorus calamus (AEO), Commiphora myrrha (MREO), Cymbopogon nardus (CNEO), Artemisia absinthium (WEO), and Pogostemon cablin (PEO) against Meloidogyne incognita revealed OEO, CNEO, and TEO as most effective with LC50 39.37, 43.22, and 76.28 μg ml-1 respectively. EOs had varying compositions of mono- and sesquiterpenes determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The in silico molecular interactions screening of major EO constituents and the seven selected target proteins of the nematode indicated highest binding affinity of geraniol-ODR1 (odorant response gene 1) complex (ΔG = -36.9 kcal mol-1), due to extensive H-bonding, hydrophobic and π-alkyl interactions. The relative binding affinity followed the order: geraniol-ODR1 > β-terpineol-ODR1 > citronellal-ODR1 > l-limonene-ODR1 > γ-terpinene-ODR1. Taken together, the cumulative in vitro and computational bioefficacy analysis related to the chemoprofiles of EOs provides useful leads on harnessing the potential of EOs as bionematicides. The insight on biochemical ligand-target protein interactions described in the present work will be helpful in logical selection of biomolecules and essential oils for development of practically viable bionematicidal products.

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Ecotype Variation of Methyl Eugenol Content in Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia and Melaleuca linariifolia).

Autores: Mervyn Shepherd, Dale Savins, Ashley Dowell, Samantha Morrow, Gareth Allen, Ian Southwell | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Methyl eugenol is a natural phenylpropanoid compound found in a wide range of plants used for food, flavouring, cosmetics, and health-care. As a suspected rodent carcinogen, methyl eugenol may also be harmful to humans when present in significant concentrations. Consequently, its level has been restricted in some foodstuffs and cosmetics for some markets. In order to assess the potential to breed uniformly low methyl eugenol cultivars for an essential oil crop, tea tree, the source of 'Oil of Melaleuca, terpinene-4-ol type', we examine levels in individual trees (n = 30) from two geographic regions and six terpene chemotypes. Overall, methyl eugenol levels were low in this species (Mean [SD] 354 [239] ppm, n = 30), much lower than levels predicted to be of toxicological concern. Within each chemotype, there was a lack of evidence for correlations between terpenoid constituents and methyl eugenol levels. Further support for the independence of methyl eugenol and terpene biosynthesis was evident from similar mean levels in selected (Mean [SD] 586 [339] ppm, n = 12) and undomesticated Melaleuca alternifolia trees (Mean [SD] 480 [299] ppm, n = 5) with terpinen-4-ol type oils. By contrast, methyl eugenol level varied by geographic origin and chemotype. Trees from the upland region, where there is a prevalence of terpinolene type trees, had lower average methyl eugenol levels than trees from the coastal region, where there is a prevalence of terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole type trees.

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Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil: Evaluation of Skin Permeation and Distribution from Topical Formulations with a Solvent-Free Analytical Method.

Autores: Francesca Capetti, Barbara Sgorbini, Cecilia Cagliero, Monica Argenziano, Roberta Cavalli, Luisella Milano, Carlo Bicchi, Patrizia Rubiolo | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tea tree oil) is widely used as an ingredient in skin care products because of its recognized biological activities. The European Scientific Committee on Consumer Products constantly promotes research and collection of data on both skin distribution and systemic exposure to tea tree oil components after the application of topical formulations. This study quantitatively evaluates permeation, skin layer distribution (stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis), and release into the surrounding environment of bioactive tea tree oil markers (i.e., α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol) when a 5% tea tree oil formulation is applied at a finite dosing regimen. Permeation kinetics were studied in vitro on pig ear skin using conventional static glass Franz diffusion cells and cells ad hoc modified to monitor the release of markers into the atmosphere. Formulation, receiving phases, and skin layers were analyzed using a fully automatic and solvent-free method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This approach affords, for the first time, to quantify tea tree oil markers in the different skin layers while avoiding using solvents and overcoming the existing methods based on solvent extraction. The skin layers contained less than 1% of each tea tree oil marker in total. Only oxygenated terpenes significantly permeated across the skin, while hydrocarbons were only absorbed at trace level. Substantial amounts of markers were released into the atmosphere.

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Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil: Evaluation of Skin Permeation and Distribution from Topical Formulations with a Solvent-Free Analytical Method.

Autores: Francesca Capetti, Barbara Sgorbini, Cecilia Cagliero, Monica Argenziano, Roberta Cavalli, Luisella Milano, Carlo Bicchi, Patrizia Rubiolo | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (tea tree oil) is widely used as an ingredient in skin care products because of its recognized biological activities. The European Scientific Committee on Consumer Products constantly promotes research and collection of data on both skin distribution and systemic exposure to tea tree oil components after the application of topical formulations. This study quantitatively evaluates permeation, skin layer distribution (stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis), and release into the surrounding environment of bioactive tea tree oil markers (i.e., α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol) when a 5% tea tree oil formulation is applied at a finite dosing regimen. Permeation kinetics were studied in vitro on pig ear skin using conventional static glass Franz diffusion cells and cells ad hoc modified to monitor the release of markers into the atmosphere. Formulation, receiving phases, and skin layers were analyzed using a fully automatic and solvent-free method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This approach affords, for the first time, to quantify tea tree oil markers in the different skin layers while avoiding using solvents and overcoming the existing methods based on solvent extraction. The skin layers contained less than 1% of each tea tree oil marker in total. Only oxygenated terpenes significantly permeated across the skin, while hydrocarbons were only absorbed at trace level. Substantial amounts of markers were released into the atmosphere.

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Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) dermatitis.

Autores: T E Knight, B M Hausen | Ano: 1994 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) is the essential oil distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel. Tea tree oil is popular for treating various cutaneous maladies.

Resultados: Of seven patients reactive to the 1% melaleuca oil solution, six patients also reacted to limonene, five to alpha-terpinene and aromadendrene, 2 to terpinen-4-ol, and one each to p-cymene and alpha-phellandrene. d-Carvone, an autooxidative derivative of limonene, caused no reactions among the seven patients.

Conclusão: d-Limonene was the most common allergen causing allergic contact eczema in our patients. Clinicians are likely to see more contact eczema caused by the increasing use of this popular nostrum.

A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology.

Autores: Nader Pazyar, Reza Yaghoobi, Nooshin Bagherani, Afshin Kazerouni | Ano: 2013 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil, steam-distilled from the Australian native plant, Melaleuca alternifolia. It has a minimum content of terpinen-4-ol and a maximum content of 1, 8-cineole. Terpinen-4-ol is a major TTO component which exhibits strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Tea tree oil exerts antioxidant activity and has been reported to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections affecting skin and mucosa. Several studies have suggested the uses of TTO for the treatment of acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis, and chronic gingivitis. It also accelerates the wound healing process and exhibits anti-skin cancer activity. This review opens up new horizons for dermatologists in the use of this herbal agent.

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Tea tree oil: contact allergy and chemical composition.

Autores: Anton C de Groot, Erich Schmidt | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: In this article, contact allergy to, and the chemical composition of, tea tree oil (TTO) are reviewed. This essential oil is a popular remedy for many skin diseases, and may be used as neat oil or be present in cosmetics, topical pharmaceuticals and household products. Of all essential oils, TTO has caused most (published) allergic reactions since the first cases were reported in 1991. In routine testing, prevalences of positive patch test reactions have ranged from 0.1% to 3.5%. Nearly 100 allergic patients have been described in case reports and case series. The major constituents of commercial TTO are terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, p-cymene, and α-pinene. Fresh TTO is a weak to moderate sensitizer, but oxidation increases its allergenic potency. The major sensitizers appear to be ascaridole, terpinolene, α-terpinene, 1,2,4-trihydroxymenthane, α-phellandrene, and limonene. The clinical picture of allergic contact dermatitis caused by TTO depends on the products used. Most reactions are caused by the application of pure oil; cosmetics are the culprits in a minority of cases. Patch testing may be performed with 5% oxidized TTO. Co-reactivity to turpentine oil is frequent, and there is an overrepresentation of reactions to fragrance mix I, Myroxylon pereirae, colophonium, and other essential oils.

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Appraisal on the wound healing potential of Melaleuca alternifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil-loaded chitosan topical preparations.

Autores: Rola M Labib, Iriny M Ayoub, Haidy E Michel, Mina Mehanny, Verena Kamil, Meryl Hany, Mirette Magdy, Aya Moataz, Boula Maged, Ahmed Mohamed | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study investigates the wound healing potential of three chitosan-based topical preparations loaded with either tea tree essential oil, rosemary essential oil or a mixture of both oils in vivo. Essential oils of M. alternifolia and R. officinalis were analyzed using GC/MS. Essential oil-loaded chitosan topical preparations were formulated. Wound healing potential was evaluated in vivo using an excision wound model in rats. GC/MS analysis of M. alternifolia and R. officinalis essential oils revealed richness in oxygenated monoterpenes, representing 51.06% and 69.61% of the total oil composition, respectively. Topical application of chitosan-based formulation loaded with a mixture of tea tree and rosemary oils resulted in a significant increase in wound contraction percentage compared to either group treated with individual essential oils and the untreated group. Histopathological examination revealed that topical application of tea tree and rosemary oil combination demonstrated complete re-epithelialization associated with activated hair follicles. The high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes in both essential oils play an important role in the antioxidant and wound healing potential observed herein. Incorporation of tea tree and rosemary essential oils in chitosan-based preparations in appropriate combination could efficiently promote different stages of wound healing.

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Appraisal on the wound healing potential of Melaleuca alternifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil-loaded chitosan topical preparations.

Autores: Rola M Labib, Iriny M Ayoub, Haidy E Michel, Mina Mehanny, Verena Kamil, Meryl Hany, Mirette Magdy, Aya Moataz, Boula Maged, Ahmed Mohamed | Ano: 2019 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The present study investigates the wound healing potential of three chitosan-based topical preparations loaded with either tea tree essential oil, rosemary essential oil or a mixture of both oils in vivo. Essential oils of M. alternifolia and R. officinalis were analyzed using GC/MS. Essential oil-loaded chitosan topical preparations were formulated. Wound healing potential was evaluated in vivo using an excision wound model in rats. GC/MS analysis of M. alternifolia and R. officinalis essential oils revealed richness in oxygenated monoterpenes, representing 51.06% and 69.61% of the total oil composition, respectively. Topical application of chitosan-based formulation loaded with a mixture of tea tree and rosemary oils resulted in a significant increase in wound contraction percentage compared to either group treated with individual essential oils and the untreated group. Histopathological examination revealed that topical application of tea tree and rosemary oil combination demonstrated complete re-epithelialization associated with activated hair follicles. The high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes in both essential oils play an important role in the antioxidant and wound healing potential observed herein. Incorporation of tea tree and rosemary essential oils in chitosan-based preparations in appropriate combination could efficiently promote different stages of wound healing.

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Biobased polymer resources and essential oils: a green combination for antibacterial applications.

Autores: Christine Elian, Samir Abbad Andaloussi, Régis Moilleron, Jean-Winoc Decousser, Cyrille Boyer, Davy-Louis Versace | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: To fight nosocomial infections, the excessive use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, which are now considered a relevant public health threat by the World Health Organization. To date, most antibacterial systems are based on the use of petro-sourced polymers, but the global supplies of these resources are depleting. Besides, silver NPs are widely accepted as the most active biocide against a wide range of bacterial strains but their toxicity is an issue. The growing interest in natural products has gained increasing interest in the last decade. Therefore, the design of functional antibacterial materials derived from biomass remains a significant challenge for the scientific community. Consequently, attention has shifted to naturally occurring substances such as essential oils (EOs), which are classified as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). EOs can offer an alternative to the common antimicrobial agents as an inner solution or biocide agent to inhibit the resistance mechanism. Herein, this review not only aims at providing developments in the antibacterial modes of action of EOs against various bacterial strains and the recent advances in genomic and proteomic techniques for the elucidation of these mechanisms but also presents examples of biobased polymer resource-based EO materials and their antibacterial activities. Especially, we describe the antibacterial properties of biobased polymers, e.g. cellulose, starch, chitosan, PLA PHAs and proteins, associated with EOs (cinnamon (CEO), clove (CLEO), bergamot (BEO), ginger (GEO), lemongrass (LEO), caraway (CAEO), rosemary (REO), Eucalyptus globulus (EGEO), tea tree (TTEO), orange peel (OPEO) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernel (AKEO) essential oils). Finally, we discuss the influence of EOs on the mechanical strength of bio-based materials.

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Decontamination-Induced Modification of Bioactivity in Essential Oil-Based Plasma Polymer Coatings.

Autores: Olha Bazaka, Karthika Prasad, Igor Levchenko, Mohan V Jacob, Kateryna Bazaka, Peter Kingshott, Russell J Crawford, Elena P Ivanova | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Plasma polymer coatings fabricated from Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its derivatives have been previously shown to reduce the extent of microbial adhesion on titanium, polymers, and other implantable materials used in dentistry. Previous studies have shown these coatings to maintain their performance under standard operating conditions; however, when used in e.g., a dental implant, these coatings may inadvertently become subject to in situ cleaning treatments, such as those using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet, a promising tool for the effective in situ removal of biofilms from tissues and implant surfaces. Here, we investigated the effect of such an exposure on the antimicrobial performance of the Melaleuca alternifolia polymer coating. It was found that direct exposure of the polymer coating surface to the jet for periods less than 60 s was sufficient to induce changes in its surface chemistry and topography, affecting its ability to retard subsequent microbial attachment. The exact effect of the jet exposure depended on the chemistry of the polymer coating, the length of plasma treatment, cell type, and incubation conditions. The change in the antimicrobial activity for polymer coatings fabricated at powers of 20-30 W was not statistically significant due to their limited baseline bioactivity. Interestingly, the bioactivity of polymer coatings fabricated at 10 and 15 W against Staphylococcus aureus cells was temporarily improved after the treatment, which could be attributed to the generation of loosely attached bioactive fragments on the treated surface, resulting in an increase in the dose of the bioactive agents being eluted by the surface. Attachment and proliferation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells and mixed cultures were less affected by changes in the bioactivity profile of the surface. The sensitivity of the cells to the change imparted by the jet treatment was also found to be dependent on their origin culture, with mature biofilm-derived P. aeruginosa bacterial cells showing a greater ability to colonize the surface when compared to its planktonic broth-grown counterpart. The presence of plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the culture media was also found to enhance the bioactivity of polymer coatings fabricated at power levels of 10 and 15 W, due to a synergistic effect arising from simultaneous exposure of cells to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and eluted bioactive fragments. These results suggest that it is important to consider the possible implications of inadvertent changes in the properties and performance of plasma polymer coatings as a result of exposure to in situ decontamination, to both prevent suboptimal performance and to exploit possible synergies that may arise for some polymer coating-surface treatment combinations.

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Effectiveness of tea tree oil versus chlorhexidine in the treatment of periodontal diseases: a systematic review.

Autores: Niharika Singh, Lakshmi Puzhankara, Madhurya N Kedlaya, Venkitachalam Ramanarayanan | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Background Plaque biofilm that adheres to tooth surfaces and gingiva is the main aetiology of periodontitis. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is considered as a gold standard anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent but it has side effects such as permanent staining of teeth and dysgeusia. Tea tree oil (TTO) is an essential oil extracted from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia. Many studies have reported that TTO exerts strong antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities.Primary study objective The review aims to answer the question of whether TTO (intervention) is a viable alternative to CHX (comparator) for the management of gingival and periodontal disease (outcomes) in adolescents and adults (population).Methods/design The following search terms were used in PubMed, Scopus, Proquest, Web of Science, EBSCO (dentistry and open access), Cochrane database, Clinical.gov.org and ctri.nic.in to search for relevant articles: patients with periodontal disease; OR periodontitis; OR gingivitis; OR gingival inflammation; AND essential oil; OR tea tree oil; OR Melaleuca alternifolia; AND chlorhexidine; AND reduction in gingival index; OR reduction in plaque index; OR reduction in bleeding from gums. The initial check for the title and abstract screening followed by removal of duplicates in Mendeley Reference Manager (version 1.19.4) based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria were performed.Primary outcome measures Parameters such as plaque index (PI), plaque surface score, gingival index (GI), bleeding index or bleeding as measured by % of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP) or bleeding scores, papillary bleeding index (PBI), were the primary outcomes considered.Results TTO is found to be superior to CHX in reducing signs of gingival inflammation; however, CHX is superior to TTO in inhibiting plaque formation, probably due to its increased substantivity.Conclusion TTO may be used as an alternative to CHX for reduction of gingival inflammation in conjunction with efficient plaque control measures.

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Efficacy of medicinal plant extracts as dental and periodontal antibiofilm agents: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.

Autores: Victoria Furquim Dos Santos Cardoso, Ricardo Haack Amaral Roppa, Carolina Antunes, Amanda Naiara Silva Moraes, Lucélia Santi, Eduardo Luis Konrath | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The presence of biofilm in oral cavity is associated with dental plaque and related diseases, including gingivitis, periodontitis and inflammatory responses. Some medicinal plants traditionally used for biofilm-associated pathologies such as Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Punica granatum L. and Lippia sidoides Cham. are currently incorporated into dosage forms as antiplaque agents.

Resultados: Of 964 potentially eligible studies, 47 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Camellia sinensis was the most commonly used species (8 studies), with positive results in reducing both the PI and GI in the form of mouthwash, toothpaste and gel. The Melaleuca alternifolia oil (5 studies) demonstrated low reduction in PI but important effects on GI scores. Azadirachta indica (4 studies) extracts presented efficacy similar to CHX to improve the periodontal parameters, including PI and GI. Ricinus communis oil (3 studies), despite reducing microbiological counts and GI, did not prove to be better than the hypochlorite solution, used as an alternative treatment for dentures. The main bioactive compounds described for the plant species are polyphenols, essential oils and alkaloids, most of them with identified antibiofilm activities.

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Combination of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia and iodine in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children.

Autores: Eric Markum, John Baillie | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Molluscum contagiosum is a common childhood viral skin condition and is increasingly found as a sexually transmitted disease in adults. Current treatment options are invasive, requiring tissue destruction and attendant discomfort. Fifty-three children (mean age 6.3+5.1 years) with the diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum were treated with twice daily topical application of either essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO), a combination of TTO and organically bound iodine (TTO-I), or iodine alone. At the end of 30 days, 48 children were available for follow up. A greater than 90% reduction in the number of lesions was observed in 16 of 19 children treated with TTO-I, while 1 of 16 and 3 of 18 children met the same criteria for improvement in the iodine and TTO groups (P<0.01, ANOVA) respectively by intention-to-treat analysis. No child discontinued treatment due to adverse events. The combination of essential oil of M. alternifolia with organically bound iodine offers a safe therapeutic alternative in the treatment of childhood molluscum. Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12610000984099.

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Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Tea Tree Essential Oil Composite Films for Biomedical Applications.

Autores: Jorge Iván Castro, Carlos Humberto Valencia-Llano, Mayra Eliana Valencia Zapata, Yilmar Joan Restrepo, José Herminsul Mina Hernandez, Diana Paola Navia-Porras, Yamid Valencia, Cesar Valencia, Carlos David Grande-Tovar | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Tissue engineering is crucial, since its early adoption focused on designing biocompatible materials that stimulate cell adhesion and proliferation. In this sense, scaffolds made of biocompatible and resistant materials became the researchers' focus on biomedical applications. Humans have used essential oils for a long time to take advantage of their antifungal, insecticide, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. However, the literature demonstrating the use of essential oils for stimulating biocompatibility in new scaffold designs is scarce. For that reason, this work describes the synthesis of four different film composites of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), essential oil (CS/PVA/TTEO), and the subdermal implantations after 90 days in Wistar rats. According to the Young modulus, DSC, TGA, mechanical studies, and thermal studies, there was a reinforcement effect with the addition of TTEO. Morphology and energy-dispersive (EDX) analysis after the immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) exhibited a light layer of calcium chloride and sodium chloride generated on the material's surface, which is generally related to a bioactive material. Finally, the biocompatibility of the films was comparable with porcine collagen, showing better signs of resorption as the amount of TTEO was increased. These results indicate the potential application of the films in long-term biomedical needs.

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Laboratory evaluation of aromatic essential oils from thirteen plant species as candidate repellents against Leptotrombidium chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae), the vector of scrub typhus.

Autores: Praphathip Eamsobhana, Adisak Yoolek, Wittaya Kongkaew, Kriangkrai Lerdthusnee, Nittaya Khlaimanee, Anchana Parsartvit, Nat Malainual, Hoi-Sen Yong | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Scrub typhus, a rickettsial disease transmitted by several species of Leptotrombidium chiggers (larvae), is endemic in many areas of Asia. The disease is best prevented by the use of personal protective measures, including repellents. In this study commercially produced aromatic, essential oils of 13 plant species and ethanol (control) were tested in the laboratory for repellency against host-seeking chiggers of Leptotrombidium imphalum Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston (Acari: Trombiculidae). A rapid, simple and economic in vitro test method was used by exposing the chigger for up to 5 min. Repellency was based on relative percentages of chiggers attracted to test and control substances. Four of the 13 essential oils showed promise as effective repellent against L. imphalum chiggers. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oil exhibited 100% repellency at 5% concentration (dilution with absolute ethanol), whereas Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil exhibited 100% repellency at 40% concentration. Undiluted oils of Zingiber cassamunar (plai) and Eucalyptus globules (blue gum) exhibited 100% repellency. Of the remaining nine essential oils, only 100% Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) exhibited >50% repellency (viz. 57%). Styrax torkinensis (benzoin) oil did not exhibit any repellency. These findings show that several aromatic, essential oils of plants may be useful as chigger repellent for the prevention of scrub typhus. Syzygium aromaticum oil may be safer and more economical to prevent chigger attacks than commercially available synthetic chemicals, such as DEET that may have harmful side effects.

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Laboratory evaluation of aromatic essential oils from thirteen plant species as candidate repellents against Leptotrombidium chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae), the vector of scrub typhus.

Autores: Praphathip Eamsobhana, Adisak Yoolek, Wittaya Kongkaew, Kriangkrai Lerdthusnee, Nittaya Khlaimanee, Anchana Parsartvit, Nat Malainual, Hoi-Sen Yong | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Scrub typhus, a rickettsial disease transmitted by several species of Leptotrombidium chiggers (larvae), is endemic in many areas of Asia. The disease is best prevented by the use of personal protective measures, including repellents. In this study commercially produced aromatic, essential oils of 13 plant species and ethanol (control) were tested in the laboratory for repellency against host-seeking chiggers of Leptotrombidium imphalum Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston (Acari: Trombiculidae). A rapid, simple and economic in vitro test method was used by exposing the chigger for up to 5 min. Repellency was based on relative percentages of chiggers attracted to test and control substances. Four of the 13 essential oils showed promise as effective repellent against L. imphalum chiggers. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oil exhibited 100% repellency at 5% concentration (dilution with absolute ethanol), whereas Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil exhibited 100% repellency at 40% concentration. Undiluted oils of Zingiber cassamunar (plai) and Eucalyptus globules (blue gum) exhibited 100% repellency. Of the remaining nine essential oils, only 100% Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) exhibited >50% repellency (viz. 57%). Styrax torkinensis (benzoin) oil did not exhibit any repellency. These findings show that several aromatic, essential oils of plants may be useful as chigger repellent for the prevention of scrub typhus. Syzygium aromaticum oil may be safer and more economical to prevent chigger attacks than commercially available synthetic chemicals, such as DEET that may have harmful side effects.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Laboratory evaluation of aromatic essential oils from thirteen plant species as candidate repellents against Leptotrombidium chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae), the vector of scrub typhus.

Autores: Praphathip Eamsobhana, Adisak Yoolek, Wittaya Kongkaew, Kriangkrai Lerdthusnee, Nittaya Khlaimanee, Anchana Parsartvit, Nat Malainual, Hoi-Sen Yong | Ano: 2009 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Scrub typhus, a rickettsial disease transmitted by several species of Leptotrombidium chiggers (larvae), is endemic in many areas of Asia. The disease is best prevented by the use of personal protective measures, including repellents. In this study commercially produced aromatic, essential oils of 13 plant species and ethanol (control) were tested in the laboratory for repellency against host-seeking chiggers of Leptotrombidium imphalum Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston (Acari: Trombiculidae). A rapid, simple and economic in vitro test method was used by exposing the chigger for up to 5 min. Repellency was based on relative percentages of chiggers attracted to test and control substances. Four of the 13 essential oils showed promise as effective repellent against L. imphalum chiggers. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) oil exhibited 100% repellency at 5% concentration (dilution with absolute ethanol), whereas Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil exhibited 100% repellency at 40% concentration. Undiluted oils of Zingiber cassamunar (plai) and Eucalyptus globules (blue gum) exhibited 100% repellency. Of the remaining nine essential oils, only 100% Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) exhibited >50% repellency (viz. 57%). Styrax torkinensis (benzoin) oil did not exhibit any repellency. These findings show that several aromatic, essential oils of plants may be useful as chigger repellent for the prevention of scrub typhus. Syzygium aromaticum oil may be safer and more economical to prevent chigger attacks than commercially available synthetic chemicals, such as DEET that may have harmful side effects.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

"Singing in the Tube"--audiovisual assay of plant oil repellent activity against mosquitoes (Culex pipiens).

Autores: Temitope F Adams, Chatchawal Wongchai, Anchalee Chaidee, Wolfgang Pfeiffer | Ano: 2016 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Plant essential oils have been suggested as a promising alternative to the established mosquito repellent DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). Searching for an assay with generally available equipment, we designed a new audiovisual assay of repellent activity against mosquitoes "Singing in the Tube," testing single mosquitoes in Drosophila cultivation tubes. Statistics with regression analysis should compensate for limitations of simple hardware. The assay was established with female Culex pipiens mosquitoes in 60 experiments, 120-h audio recording, and 2580 estimations of the distance between mosquito sitting position and the chemical. Correlations between parameters of sitting position, flight activity pattern, and flight tone spectrum were analyzed. Regression analysis of psycho-acoustic data of audio files (dB[A]) used a squared and modified sinus function determining wing beat frequency WBF ± SD (357 ± 47 Hz). Application of logistic regression defined the repelling velocity constant. The repelling velocity constant showed a decreasing order of efficiency of plant essential oils: rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), lemon (Citrus limon), patchouli (Pogostemon cablin), DEET, cedar wood (Cedrus atlantica). In conclusion, we suggest (1) disease vector control (e.g., impregnation of bed nets) by eight plant essential oils with repelling velocity superior to DEET, (2) simple mosquito repellency testing in Drosophila cultivation tubes, (3) automated approaches and room surveillance by generally available audio equipment (dB[A]: ISO standard 226), and (4) quantification of repellent activity by parameters of the audiovisual assay defined by correlation and regression analyses.

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Safety assessment and adverse drug reaction reporting of tea tree oil (Melaleuca aetheroleum).

Autores: Anne-Sophie M W Bekhof, Florence P A M van Hunsel, Sonja van de Koppel, Herman J Woerdenbag | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil is widely used as an antiseptic. It mainly consists of monoterpenes with terpinen-4-ol as the major constituent. The aim of this study was to review literature on safety data about tea tree oil and to assess its safety by investigating 159 cases of adverse reactions possibly caused by the oil, reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) from December 1987 until September 2021. To extract these data, VigiBase, the WHO global database of individual case safety reports maintained by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), was used. All cases were categorized and analysed and 16 serious cases further assessed. It was concluded that tea tree oil should never be administered orally, as it can lead to central nervous system depression and pneumonitis. Applied topically, skin disorders may occur, especially when the oil had been exposed to light or air. This yields monoterpene oxidation products, being potent skin irritants. Tea tree oil stored under appropriate conditions and not exceeding the expiration date should be considered safe to use by non-vulnerable people for non-serious inflammatory skin conditions, although the occurrence of adverse reactions such as contact allergies is difficult to predict.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A

Ecotype Variation of Methyl Eugenol Content in Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia and Melaleuca linariifolia).

Autores: Mervyn Shepherd, Dale Savins, Ashley Dowell, Samantha Morrow, Gareth Allen, Ian Southwell | Ano: 2017 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Methyl eugenol is a natural phenylpropanoid compound found in a wide range of plants used for food, flavouring, cosmetics, and health-care. As a suspected rodent carcinogen, methyl eugenol may also be harmful to humans when present in significant concentrations. Consequently, its level has been restricted in some foodstuffs and cosmetics for some markets. In order to assess the potential to breed uniformly low methyl eugenol cultivars for an essential oil crop, tea tree, the source of 'Oil of Melaleuca, terpinene-4-ol type', we examine levels in individual trees (n = 30) from two geographic regions and six terpene chemotypes. Overall, methyl eugenol levels were low in this species (Mean [SD] 354 [239] ppm, n = 30), much lower than levels predicted to be of toxicological concern. Within each chemotype, there was a lack of evidence for correlations between terpenoid constituents and methyl eugenol levels. Further support for the independence of methyl eugenol and terpene biosynthesis was evident from similar mean levels in selected (Mean [SD] 586 [339] ppm, n = 12) and undomesticated Melaleuca alternifolia trees (Mean [SD] 480 [299] ppm, n = 5) with terpinen-4-ol type oils. By contrast, methyl eugenol level varied by geographic origin and chemotype. Trees from the upland region, where there is a prevalence of terpinolene type trees, had lower average methyl eugenol levels than trees from the coastal region, where there is a prevalence of terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole type trees.

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Conclusão: N/A

Essential oil toxicity on biological and reproductive parameters of Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae).

Autores: Andrezo Adenilton Santos, Valéria Wanderley-Teixeira, Glaucilane Dos Santos Cruz, Kamilla de Andrade Dutra, Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz Navarro, José Vargas de Oliveira, Clovis José Cavalcanti Lapa-Neto, Douglas Rafael E Silva Barbosa, Álvaro Aguiar Coelho Teixeira | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Several studies have demonstrated the effects of essential oils on insect pests. These effects vary and affect fundamental parameters for the survival of these organisms. However, there is a scarcity of research on the effect of these substances on Alabama argillacea (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), the main defoliating pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the activity of essential oils from Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel, Juniperus virginiana L., and Mentha spicata L., on the biological and reproductive parameters of A. argillacea and the consequent effects on the gonads of both males and females of this pest. All essential oils presented toxicity by contact in third instar larvae of A. argillacea, causing a reduction in the weight of larvae and pupae, as well as affecting the number and viability of eggs. These essential oils changed the histochemistry of the testicles, and M. alternifolia, J. virginiana, and M. spicata also affected their morphology. The histochemistry of the ovarioles was altered by the essential oils from M. alternifolia, J. virginiana, and L. cubeba. Thus, the essential oils tested in the present work are promising for the control of A. argillacea, as they are toxic and affect the development and reproduction of this key pest of cotton.

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Effect of essential oils of Mentha spicata L. and Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel on the midgut of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

Autores: Valeska Andrea Ático Braga, Glaucilane Dos Santos Cruz, Carolina Arruda Guedes, Cristiane Thalita Dos Santos Silva, Andrezo Adenilton Santos, Hilton Nobre da Costa, Clovis José Cavalcanti Lapa Neto, Álvaro Aguiar Coelho Teixeira, Valéria Wanderley Teixeira | Ano: 2020 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Agricultural pest control is a popular research topic, and essential oils are widely studied because they represent a promising alternative to synthetic insecticides. However, despite the increase in studies on pests, little work has been done on pesticide contamination of the predators feeding on insecticide-affected prey. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) from the essential oils of Mentha spicata L. and Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel on the histology, including histochemistry (from protein and carbohydrate analysis) and immunohistochemistry (from the evaluation of cellular apoptosis), of the midgut of fifth instar nymphs of Podisus nigrispinus (stinkbug) (Dallas). The periods of analysis were 12, 24, and 48 h after ingestion of Alabama argillacea Hübner caterpillars treated with the respective oils. The oil from M. spicata did not cause histological alterations or apoptosis in the insect. However, there was a reduction in the level of carbohydrates within the 48-h period. After 24 h, the oil of M. alternifolia caused an elongation of digestive cells and, after 48 h, cell lysis with the release of material into the lumen, suggesting tissue necrosis. The immunohistochemical study revealed no apoptotic process. There was a reduction in the neutral carbohydrate levels in the 24- and 48-h periods and in the number of regenerative cells, when compared to the control, after the period of 48 h. These results demonstrate that M. spicata oil has potential for use in cotton fields because it does not affect the vital characteristics of P. nigrispinus. However, the essential oil of M. alternifolia is not suitable for use as a pesticide because it is extremely toxic to predators.

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Melaleuca oil poisoning.

Autores: M R Jacobs, C S Hornfeldt | Ano: 1994 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: A 23-month-old boy became confused and was unable to walk thirty minutes after ingesting less than 10 mL of T36-C7, a commercial product containing 100% melaleuca oil. The child was referred to a nearby hospital. His condition improved and he was asymptomatic within 5 hours of ingestion. He was discharged to home the following day. Melaleuca oil, extracted from the Melaleuca alternifolia, contains 50-60% terpenes and related alcohols. Clinical experience with products containing melaleuca oil is limited. This case report suggests that ingestion of a modest amount of a concentrated form of this oil may produce signs of toxicity.

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Can the tea tree oil (Australian native plant: Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel) be an alternative treatment for human demodicosis on skin?

Autores: Nelson Siu Kei Lam, Xin Xin Long, Robert C Griffin, Mu-Kai Chen, James Cg Doery | Ano: 2018 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Australian tea tree oil (TTO) and its extract terpinen-4-ol (T4O) are found to be effective in moderating demodex-related diseases. Their possible effects are lowering the mite counts, relieving the demodex-related symptoms and modulating the immune system especially the inflammatory response. This review summarizes the topical treatments of TTO and T4O in human demodicosis, their possible mechanism of actions, side-effects and potential resistance in treating this condition. Although current treatments other than TTO and T4O are relatively effective in controlling the demodex mite population and the related symptoms, more research on the efficacy and drug delivery technology is needed in order to assess its potential as an alternative treatment with minimal side-effect profile, low toxicity and low risk of demodex resistance.

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A comparative study of tea-tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne.

Autores: I B Bassett, D L Pannowitz, R S Barnetson | Ano: 1990 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Tea-tree oil (an essential oil of the Australian native tree Melaleuca alternifolia) has long been regarded as a useful topical antiseptic agent in Australia and has been shown to have a variety of antimicrobial activities; however, only anecdotal evidence exists for its efficacy in the treatment of various skin conditions. We have performed a single-blind, randomised clinical trial on 124 patients to evaluate the efficacy and skin tolerance of 5% tea-tree oil gel in the treatment of mild to moderate acne when compared with 5% benzoyl peroxide lotion. The results of this study showed that both 5% tea-tree oil and 5% benzoyl peroxide had a significant effect in ameliorating the patients' acne by reducing the number of inflamed and non-inflamed lesions (open and closed comedones), although the onset of action in the case of tea-tree oil was slower. Encouragingly, fewer side effects were experienced by patients treated with tea-tree oil.

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Combination of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia and iodine in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children.

Autores: Eric Markum, John Baillie | Ano: 2012 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Molluscum contagiosum is a common childhood viral skin condition and is increasingly found as a sexually transmitted disease in adults. Current treatment options are invasive, requiring tissue destruction and attendant discomfort. Fifty-three children (mean age 6.3+5.1 years) with the diagnosis of molluscum contagiosum were treated with twice daily topical application of either essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO), a combination of TTO and organically bound iodine (TTO-I), or iodine alone. At the end of 30 days, 48 children were available for follow up. A greater than 90% reduction in the number of lesions was observed in 16 of 19 children treated with TTO-I, while 1 of 16 and 3 of 18 children met the same criteria for improvement in the iodine and TTO groups (P<0.01, ANOVA) respectively by intention-to-treat analysis. No child discontinued treatment due to adverse events. The combination of essential oil of M. alternifolia with organically bound iodine offers a safe therapeutic alternative in the treatment of childhood molluscum. Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12610000984099.

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Intrapocket application of tea tree oil gel in the treatment of stage 2 periodontitis.

Autores: Maha R Taalab, Sabah Abdelhady Mahmoud, Riham M El Moslemany, Dania M Abdelaziz | Ano: 2021 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: The gold standard in treatment of periodontitis is mechanical removing of dental biofilm but using local delivery drugs as adjunctive to SRP is widely used to modulate inflammatory host and eradicate microbes. Tea tree oil (TTO) has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant effect. This study aimed to assess clinically and biochemically the effect of intrapocket application of TTO (Melaleuca alternifolia) gel adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of stage 2 (moderate) periodontitis and to correlate the biochemical levels with clinical response.

Resultados: An improvement of all clinical and biochemical parameters was observed (at p < 0.001) in both groups. A significant difference between the two groups was found in both clinical and biochemical parameters.

Conclusão: The local delivery of TTO gel adjunctive to SRP proved to be effective in the treatment of stage II periodontitis. Trial registration The study was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT04769271, on 24/2/2021.

Safety assessment and adverse drug reaction reporting of tea tree oil (Melaleuca aetheroleum).

Autores: Anne-Sophie M W Bekhof, Florence P A M van Hunsel, Sonja van de Koppel, Herman J Woerdenbag | Ano: 2022 | Database: pubmed

Resumo: Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil is widely used as an antiseptic. It mainly consists of monoterpenes with terpinen-4-ol as the major constituent. The aim of this study was to review literature on safety data about tea tree oil and to assess its safety by investigating 159 cases of adverse reactions possibly caused by the oil, reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) from December 1987 until September 2021. To extract these data, VigiBase, the WHO global database of individual case safety reports maintained by the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), was used. All cases were categorized and analysed and 16 serious cases further assessed. It was concluded that tea tree oil should never be administered orally, as it can lead to central nervous system depression and pneumonitis. Applied topically, skin disorders may occur, especially when the oil had been exposed to light or air. This yields monoterpene oxidation products, being potent skin irritants. Tea tree oil stored under appropriate conditions and not exceeding the expiration date should be considered safe to use by non-vulnerable people for non-serious inflammatory skin conditions, although the occurrence of adverse reactions such as contact allergies is difficult to predict.

Resultados: N/A

Conclusão: N/A